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BACKGROUND: The distribution of health-care resources is foundational to achieving fairness and having access to health service. China and its local Shanghai's government have implemented measures to allocate health-care resources with the equity as one of the major goals since 2009-health-care reform. The aim of this study was to analyze differences in regional distribution and inequality in health-resource allocation on institutions, beds, and workforce in Shanghai over 7 years. METHODS: The study was conducted using 2010–2016 data to analyze health-resource allocation on institutions, beds, and workforce in Shanghai, China. The annual growth rate (AGR) was used to evaluate the time trends of health-care resource from 2010 to 2016, and Theil index was calculated to measure inequality of five indicators of health-care resource allocation during this study period. RESULTS: All quantities of health-care resources per 1000 people increased across Shanghai districts from 2010 to 2016. Compared with suburban districts, the central districts had higher ratios on five health-care resource indicators, and faster average growth in the bed and nurse indicator. The Theil of the indicators, except for doctors in hospitals, all exhibited downward time trends. CONCLUSIONS: Regional difference between urban and rural areas and inequality between institution and workforce, especially for doctors, still existed. Some targeted measures including but not limited to income raising, facilitation of transportation conditions, investment of more fiscal funds, enhancement of health-care service provision for rural residents should be fully considered to narrow resource distribution gap between urban and rural districts and mitigate the inequality of health-care resource allocation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13690-021-00597-1.

Interest in nature-based approaches for climate change adaptation in cities is growing. Whilst there is a growing field of scholarship in a European and North America setting, research on the policy and governance of urban greenspace for climate adaptation in subtropical Asia is limited. Given the different development patterns, environmental characteristics and governance arrangements in subtropical cities, plus their comparatively large population and high climate risk, this is a significant knowledge gap. In response, this paper evaluates competences – skill sets, capabilities, and supporting policy and legislation – to enact adaptation through greenspace across different governance contexts; and assesses how international rhetoric on nature-based adaptation becomes localised to subtropical Asian city settings. We conduct interviews with stakeholders, plus review of relevant policy and city-specific research, for three cities with different governance and development contexts: Hanoi (Vietnam); Taipei (Taiwan); and Fukuoka (Japan). Across all three cases, we find that institutional structures and processes for connecting different remits and knowledge systems are a bigger challenge than a lack of appropriate policy or individuals with the required technical knowledge. However, opportunities for civil society participation and consideration of justice issues vary between the cities according to the socio-political context. These findings illustrate the value of individuals and organisations able to work across institutional boundaries in linking greenspace and adaptation agendas for subtropical Asian cities; and the importance of competence in collaboration with developers and civil society so that the rapid development or regeneration seen in subtropical Asian contexts does not tend towards green climate gentrification. More broadly, our findings show that the diverse nature of subtropical Asian cities means the role of greenspace in climate adaptation is likely to be context-specific, and thus that caution ...

There are large socioeconomic inequalities in alcohol-related harm. The alcohol harm paradox (AHP) is the consistent finding that lower socioeconomic groups consume the same or less as higher socioeconomic groups yet experience greater rates of harm. To date, alcohol researchers have predominantly taken an individualised behavioural approach to understand the AHP. This paper calls for a new approach which draws on theories of health inequality, specifically the social determinants of health, fundamental cause theory, political economy of health and eco-social models. These theories consist of several interwoven causal mechanisms, including genetic inheritance, the role of social networks, the unequal availability of wealth and other resources, the psychosocial experience of lower socioeconomic position, and the accumulation of these experiences over time. To date, research exploring the causes of the AHP has often lacked clear theoretical underpinning. Drawing on these theoretical approaches in alcohol research would not only address this gap but would also result in a structured effort to identify the causes of the AHP. Given the present lack of clear evidence in favour of any specific theory, it is difficult to conclude whether one theory should take primacy in future research efforts. However, drawing on any of these theories would shift how we think about the causes of the paradox, from health behaviour in isolation to the wider context of complex interacting mechanisms between individuals and their environment. Meanwhile, computer simulations have the potential to test the competing theoretical perspectives, both in the abstract and empirically via synthesis of the disparate existing evidence base. Overall, making greater use of existing theoretical frameworks in alcohol epidemiology would offer novel insights into the AHP and generate knowledge of how to intervene to mitigate inequalities in alcohol-related harm.

