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There is no international treaty that directly acknowledges the rights of LGBTIQ+ persons or the right to protection from discrimination or violence on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. The International Bill of Rights concerns itself with the protection of persons on the basis of "race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status." This same language is found in Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).[2] This lack of recognition isn't surprising— over 70 countries continue to criminalize queer existence or expression with antisodomy laws, indicating at the least a stark lack of interest in negotiating a treaty for the protection of LGBTIQ+ persons— and this tenuous framework results in LGBTIQ+ rights hanging in the balance between recognition and destruction. This post was originally published on the Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review website on November 21, 2021. The original post can be accessed via the Archived Link button above.

Entre los «nuevos derechos» reconocidos por algunas de las recientes reformas estatutarias cabe destacar el denominado derecho a la identidad de género. Este derecho, solo contemplado por el legislador estatal en cuanto al procedimiento para la rectificación registral del sexo, está siendo objeto de desarrollo por varios legisladores autonómicos. Este marco normativo nos sitúa ante el doble reto que este nuevo derecho plantea a los ordenamientos jurídicos: la superación de la perspectiva patologizadora de la transexualidad y el desafío al sistema binario masculino/femenino desde el que se construye la titularidad de los derechos. ; Among the new rights recognized by some of the latest statutory reforms, we should include the so-called right to gender identity. This right, only considered by the State legislator regarding the registration process for sex rectification, is still under development by several autonomic legislators. This regulatory framework confronts us with the double challenge raisen by this new law at the legal systems: the overcoming of the pathologizing perspective of transsexuality as well as the challenge to the male / female binary system from which the rights onwership is built.

We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with LGBTQ+-identified individuals (n = 31) to explore the range of LGBTQ+ perspectives on genomic research using either sexual orientation or gender identity (SOGI) data. Most interviewees presumed that research would confirm genetic contributions to sexual orientation and gender identity. Primary hopes for such confirmation included validating LGBTQ+ identities, improved access to and quality of healthcare and other resources, and increased acceptance in familial, socio-cultural, and political environments. Areas of concern included threats of pathologizing and medicalizing LGBTQ+ identities and experiences, undermining reproductive rights, gatekeeping of health or social systems, and malicious testing or misuse of genetic results, particularly for LGBTQ+ youth. Overall, interviewees were divided on the acceptability of genomic research investigating genetic contributions to sexual orientation and gender identity. Participants emphasized researchers' ethical obligations to LGBTQ+ individuals and endorsed engagement with LGBTQ+ communities throughout all aspects of genomic research using SOGI data.

The article gives a philosophical understanding of the concept of "gender identity", reveals its structure, place and role in the formation of a person's social identity. The gender identity phenomenon is disclosed through the concept of "gender", which affects the socio-cultural gender. Gender identity is interpreted as a person's inner self-image as a representative of a particular gender. The article argues that gender identity is the basic structure of social identity and aims at identifying a person with the image of a socio-cultural entity. Like the concept of gender, it is considered to be a socio-cultural phenomenon, having its symbolic designation. Based on the history background of development of philosophical ideas about gender, it shows evolution of the statement of gender identity problem. When covering the normality of gender identity, attention is drawn to its correlation with the biological sex. It is noted that, being connected with the latter, the gender identity is not the same. The assessment of this discrepancy as a norm or as a pathology depends on the gender system established in the society. In this regard, this article shows the difference between binary and non-binary gender systems; covers influence on their formation of religious and political factors in traditional and non-traditional societies. The article also discloses the notion of the crisis of gender identity and analyzes the main approaches to its understanding, produced both in classical, non-classical (philosophical anthropology) and post-non-classical philosophy (postmodernism and poststructuralism). On the basis of their comparison, it is proved that, according to classical ideas, the crisis of gender identity is a conflict between the biological and social, and in the post-non-classical paradigm it appears as a struggle of discourses for "possession of the body." When discussing current debates in social philosophy about the decisive factors of influence on the formation of gender identity and the onset of a crisis, there is a special discussion of the controversy about the role of technological factors therein. We are talking, first of all, about the latest technologies in science, engineering, medicine and informatics. The article presents the main shifts that take place in these spheres, and analyzes their influence on the formation and crisis state of gender identity in the modern world. Understanding the crisis phenomena of gender identity leads the author to conclude that in today's philosophy there exist three main approaches in assessing the role of technological factors in their occurrence (neo-luddism, transhumanism and co-evolutionism). Rejecting the technological determinism of transhumanism and biological determinism of neo-luddism, criticizing them for anti-humanistic and anti-social orientation, the author defends the intermediate position of "peaceful" coexistence of different worlds, i.e. biological, social, and technological. This implies the development of effective mechanisms for the person's social adaptation to technological innovations in the field of gender relations, which, in turn, should be adequate to the human biological nature. To sum up, the work concludes that the preservation of gender identity in all its forms and dimensions should be based on responsible and society-controlled use of the latest technologies in the field of gender relations. ; У статті подається філософське розуміння поняття «гендерної ідентичності», розкривається її структура, місце і роль у формуванні соціальної ідентичності людини. При розгляді кризи гендерної ідентичності у сучасному світі відзначається особлива роль технологічних чинників в галузі науки, техніки, медицини та інформатики. У статті розглядаються основні зрушення, які відбуваються у цих сферах, та їх вплив на формування і руйнацію гендерної ідентичності.

