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The article gives a philosophical understanding of the concept of "gender identity", reveals its structure, place and role in the formation of a person's social identity. The gender identity phenomenon is disclosed through the concept of "gender", which affects the socio-cultural gender. Gender identity is interpreted as a person's inner self-image as a representative of a particular gender. The article argues that gender identity is the basic structure of social identity and aims at identifying a person with the image of a socio-cultural entity. Like the concept of gender, it is considered to be a socio-cultural phenomenon, having its symbolic designation. Based on the history background of development of philosophical ideas about gender, it shows evolution of the statement of gender identity problem. When covering the normality of gender identity, attention is drawn to its correlation with the biological sex. It is noted that, being connected with the latter, the gender identity is not the same. The assessment of this discrepancy as a norm or as a pathology depends on the gender system established in the society. In this regard, this article shows the difference between binary and non-binary gender systems; covers influence on their formation of religious and political factors in traditional and non-traditional societies. The article also discloses the notion of the crisis of gender identity and analyzes the main approaches to its understanding, produced both in classical, non-classical (philosophical anthropology) and post-non-classical philosophy (postmodernism and poststructuralism). On the basis of their comparison, it is proved that, according to classical ideas, the crisis of gender identity is a conflict between the biological and social, and in the post-non-classical paradigm it appears as a struggle of discourses for "possession of the body." When discussing current debates in social philosophy about the decisive factors of influence on the formation of gender identity and the onset of a crisis, there is a special discussion of the controversy about the role of technological factors therein. We are talking, first of all, about the latest technologies in science, engineering, medicine and informatics. The article presents the main shifts that take place in these spheres, and analyzes their influence on the formation and crisis state of gender identity in the modern world. Understanding the crisis phenomena of gender identity leads the author to conclude that in today's philosophy there exist three main approaches in assessing the role of technological factors in their occurrence (neo-luddism, transhumanism and co-evolutionism). Rejecting the technological determinism of transhumanism and biological determinism of neo-luddism, criticizing them for anti-humanistic and anti-social orientation, the author defends the intermediate position of "peaceful" coexistence of different worlds, i.e. biological, social, and technological. This implies the development of effective mechanisms for the person's social adaptation to technological innovations in the field of gender relations, which, in turn, should be adequate to the human biological nature. To sum up, the work concludes that the preservation of gender identity in all its forms and dimensions should be based on responsible and society-controlled use of the latest technologies in the field of gender relations. ; У статті подається філософське розуміння поняття «гендерної ідентичності», розкривається її структура, місце і роль у формуванні соціальної ідентичності людини. При розгляді кризи гендерної ідентичності у сучасному світі відзначається особлива роль технологічних чинників в галузі науки, техніки, медицини та інформатики. У статті розглядаються основні зрушення, які відбуваються у цих сферах, та їх вплив на формування і руйнацію гендерної ідентичності.