BACKGROUND: The Global Financing Facility (GFF) offers an opportunity to close the financing gap that holds back gains in women, children's and adolescent health. However, very little work exists examining GFF practice, particularly for adolescent health. As momentum builds for the GFF, we examine initial GFF planning documents to inform future national and multi-lateral efforts to advance adolescent sexual and reproductive health. METHODS: We undertook a content analysis of the first 11 GFF Investment Cases and Project Appraisal Documents available on the GFF website. The countries involved include Bangladesh, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda. RESULTS: While several country documents signal understanding and investment in adolescents as a strategic area, this is not consistent across all countries, nor between Investment Cases and Project Appraisal Documents. In both types of documents commitments weaken as one moves from programming content to indicators to investment. Important contributions include how teenage pregnancy is a universal concern, how adolescent and youth friendly health services and school-based programs are supported in several country documents, how gender is noted as a key social determinant critical for mainstreaming across the health system, alongside the importance of multi-sectoral collaboration, and the acknowledgement of adolescent rights. Weaknesses include the lack of comprehensive analysis of adolescent health needs, inconsistent investments in adolescent friendly health services and school based programs, missed opportunities in not supporting multi-component and multi-level initiatives to change gender norms involving adolescent boys in addition to adolescent girls, and neglect of governance approaches to broker effective multi-sectoral collaboration, community engagement and adolescent involvement. CONCLUSION: There are important examples of how the GFF supports adolescents and their sexual and ...

BACKGROUND: Health policy interventions were expected to improve access to health care delivery, provide financial risk protection, besides reducing inequities that underlie geographic and socio-economic variation in population access to health care. This article examines whether health policy interventions and accelerated health investments in India during 2004–2018 could close the gap in inequity in health care utilization and access to public subsidy by different population groups. Did the poor and socio-economically vulnerable population gain from such government initiatives, compared to the rich and affluent sections of society? And whether the intended objective of improving equity between different regions of the country been achieved during the policy initiatives? This article attempts to assess and provide robust evidence in the Indian context. METHODS: Employing Benefit-Incidence Analysis (BIA) framework, this paper advances earlier evidence by highlighting estimates of health care utilization, concentration and government subsidy by broader provider categories (public versus private) and across service levels (outpatient, inpatient, maternal, pre-and post-natal services). We used 2 waves of household surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) on health and morbidity. The period of analysis was chosen to represent policy interventions spanning 2004 (pre-policy) and 2018 (post-policy era). We present this evidence across three categories of Indian states, namely, high-focus states, high-focus north eastern states and non-focus states. Such categorization facilitates quantification of reform impact of policy level interventions across the three groups. RESULTS: Utilisation of healthcare services, except outpatient care visits, accelerated significantly in 2018 from 2004. The difference in utilisation rates between poor and rich (between poorest 20% and richest 20%) had significantly declined during the same period. As far as concentration of healthcare is concerned, the ...

This study aims to understand the nuances and dynamics in the labor market outcomes of 4Ps beneficiaries. The 4Ps or Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is the Philippine government's key social assistance program with the purpose of breaking inter-generational poverty by incentivizing human capital investment. To help achieve human capital development, accessing sustainable livelihood is crucial. Using the survey data sets collected and used in previously conducted studies on the 4Ps program, this study formed a panel of households and members in order to examine the changes or the lack of changes in labor status of individuals across the years. The idea is to draw insights that can be utilized in the design or redesign and implementation of related programs such as the Sustainable Livelihood Program for improving the labor market outcomes of 4Ps beneficiaries. The study finds a wide gender gap in terms of labor market status, with males being better off in having a stable work status. Meanwhile, majority of females exclude themselves from the labor force to do unpaid work in the form of household and family duties. The study highlights the importance of the Sustainable Livelihood Program, which was found to mostly benefit women, and the need for sustainable and fully-packaged livelihood programs that targets young women and young mothers in poorer communities. For women who engage in economic activities, the study found that they usually remain in the same industry within the period of interest. Meanwhile, male adult members of 4Ps households appear to be more flexible in the way they participate in the labor force. While these results reflect women's lack of flexibility because of their socially-dictated roles, these show important aspects for possible interventions for women in 4Ps households.