The article gives a philosophical understanding of the concept of "gender identity", reveals its structure, place and role in the formation of a person's social identity. The gender identity phenomenon is disclosed through the concept of "gender", which affects the socio-cultural gender. Gender identity is interpreted as a person's inner self-image as a representative of a particular gender. The article argues that gender identity is the basic structure of social identity and aims at identifying a person with the image of a socio-cultural entity. Like the concept of gender, it is considered to be a socio-cultural phenomenon, having its symbolic designation. Based on the history background of development of philosophical ideas about gender, it shows evolution of the statement of gender identity problem. When covering the normality of gender identity, attention is drawn to its correlation with the biological sex. It is noted that, being connected with the latter, the gender identity is not the same. The assessment of this discrepancy as a norm or as a pathology depends on the gender system established in the society. In this regard, this article shows the difference between binary and non-binary gender systems; covers influence on their formation of religious and political factors in traditional and non-traditional societies. The article also discloses the notion of the crisis of gender identity and analyzes the main approaches to its understanding, produced both in classical, non-classical (philosophical anthropology) and post-non-classical philosophy (postmodernism and poststructuralism). On the basis of their comparison, it is proved that, according to classical ideas, the crisis of gender identity is a conflict between the biological and social, and in the post-non-classical paradigm it appears as a struggle of discourses for "possession of the body." When discussing current debates in social philosophy about the decisive factors of influence on the formation of gender identity and the onset of a crisis, there is a special discussion of the controversy about the role of technological factors therein. We are talking, first of all, about the latest technologies in science, engineering, medicine and informatics. The article presents the main shifts that take place in these spheres, and analyzes their influence on the formation and crisis state of gender identity in the modern world. Understanding the crisis phenomena of gender identity leads the author to conclude that in today's philosophy there exist three main approaches in assessing the role of technological factors in their occurrence (neo-luddism, transhumanism and co-evolutionism). Rejecting the technological determinism of transhumanism and biological determinism of neo-luddism, criticizing them for anti-humanistic and anti-social orientation, the author defends the intermediate position of "peaceful" coexistence of different worlds, i.e. biological, social, and technological. This implies the development of effective mechanisms for the person's social adaptation to technological innovations in the field of gender relations, which, in turn, should be adequate to the human biological nature. To sum up, the work concludes that the preservation of gender identity in all its forms and dimensions should be based on responsible and society-controlled use of the latest technologies in the field of gender relations. ; У статті подається філософське розуміння поняття «гендерної ідентичності», розкривається її структура, місце і роль у формуванні соціальної ідентичності людини. При розгляді кризи гендерної ідентичності у сучасному світі відзначається особлива роль технологічних чинників в галузі науки, техніки, медицини та інформатики. У статті розглядаються основні зрушення, які відбуваються у цих сферах, та їх вплив на формування і руйнацію гендерної ідентичності.