The article gives a philosophical understanding of the concept of "gender identity", reveals its structure, place and role in the formation of a person's social identity. The gender identity phenomenon is disclosed through the concept of "gender", which affects the socio-cultural gender. Gender identity is interpreted as a person's inner self-image as a representative of a particular gender. The article argues that gender identity is the basic structure of social identity and aims at identifying a person with the image of a socio-cultural entity. Like the concept of gender, it is considered to be a socio-cultural phenomenon, having its symbolic designation. Based on the history background of development of philosophical ideas about gender, it shows evolution of the statement of gender identity problem. When covering the normality of gender identity, attention is drawn to its correlation with the biological sex. It is noted that, being connected with the latter, the gender identity is not the same. The assessment of this discrepancy as a norm or as a pathology depends on the gender system established in the society. In this regard, this article shows the difference between binary and non-binary gender systems; covers influence on their formation of religious and political factors in traditional and non-traditional societies. The article also discloses the notion of the crisis of gender identity and analyzes the main approaches to its understanding, produced both in classical, non-classical (philosophical anthropology) and post-non-classical philosophy (postmodernism and poststructuralism). On the basis of their comparison, it is proved that, according to classical ideas, the crisis of gender identity is a conflict between the biological and social, and in the post-non-classical paradigm it appears as a struggle of discourses for "possession of the body." When discussing current debates in social philosophy about the decisive factors of influence on the formation of gender identity and the onset of a crisis, there is a special discussion of the controversy about the role of technological factors therein. We are talking, first of all, about the latest technologies in science, engineering, medicine and informatics. The article presents the main shifts that take place in these spheres, and analyzes their influence on the formation and crisis state of gender identity in the modern world. Understanding the crisis phenomena of gender identity leads the author to conclude that in today's philosophy there exist three main approaches in assessing the role of technological factors in their occurrence (neo-luddism, transhumanism and co-evolutionism). Rejecting the technological determinism of transhumanism and biological determinism of neo-luddism, criticizing them for anti-humanistic and anti-social orientation, the author defends the intermediate position of "peaceful" coexistence of different worlds, i.e. biological, social, and technological. This implies the development of effective mechanisms for the person's social adaptation to technological innovations in the field of gender relations, which, in turn, should be adequate to the human biological nature. To sum up, the work concludes that the preservation of gender identity in all its forms and dimensions should be based on responsible and society-controlled use of the latest technologies in the field of gender relations. ; У статті подається філософське розуміння поняття «гендерної ідентичності», розкривається її структура, місце і роль у формуванні соціальної ідентичності людини. При розгляді кризи гендерної ідентичності у сучасному світі відзначається особлива роль технологічних чинників в галузі науки, техніки, медицини та інформатики. У статті розглядаються основні зрушення, які відбуваються у цих сферах, та їх вплив на формування і руйнацію гендерної ідентичності.

Conchita Wursts Sieg beim Eurovision Song Contest 2014 war ein zentrales diskursives Moment, welches das derzeitige Spannungsfeld zwischen Postgenderismus und Traditionalismus in Russland offenlegte und aufzeigte, wie sehr Geschlecht und Sexualität, nicht zuletzt für das russische Selbstbild und die Konstruktion einer russischen nationalen Identität, instrumentalisiert und politisiert werden und wie sehr Identitätskonzepte den russischen Alltag mitbestimmen. Die Monografie widmet sich der Diskussion um Geschlecht und Sexualität in Russland nach dem Sieg von Conchita Wurst und untersucht das Verhältnis von Diskurs und Identität. Im Vordergrund steht die Funktion von Sprache sowohl für die Identitätskonstruktion als auch für die Schaffung und Abgrenzung von Räumen. Dabei lassen sich nicht nur lexikologische und wortbildnerische Besonderheiten beobachten, sondern es liegt insgesamt ein auffälliger Sprachgebrauch mit interessanten Argumentationsstrategien vor. Ausführungen zu Identität und kritische Anmerkungen zur russischen Gender- und Queer-Linguistik komplettieren diesen Band. Conchita Wurst's 2014 victory in the Eurovision Song Contest was a significant discursive moment which revealed the current tensions between postgenderism and traditionalism in contemporary Russia. This case also made clear just how far gender and sexuality are instrumentalised and politicised – not least in creating Russians' self-perception and constructing a Russian national identity – and how massively notions of identity impact on Russian everyday life. The monograph focuses on the discussion of gender and sexuality in Russia following the 2014 event and investigates the relation between discourse and identity. Above all, it is concerned with the function of language in identity construction, and in the creation and demarcation of spaces. In this context, Dr. Scheller-Boltz's study not only analyses lexicological and word-formation peculiarities, but also provides some revealing research findings about specific language use, including certain argumentation strategies. The monograph begins with a detailed introduction to notions of identity and concludes with some critical remarks on Russian gender and queer linguistics.

We exploit the natural experiment of German reunification in 1990 to investigate if the institutional regimes of the formerly socialist (rather gender-equal) East Germany and the capitalist (rather gender-traditional) West Germany shaped different gender identity prescriptions of family breadwinning. We use data for three periods between 1984 and 2016 from the representative German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Density discontinuity tests and fixed-effects regressions suggest that married couples in West (but not East) Germany diminished the wife's labor market outcomes in order to avoid situations where she would earn more than him. However, the significance of the male breadwinner prescription seems to decline in West Germany since reunification, converging to the more gender-egalitarian East Germany. Our work emphasizes the view that political and institutional frameworks can shape fairly persistent gender identity prescriptions that influence house-hold economic decisions for some time, even when these frameworks change.