National audience ; The zero-interest green loan (ZIGL) programme allows French homeowners to finance home energy retrofits at zero interest rate. Launched in 2009 in the wake of the Grenelle de l'environnement, the programme has strongly underperformed expectations. As the Citizen Convention for Climate now recommends extending the programme, we examine the reasons for the gap between predicted and realized ZIGLs. We find it to be best explained by a lack of profitability for banks. As a consequence, banks exploit consumers' lack of information about the programme to sell them more conventional financial products. In contrast, the role played by other frequently-cited causes, such as high transaction costs and a low interest rate environment, seems to be modest. We conclude that the efficiency of the programme could be improved by assigning loan issuance to a public bank. ; L'éco-prêt à taux zéro (EPTZ) permet aux propriétaires de logements de financer des travaux de rénovation énergétique sans payer d'intérêts. Lancée en 2009, cette politique phare du Grenelle de l'environnement n'a pas rencontré le succès escompté. Aujourd'hui, la Convention citoyenne pour le climat (2020) propose de généraliser l'EPTZ. Pour juger de l'opportunité d'une telle mesure, nous nous interrogeons sur les causes possibles de l'écart entre le nombre d'EPTZ initialement prédit et effectivement réalisé. Nous identifions comme cause principale un manque d'attractivité du dispositif pour les banques. Celles-ci mettent en oeuvre des stratégies d'évitement qui prospèrent sur une forme de désintérêt des ménages. D'autres causes fréquemment avancées, comme les coûts administratifs ou l'environnement de taux d'intérêt faibles, semblent jouer un rôle moins important. Nous concluons que l'efficacité du dispositif pourrait être améliorée en transférant l'octroi des prêts à une banque publique.

The development of new technologies drives many aspects of socio-economic development, including the development of education. The behavioural intention of music teachers, particularly in relation to how technology is integrated into the classroom, needs to be understood since it has a direct effect on the pedagogical approach used in classroom learning. Existing theories (the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK)) have explored aspects of teachers' adoption of technologies; this article uses data from a pilot study to develop and test a model that combines the two theories in order to understand more fully the relationship between Individual Beliefs, Technological Competence and Behavioural Prediction of music teachers using technology in the context of the Chinese governmental policy: 'Internet +'. The participants of this pilot study were 61 music teachers (12 male and 49 female); the proportion of participants in different provincial administrative regions covered more than half of mainland China (18 out of 34). Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) revealed that the overall fit of the model was above the recommended level of acceptable fit. The results showed that Technological Competence has a significant impact on Individual Beliefs; Individual Beliefs have a significant impact on Behavioural Prediction. However, Technological Competence was found to have no significant direct impact on Behavioural Prediction. This study is one of only a few studies that combine the UTAUT and TPACK models into the field of music pedagogy and uses SEM for analysis. This study attempts to fill the gap in the factors influencing the adoption of technology in music education in non-Western cultures and also provides a starting point for understanding Chinese music teachers' technological beliefs and behavioural intentions.

This paper is an outcome of reflecting and brainstorming on the emergent need to bridge the gap between policy and practice on ground zero i.e the curriculum on one hand and the implementation and transaction of the curriculum in the teacher education departments/colleges offering the M.Ed programme on the other hand .The reflection is based on the professional experiences of the author as a critical pedagogue and further includes the views of some experienced peers engaged in teaching the M.Ed programme in teacher education institutions across the country . The paper was given shape based on focus group discussions with a number of teacher educators and student-teachers based in departments of education in universities in Delhi . There is no doubt that the one year M.Ed programme was not adequate to hone the professional skills of M.Ed students as future teachers ,teacher educators , policy analysts ,curriculum planners, e content developers , researchers etc .But the disturbing aspect which needs to be put across is that the implementation of the two year M.Ed course too is mechanical, dehumanizing ,structured with no flexibility and far from any emphasis on the development of curiosity, creativity ,scientific temperament, empathy, care ,democratic citizenship which are critical aspects to the evolution of a humane and competent teacher educator to begin with .Well, if it was so simplistic then an increase in duration and a model curriculum were enough .It is high time we accept that the stark reality on the ground which is right opposite is staring back at us, it is high time we acknowledge it and take measures to put the house in order .This paper is an attempt to present a critique of the implementation and transaction of the two year M.Ed programme on ground.