Toplumsal cinsiyet sorunu ekonomik, politik, ideolojik psikolojik yönlerin iç içe geçtiği önemli bir konudur Ataerkil toplumun egemenliği altında kendilerine çok kısıtlı alanlar verilmiş kadınlar, kendi kimliklerini yaratmak için Amerika'da 19.yüzyılda büyük bir mücadele başlattılar. Bu bağlamda incelenecek olursa "alan"ın güç elde etme ve kimlik yaratmada yapılandığı görülür. Sosyal alanda belirlenen güç de alanlara göre şekillenir ve değişir. Baskın olan güç sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel, politik ilişkilerde "alanlar"a göre şekillenerek yerini alır. Toplumsal cinsiyetin alanı da tarih içinde şekillenmiş ve daha çok "ev" kısmına yakıştırılan kadınların alanları eşitlik istemleriyle beraber daha çok büyümeye ve değişmeye başlamıştır. Kadınlar, kendi bedenleri üzerindeki hâkimiyetlerini de fark edip, onu bir alan olarak görmeye başlamalarıyla bilinçlenmişlerdir. Bununla beraber toplumsal alanlarını da genişleten kadınlar artık kendilerine "verilmiş" olan alanların dışına çıkabileceklerini görmüşlerdir. Kendi yerleri de bu anlamda genişlemeye başlamış ve kadınlar kendilerini hemen hemen her alanda göstermeye çalışmışlardır. Amerikan kadın mücadelesinin gelişimi kadınların kendilerine "alan" yaratmasıyla paralel gitmiştir. Bu tezin yazılış amacı Amerikan edebiyatından bazı kadın yazarların romanlarında "toplumsal cinsiyet alanını" incelemek ve feminist hareketin gelişim süreciyle beraber romanlarda kadının alanının ne kadar değiştiğini ve yazarların bu konuya olan tutumlarının romanlarına nasıl yansıdığını incelemektir. Çalışma kapsamında güç ve kimlik kazanımlarında "alan"ın önemine değinilecektir. Bunu yaparken de farklı ve aynı dönem eserlerden Kate Chopin'in The Awakening ve Sylvia Plath'in The Bell Jar romanlardaki kadın karakterler ve onların, kendi beden alanı ve toplumdaki kamusal alan üzerindeki hâkimiyetleri ve mücadeleleri incelenilecektir.

Alternatives Within the Mainstream II follows from the first volume's dedication to a critical appreciation of and a tracing of trajectories of the theatres of our Others on the British stage. The first volume Alternatives Within the Mainstream: British Black and Asian Theatres traced a history of Black and Asian British plays, playwrights, theatre companies and theatre voices. The two volumes celebrate the plurality on the post-war British stage in terms of class, gender, race and sexualities. Alternatives Within the Mainstream II: Queer Theatres in Post-war Britain is an introduction to queer sexualities and their presence on the post-war British stage. From an introduction which addresses the possibilities of an undoing of repressiveness in desiring another, this volume charts a history of queer on the British stage, from a climate of sexual repressiveness and criminalisation, to a period of legal acceptance of homosexual desire. It covers gay, les, trans and queer British theatres, the influence of American queer theatre, AIDS consciousness, black queer theatre and television drama. Alternatives Within the Mainstream II: Queer Theatres in Post-war Britain is aimed as an introductory text which introduces the several plays, playwrights, theatre companies and queer theorists to students and scholars of contemporary queer British theatres. This book is dedicated to Anthony Blair and the Labour government for bringing in the Civil Partnerships Act.

Under New York law, sexual orientation discrimination in the workplace is prohibited. Sexual orientation non-discrimination legislation was first introduced in New York in the early 1970s.

Conchita Wursts Sieg beim Eurovision Song Contest 2014 war ein zentrales diskursives Moment, welches das derzeitige Spannungsfeld zwischen Postgenderismus und Traditionalismus in Russland offenlegte und aufzeigte, wie sehr Geschlecht und Sexualität, nicht zuletzt für das russische Selbstbild und die Konstruktion einer russischen nationalen Identität, instrumentalisiert und politisiert werden und wie sehr Identitätskonzepte den russischen Alltag mitbestimmen. Die Monografie widmet sich der Diskussion um Geschlecht und Sexualität in Russland nach dem Sieg von Conchita Wurst und untersucht das Verhältnis von Diskurs und Identität. Im Vordergrund steht die Funktion von Sprache sowohl für die Identitätskonstruktion als auch für die Schaffung und Abgrenzung von Räumen. Dabei lassen sich nicht nur lexikologische und wortbildnerische Besonderheiten beobachten, sondern es liegt insgesamt ein auffälliger Sprachgebrauch mit interessanten Argumentationsstrategien vor. Ausführungen zu Identität und kritische Anmerkungen zur russischen Gender- und Queer-Linguistik komplettieren diesen Band. Conchita Wurst's 2014 victory in the Eurovision Song Contest was a significant discursive moment which revealed the current tensions between postgenderism and traditionalism in contemporary Russia. This case also made clear just how far gender and sexuality are instrumentalised and politicised – not least in creating Russians' self-perception and constructing a Russian national identity – and how massively notions of identity impact on Russian everyday life. The monograph focuses on the discussion of gender and sexuality in Russia following the 2014 event and investigates the relation between discourse and identity. Above all, it is concerned with the function of language in identity construction, and in the creation and demarcation of spaces. In this context, Dr. Scheller-Boltz's study not only analyses lexicological and word-formation peculiarities, but also provides some revealing research findings about specific language use, including certain argumentation strategies. The monograph begins with a detailed introduction to notions of identity and concludes with some critical remarks on Russian gender and queer linguistics.