We exploit the natural experiment of German reunification in 1990 to investigate if the institutional regimes of the formerly socialist (rather gender-equal) East Germany and the capitalist (rather gender-traditional) West Germany shaped different gender identity prescriptions of family breadwinning. We use data for three periods between 1984 and 2016 from the representative German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Density discontinuity tests and fixed-effects regressions suggest that married couples in West (but not East) Germany diminished the wife's labor market outcomes in order to avoid situations where she would earn more than him. However, the significance of the male breadwinner prescription seems to decline in West Germany since reunification, converging to the more gender-egalitarian East Germany. Our work emphasizes the view that political and institutional frameworks can shape fairly persistent gender identity prescriptions that influence household economic decisions for some time, even when these frameworks change.

We exploit the natural experiment of German reunification in 1990 to investigate if the institutional regimes of the formerly socialist (rather gender-equal) East Germany and the capitalist (rather gender-traditional) West Germany shaped different gender identity prescriptions of family breadwinning. We use data for three periods between 1984 and 2016 from the representative German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Density discontinuity tests and fixed-effects regressions suggest that married couples in West (but not East) Germany diminished the wife's labor market outcomes in order to avoid situations where she would earn more than him. However, the significance of the male breadwinner prescription seems to decline in West Germany since reunification, converging to the more gender-egalitarian East Germany. Our work emphasizes the view that political and institutional frameworks can shape fairly persistent gender identity prescriptions that influence household economic decisions for some time, even when these frameworks change.

The gender identity subject has been the focus of several social and political debates in which: there are individuals who try to eliminate social inequalities regarding gender; and, on the other hand, there are those who seek for visibility, fighting for their rights to be validated. Both of the groups constitute part of the LGBTTQI+ community. Thus, the present study refers to a research carried out at a university in the interior of São Paulo, whose corpus consists of statements made by undergraduate students that discuss the themes of identity, gender, prejudice and discrimination. Once it is a multifaceted theme, in which the phenomena of intolerance, hatred and fear emerge – in addition to discussions and positions that involve political, religious and ideological issues – the present work draws on the French discursive semiotics, by Algirdas Julien Greimas and collaborators. In conclusion, in their discourses, it was observed the identity transformation through the subjective confrontation of some malevolent passions, such as hatred and intolerance. ; RESUMO: O tema identidade de gênero tem sido pauta de diversos debates sociais e políticos em que, de um lado, se apresenta sujeitos que procuram combater e excluir padrões que fogem ao que prevê o estatuto heteronormativo presente em âmbito social. De outro, aqueles que se lançam em busca de visibilidade e reconhecimento de direitos, que se constitui como um grupo que viveu historicamente segregado e que agora pode presentificar sua existência nas ruas por meio da ascensão de movimentos identitários que a comunidade LGBTTQI+ performatiza. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho refere-se ao recorte de uma pesquisa realizada em uma universidade do interior paulista, cujo corpus consiste em depoimentos consentidos de acadêmicos que discorrem sobre os temas da identidade, alteridade, gênero, preconceito e discriminação. Por se tratar de um tema multifacetado, no qual emergem, em seus diversos desdobramentos, os fenômenos da intolerância, ódio e medo, além de discussões e posicionamentos que envolvem questões políticas, religiosas e ideológicas, o presente trabalho recorre à semiótica discursiva de linha francesa, de Algirdas Julien Greimas e colaboradores, para fundamentar a análise da significação produzida por uma das depoentes da pesquisa mencionada. Desse modo, observou-se, em seu discurso, entre outros efeitos, a sua transformação identitária a partir do enfrentamento subjetivo de algumas paixões malevolentes, como o ódio e a intolerância.