This paper is an outcome of reflecting and brainstorming on the emergent need to bridge the gap between policy and practice on ground zero i.e the curriculum on one hand and the implementation and transaction of the curriculum in the teacher education departments/colleges offering the M.Ed programme on the other hand .The reflection is based on the professional experiences of the author as a critical pedagogue and further includes the views of some experienced peers engaged in teaching the M.Ed programme in teacher education institutions across the country . The paper was given shape based on focus group discussions with a number of teacher educators and student-teachers based in departments of education in universities in Delhi . There is no doubt that the one year M.Ed programme was not adequate to hone the professional skills of M.Ed students as future teachers ,teacher educators , policy analysts ,curriculum planners, e content developers , researchers etc .But the disturbing aspect which needs to be put across is that the implementation of the two year M.Ed course too is mechanical, dehumanizing ,structured with no flexibility and far from any emphasis on the development of curiosity, creativity ,scientific temperament, empathy, care ,democratic citizenship which are critical aspects to the evolution of a humane and competent teacher educator to begin with .Well, if it was so simplistic then an increase in duration and a model curriculum were enough .It is high time we accept that the stark reality on the ground which is right opposite is staring back at us, it is high time we acknowledge it and take measures to put the house in order .This paper is an attempt to present a critique of the implementation and transaction of the two year M.Ed programme on ground.

Background: In an essay about being an expatriate, critic James Wood reflects on his own experience as well as that of the protagonist of Colm Toibin's novel Brooklyn, noting that a migrant becomes a stranger in two places at once. In both cases he is talking about a voluntary migrant, one who may still visit or even return "home". Thirty percent of Australians were born overseas and maintain varying degrees of such split identities. For most of 2020 though, Covid-19 and governmental responses to it around the world abruptly ended the possibility of any return visits. This removal of a long-standing privilege forced this population into contemplation of the distance between homes. 'There and Here' does not address an existing gap as much as it writes into this new moment, drawing on the experience of the expatriate author and that of other Australians. Contribution: This essay is composed from texts generated for a work of hybrid memoir. Their arrangement here is critical to a personal and nuanced discussion. The multiple viewpoints and connections in the essay convey varying perspectives on the expatriate existence but then, rather than arrive at James Wood's assumption of strangers in perpetually strange lands, the arc of the work builds these many aspects of long-distance existence toward a sense of emotional unity. Significance: 'There and Here' won The Horne Prize for 2020. This prestigious prize is named for Donald Horne and given to works that "shed light on a significant aspect of contemporary Australian life." It is also Australia's richest award for essay writing. 'There and Here' was selected by a jury panel of celebrated Australian authors – Anna Krien, Nam Le and Tara June Winch. Previous winners include Kerryn Goldsworthy.

The morality defined by the political system of the market economy is based on the respect of debt repayment. However, public debt is different and has not to be analysed as a worse management of public resources. Contrary to private agents, State has not, in principle, a limited time horizon and it is possible to repay its debt over long periods by "rolling over its debt". Moreover, public debt helps to regulate the economy in times of crisis. When a Covid-19 arrives, public health becomes the national and international priority and the public debt is a solution to solve both the pandemic and the problems of unemployment, health costs and education gap that it causes. Public debt is an instrument for societal change, with less inequalities, poverty and prercariousness. ; La moralité définie par le système politique de l'économie de marché est basée sur le respect du remboursement de la dette. Cependant, la dette publique ne doit pas être analysée comme une mauvaise gestion des ressources publiques. Contrairement aux agents privés, l'Etat n'a pas, en principe, un horizon temporel limité et il est possible de rembourser sa dette sur de longues périodes en "roulant sa dette". De plus, la dette publique permet de réguler l'économie en période de crise. Lorsqu'un Covid-19 arrive, la santé publique devient la priorité nationale et internationale et la dette publique est une solution pour résoudre à la fois la pandémie et les problèmes de chômage, de coûts de santé et de déficit éducatif que celle-ci occasionne. La dette publique est un instrument de changement sociétal, avec moins d'inégalités, de pauvreté et de précarité.