We exploit the natural experiment of German reunification in 1990 to investigate if the institutional regimes of the formerly socialist (rather gender-equal) East Germany and the capitalist (rather gender-traditional) West Germany shaped different gender identity prescriptions of family breadwinning. We use data for three periods between 1984 and 2016 from the representative German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Density discontinuity tests and fixed-effects regressions suggest that married couples in West (but not East) Germany diminished the wife's labor market outcomes in order to avoid situations where she would earn more than him. However, the significance of the male breadwinner prescription seems to decline in West Germany since reunification, converging to the more gender-egalitarian East Germany. Our work emphasizes the view that political and institutional frameworks can shape fairly persistent gender identity prescriptions that influence house-hold economic decisions for some time, even when these frameworks change.

We exploit the natural experiment of German reunification in 1990 to investigate if the institutional regimes of the formerly socialist (rather gender-equal) East Germany and the capitalist (rather gender-traditional) West Germany shaped different gender identity prescriptions of family breadwinning. We use data for three periods between 1984 and 2016 from the representative German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Density discontinuity tests and fixed-effects regressions suggest that married couples in West (but not East) Germany diminished the wife's labor market outcomes in order to avoid situations where she would earn more than him. However, the significance of the male breadwinner prescription seems to decline in West Germany since reunification, converging to the more gender-egalitarian East Germany. Our work emphasizes the view that political and institutional frameworks can shape fairly persistent gender identity prescriptions that influence household economic decisions for some time, even when these frameworks change.

We exploit the natural experiment of German reunification in 1990 to investigate if the institutional regimes of the formerly socialist (rather gender-equal) East Germany and the capitalist (rather gender-traditional) West Germany shaped different gender identity prescriptions of family breadwinning. We use data for three periods between 1984 and 2016 from the representative German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Density discontinuity tests and fixed-effects regressions suggest that married couples in West (but not East) Germany diminished the wife's labor market outcomes in order to avoid situations where she would earn more than him. However, the significance of the male breadwinner prescription seems to decline in West Germany since reunification, converging to the more gender-egalitarian East Germany. Our work emphasizes the view that political and institutional frameworks can shape fairly persistent gender identity prescriptions that influence household economic decisions for some time, even when these frameworks change.

Legislation regarding rights of non-heterosexual individuals, as well as the right to define one's own gender-identity remained for years a neglected issue in Greece. The progress realised in the last six years by the adoption of relevant laws was met differently by the representative authorities of the Christian and Muslim communities of the country, and has provoked strong reactions from the side of the established Church, the Orthodox Church of Greece.

The 160,000 LGBT adults in Missouri would benefit from an expanded state non-discrimination law that includes sexual orientation and gender identity. There is currently no Missouri law protecting LGBT people from discrimination in housing, employment, and public accommodations. A uniform state-wide law would maximize protection for Missouri's LGBT population, and provide them the same recourse available to their non-LGBT counterparts. Media reports and lawsuits document that a number of Missourians have faced discrimination in housing, public accommodations, and the workplace because they are LGBT. Complaints have been filed against hotels, landlords and retail stores; and teachers, law enforcement, truck drivers, and attorneys have filed workplace discrimination complaints. Eighteen Missouri localities currently provide protection from sexual orientation discrimination by local ordinance, sixteen of which also provide protection against gender identity discrimination, but the ordinances are inconsistent, and less effective than a state-wide law would be. In many cases, the local ordinances do not fully cover public and private employment, housing, public accommodations, and government services, and Missouri state law provides stronger remedies, and a private right of action that many of the local ordinances do not provide.

This paper is based on observations and interviews with six teenage girls (age 14–16) currently highly active in a Swedish riding school. Riding is one of the most popular sporting activities among girls in Sweden and riding schools receive financial support from the government to make riding available to everyone. The aim of this paper is to explore how teenage girls construct their gender identity at the stable through the handling of horses and related work in their leisure time. Theoretically, we employ Butler's (1999) theory of identity, based on social constructivism. The relationships with the horses, the hard work, the unexpected challenges, as well as the friendships among the girls, were found to be essential elements of the stable experience. At the stable, the girls learned to take action, handle risks and take the lead. This created an alternative way of enacting themselves as young females, resulting in an identity based on being independent, competent and powerful. As such, the riding school represents a developmental space where teenage girls can prepare themselves for their future, independent, lives. ; Validerad; 2011; 20111014 (lenaf) ; Hästkrafter för entreprenörskap