The Sri-Lankan author Shyam Selvadurai colours his imagination within the racial experiences, gender hierarchy and ethical society of the place to share the world unfolded social dichotomy of the place where the conflict between the Tamils and Singhalese is the key problem of the society which needs to be changed and flexible granting freedom and choice to people promoting the democratic values and the social values as well. The novel Funny Boy paints beautifully to the urge of a child for his choice and freedom on the sensitive issue of race and gender like. The violence between Buddhist Sinhala Majority people and Hindu Tamil Minority due to the issue of homosexuality is central cultural thread which affects the mindset of the youths in the country. The novel reveals the extended chaos, troubles and tensed environment involving consistent fights and clashes of the people in Sri-Lankan society happening frequently.

Se presenta el caso de un escolar de 6 años —identificada como J– que presenta genitales externos ambiguos desde su nacimiento. Por recomendación médica, fue registrado como varón por sus padres; sin embargo, pruebas posteriores (imágenes diagnósticas y cariotipo) indicaron que el infante era, biológicamente, de sexo femenino. Ante este evento, sus padres inician un proceso judicial con el fin de cambiar su nombre, por lo que el juez ordena la valoración psiquiátrica forense para determinar su verdadero sexo1. Del estudio forense se concluye que es de sexo femenino, posteriormente se comunica el resultado a la autoridad y se autoriza la corrección del nombre en el registro civil.1 Solicitud literal del juzgado de familia. ; This is the case of a six-year-old schoolchild —identified as J— who was born with ambiguous external genitalia. Upon medical recommendation, the child was registered as male by the parents; however, further testing (diagnostic imaging and karyotyping) showed that the child was biologically female. Based on this, the parents started the judicial process to change their child's name, and the judge ordered a forensic psychiatric evaluation to determine the child's true sex1. When the forensic study concluded that the child's sex was female, the result was transmitted to government authorities and the name was corrected in the child's civil registry.1 Literal request from the court

Over the past decade, national and transnational organizations have advanced the cause of individuals who seek international protection from persecution based on their sexual orientation and gender identity and expression (SOGIE). To help actualize the vision of international protection from SOGIE-based persecution, the Organization for Refuge, Asylum, and Migration (ORAM) developed and designed a two-day workshop for professionals. This workshop, which is titled Sexual and Gender Minorities: What Refugee Professionals Need to Know and Do, is intended to professionalize frontline workers for engagement with and protection of refugees fleeing from SOGIE-based persecution. The workshop was implemented in 13 countries: Australia, India, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Malta, New Zealand, Senegal, Switzerland, Trinidad, Turkey, and the United States. Several of these countries are considered to be hostile environments for LGBTI individuals.

Häftets samlingstitel: Unveiling the feminism of Islam. AnA society for Feminist Analyses ; "Close personal relationships, children and the family: Ethical and Political Analysis against a Changing Background"

BACKGROUND: The federal government and other organizations have recommended that healthcare institutions collect and document patient sexual orientation and gender identity (SO/GI) information in order to advance the understanding of the health of sexual and gender minority populations and to combat existing health disparities. Little is known, however, about provider perception of the clinical relevance of, or how they might use, patient SO/GI information in individual care. OBJECTIVE: To explore providers' perspectives on and experiences with collection of patient SO/GI information and how the knowledge of this information may impact clinical care. DESIGN: Qualitative study using in-depth individual interviews of healthcare providers. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five healthcare providers, including physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners, from the fields of family medicine, internal medicine, gynecology, and urology within a single healthcare system in an east coast city. APPROACH: Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were coded and analyzed using principles of grounded theory and thematic analysis to identify themes emerging from the data. KEY RESULTS: Providers recognized the importance of collecting patient SO/GI information for understanding population-level public health concerns and disparities, as well as understanding and respecting the context of patients' lives. However, providers also emphasized the importance of knowing patients' sexual behaviors and physical anatomy for addressing health risk and preventive care needs—and noted the distinction between these characteristics and patient SO/GI. Providers cautioned that assumptions based on knowledge of patient SO/GI may unintentionally obscure accurate profiles of patient behavior and anatomy. CONCLUSIONS: Along with the potential benefits of routine collection of patient SO/GI, it is important that providers continue to inquire about patient behaviors and anatomy to inform individual risk and needs assessments. ...