National audience ; The zero-interest green loan (ZIGL) programme allows French homeowners to finance home energy retrofits at zero interest rate. Launched in 2009 in the wake of the Grenelle de l'environnement, the programme has strongly underperformed expectations. As the Citizen Convention for Climate now recommends extending the programme, we examine the reasons for the gap between predicted and realized ZIGLs. We find it to be best explained by a lack of profitability for banks. As a consequence, banks exploit consumers' lack of information about the programme to sell them more conventional financial products. In contrast, the role played by other frequently-cited causes, such as high transaction costs and a low interest rate environment, seems to be modest. We conclude that the efficiency of the programme could be improved by assigning loan issuance to a public bank. ; L'éco-prêt à taux zéro (EPTZ) permet aux propriétaires de logements de financer des travaux de rénovation énergétique sans payer d'intérêts. Lancée en 2009, cette politique phare du Grenelle de l'environnement n'a pas rencontré le succès escompté. Aujourd'hui, la Convention citoyenne pour le climat (2020) propose de généraliser l'EPTZ. Pour juger de l'opportunité d'une telle mesure, nous nous interrogeons sur les causes possibles de l'écart entre le nombre d'EPTZ initialement prédit et effectivement réalisé. Nous identifions comme cause principale un manque d'attractivité du dispositif pour les banques. Celles-ci mettent en oeuvre des stratégies d'évitement qui prospèrent sur une forme de désintérêt des ménages. D'autres causes fréquemment avancées, comme les coûts administratifs ou l'environnement de taux d'intérêt faibles, semblent jouer un rôle moins important. Nous concluons que l'efficacité du dispositif pourrait être améliorée en transférant l'octroi des prêts à une banque publique.

The outbreak of Covid-19 has affected all aspects of life, including the economic sector. Business people have to pay more attention to the future of business uncertainty due to the outbreak; which limits communication access only to online mode in running a business. Therefore, some changes need to be done. Y generation Entrepreneurs (Millennials) modify their business, in the technical or non-technical matter. On one side, in the technical matter, they utilize more digital technology; On the other side, non-technically, they should also modify their partnership agreements owing to the pandemic uncertainty. Because of the massive population, the new normal during pandemic also becomes an uneasy challenge to be maximally and directly conquered in all regions of Indonesia, especially in Banjarmasin where the people and economic state is heterogeneous. Currently, there is a gap between the government authority to strictly limit people's activity for flattening the virus and the urgency of business people of meeting the need and improving their economic condition. From this study, the researchers aim to find what has been by the entrepreneurs in Banjarmasin region in practicing the partnership agreement during the CoViD-19 pandemic. This study also aims to inform future entrepreneurs about partnership agreements during the pandemic. The data were collected through direct interviews of Y generation (Millennial) entrepreneurs born in and after 1980 who employ partnership agreements in their business treaty. The findings showed that some entrepreneurs change their ways of doing partnership agreements. The changes includes principles, requirements, and technical matters of the agreements with the support of media and technology. In addition, they also seek to increase their discretion from the detrimental impact on their respective roles.

As climate change augurs longer wildfire seasons, safe, reliable, and competitive energy and communications markets depend on sound infrastructure and well-calibrated regulation. The humble wooden utility pole, first deployed in America in 1844 to extend telegraph service, forms the twenty-first century's technological scaffold. Utility poles are increasingly contested places where competition, safety, and reliability meet. Yet, regulators and academics have largely overlooked the risks posed by century-old private utility pole associations in California, composed of private and public utility pole owners and some entities who attach facilities to utility poles. No academic articles have examined the rules, roles, and risks Joint Pole Committees (JPCs) pose for energy and communications safety, service, competition, and regulation. This article fills that academic and regulatory gap by examining JPCs' history and function and offering a framework to put safety, competition, and accountable governance at the forefront of utility regulation. This article lifts the veil over JPC practices obscured through their failure to register as non-profits and operation without government supervision. It examines potential harms to safety and competition posed by the Northern California Joint Pole Association's rules that confer incumbents with effective veto power over potential competitors authorized to attach to utility poles by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). Neither JPCs nor their members enjoy immunity from federal antitrust or state unfair competition laws, nor are they legally entitled to undermine CPUC competition policy or utility pole safety and reliability rules. Neither the CPUC nor competition authorities owe any deference to JPC standards, rules, functions, or decisions. This Article recommends CPUC and competition authority action and regulatory principles to address the competition and safety risks raised by JPC rules and roles.