Since the 1990s, the European Union (EU) has slowly developed an increasingly sophisticated body of asylum law and policy, known as the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). This framework – both in the shape of legislative instruments and case law – has inevitably also affected those asylum seekers who claim asylum on the basis of sexual orientation and/or gender identity (SOGI). This has been vividly demonstrated by particular norms in EU asylum instruments and judgments of the Court of Justice of EU (CJEU). The current CEAS can be said to have several shortcomings in relation to SOGI claims, including in relation to: country of origin information; the notion of 'safe country of origin'; the burden of proof and the principle of benefit of the doubt; the concept of a 'particular social group'; and the definition of persecution. A new set of proposals for reform of the CEAS was put forward in 2016 by the European Commission, and these also affect SOGI asylum claims in precise and acute ways. This policy brief scrutinises these proposals of reform, and assesses the extent to which these proposals and different institutional positions address, ignore or aggravate the issues that currently affect asylum seekers who identify as LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex). The policy brief makes fifteen recommendations for European policymakers in regards to the reform of the CEAS, in order to ensure that the needs of LGBTI asylum seekers and refugees are effectively addressed and their rights are respected. Academics from the University of Sussex working on the Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Claims of Asylum (SOGICA) project, funded by the European Research Council, are calling for policymakers to implement these recommendations in order to render the CEAS fairer for SOGI asylum seekers.

Since the 1990s, the European Union (EU) has slowly developed an increasingly sophisticated body of asylum law and policy, known as the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). This framework – both in the shape of legislative instruments and case law – has inevitably also affected those asylum seekers who claim asylum on the basis of sexual orientation and/or gender identity (SOGI). This has been vividly demonstrated by particular norms in EU asylum instruments and judgments of the Court of Justice of EU (CJEU).The current CEAS can be said to have several shortcomings in relation to SOGI claims, including in relation to: country of origin information; the notion of 'safe country of origin'; the burden of proof and the principle of benefit of the doubt; the concept of a 'particular social group'; and the definition of persecution. A new set of proposals for reform of the CEAS was put forward in 2016 by the European Commission, and these also affect SOGI asylum claims in precise and acute ways.This policy brief scrutinises these proposals of reform, and assesses the extent to which these proposals and different institutional positions address, ignore or aggravate the issues that currently affect asylum seekers who identify as LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex). The policy brief makes fifteen recommendations for European policymakers in regards to the reform of the CEAS, in order to ensure that the needs of LGBTI asylum seekers and refugees are effectively addressed and their rights are respected. Academics from the University of Sussex working on the Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Claims of Asylum (SOGICA) project, funded by the European Research Council, are calling for policymakers to implement these recommendations in order to render the CEAS fairer for SOGI asylum seekers.

IMPORTANCE: Gender identity conversion efforts (GICE) have been widely debated as potentially damaging treatment approaches for transgender persons. The association of GICE with mental health outcomes, however, remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations between recalled exposure to GICE (by a secular or religious professional) and adult mental health outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this cross-sectional study, a survey was distributed through community-based outreach to transgender adults residing in the United States, with representation from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and US military bases overseas. Data collection occurred during 34 days between August 19 and September 21, 2015. Data analysis was performed from June 8, 2018, to January 2, 2019. EXPOSURE: Recalled exposure to GICE. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Severe psychological distress during the previous month, measured by the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (defined as a score ≥13). Measures of suicidality during the previous year and lifetime, including ideation, attempts, and attempts requiring inpatient hospitalization. RESULTS: Of 27 715 transgender survey respondents (mean [SD] age, 31.2 [13.5] years), 11 857 (42.8%) were assigned male sex at birth. Among the 19 741 (71.3%) who had ever spoken to a professional about their gender identity, 3869 (19.6%; 95% CI, 18.7%-20.5%) reported exposure to GICE in their lifetime. Recalled lifetime exposure was associated with severe psychological distress during the previous month (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.56; 95% CI, 1.09-2.24; P < .001) compared with non-GICE therapy. Associations were found between recalled lifetime exposure and higher odds of lifetime suicide attempts (aOR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.60-3.24; P < .001) and recalled exposure before the age of 10 years and increased odds of lifetime suicide attempts (aOR, 4.15; 95% CI, 2.44-7.69; P < .001). No significant differences were found when comparing exposure to ...