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The objective of this article is to show how issues concerning women in science and the problem of gendered science, often treated separately, are interconnected. To examine how research on women in science and research on gender and science relate to each other, some feminist epistemological perspectives, mainly feminist contextual empiricism, are used in order to show how the feminist philosophical conceptual framework may be useful for understanding the problems currently faced by women in science. After reflecting and elaborating on the very thesis of gendered science, the author analyses in more detail the concept of epistemic communities and the concept of trust as an epistemic factor. Through these concepts the author argues that philosophical/epistemological considerations are fruitful for studying the experience of individual women in science. Both of these interrelated concepts are considered highly relevant in the search for an epistemological framework facilitating the thematic study of women in science on a theoretical level and research on the current situation of women in the academic world in Slovakia.

Numerous studies have confi rmed that caring for small children is still the domain of women in Slovakia. Maternity as such is considered the natural and expected role of women and is part of the construction of femininity in Slovak society. At the same time, it is expected and routine that Slovak women participate in the labour market, and the prevailing form of employment is full-time work. This complicates efforts to harmonise work with the need to care for a small child. It is not just the country's legislative and institutional framework that shape notions about caring for small children; they are also influenced by the views and attitudes of society towards this issue. The image of a good mother is constructed, and women then try to approximate it when performing their maternal role. The prevailing ideal is of a mother who devotes herself full-time to caring for a child for the first three years of the child's life. The author of this article focuses on the context surrounding the construction of the image of a good mother as one who cares for her child until the age of three, and examines how the image of the good mother is reflected in the opinions of women on returning to work and on work/life balance. The data in this analysis are drawn from public opinion polls about early childcare and the reality of caring for small children in Slovakia and from in-depth interviews with mothers of small children. The mothers are aware of the views of society, refl ect on them, and many try to fulfil them so that they are perceived as 'good' and not 'inadequate' mothers.

The author deals with the problem of adjustment to the Bologna process, using the philosophical-political distinctions between open & guided intertraditional exchange, & between utopian & piecemeal social engineering. In his opinion, the process might be perceived as a sort of cultural imperialism that need not be disastrous for its victims. The reform should create the conditions for the organization of serious multidisciplinary studies at the university level (European studies, American studies, gender studies, peace studies, etc). Should changes at the U of Zagreb be implemented systematically, though prudently, the results could be positive. However, the author warns that the role of tradition should not be underestimated nor the possibility of serious quandaries in the implementation of the reform of higher education excluded, even if the changes are introduced gradually. 4 References. Adapted from the source document.

Gender and sexuality in the Croatian educational context occasionally resurface in the public discourse due to political instrumentalization but are largely neglected as a research topic. To address this absence, this paper presents original data on high-school and university experiences of queer persons collected in critically oriented research which examines social inequality of queer individuals in the Croatian educational institutions. Based on these data and drawing parallels with previous studies in an international context, the authors outline a theoretical approach that conceptualises gender and sexuality as interdependent social processes. Through showing how educational institutions actively marginalise persons of non-normative gender and sexual orientation, the authors point to the importance of conceptualising the everyday life of queer persons in education as a source of knowledge about these processes by highlighting the complex relationship between gender and sexuality – which authors do by establishing theoretical and methodological collaborations between sociology, queer theories as well as critical and institutional ethnography. The study's findings suggest that educational institutions have a mediating role in creating inequality based on gender and sexual differences since they function as spaces privileging heterosexuality and heteronormativity. This results in an ambivalent status of queer gender expressions and sexualities as they are simultaneously a subject of public negotiation and stigmatization and hidden in the private sphere of each person. (In)visibility and (non)acceptance of non-normative gender expressions and sexualities in the Croatian educational context imply a continuous process of managing one's identity between institutional and personal spheres of action. ; Teme roda i seksualnosti u obrazovnom kontekstu zbog političke instrumentalizacije povremeno su prisutne u javnom diskursu, ali su istraživački nedovoljno zastupljene. To osobito vrijedi za izvorna i kritički usmjerena istraživanja koja bi utvrdila kako obrazovne institucije u Hrvatskoj pridonose društvenoj nejednakosti queer osoba. Ovim se člankom pokušava nadomjestiti ta podzastupljenost teorijskom raspravom o konceptualizaciji roda i seksualnosti kao međuovisnih osobnih i društvenih procesa te prikazom rezultata istraživanja u kojem je taj pristup korišten. Kako dosadašnje spoznaje u međunarodnom kontekstu pokazuju, obrazovne institucije imaju aktivnu ulogu u procesima marginalizacije osoba nenormativne queer rodne i seksualne orijentacije, zato je nužno razumijevanje obrazovne svakodnevice kao izvora znanja o tim procesima kroz promišljanje isprepletenosti roda i seksualnosti. Ta isprepletenost u svrhu istraživanja društvene nejednakosti nastale na temelju rodne i seksualne različitosti mora teorijski i istraživački povezati sociologiju, queer teorije te kritičku i institucionalnu etnografiju. Na taj se način uspostavlja cjeloviti teorijski i metodološki pristup koji je korišten u istraživanju srednjoškolskog i visokoškolskog obrazovnog iskustva queer osoba u Hrvatskoj. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da obrazovne institucije imaju posredničku ulogu u stvaranju nejednakosti na temelju rodnih i seksualnih različitosti. Obrazovne su institucije ponajprije prostor koji privilegira heteroseksualnost i heteronormativnost, dok su queer izričaji roda i seksualnosti s jedne strane predmetom javnog označavanja i stigmatiziranja, a s druge strane predmetom prisiljavanja na privatnu i skrivenu sferu. Ne/vidljivost i ne/prihvaćanje nenormativnih rodnih izričaja i seksualnosti za queer osobe u hrvatskom obrazovnom kontekstu predstavlja trajan proces pregovaranja između institucionalnih i osobnih domena djelovanja.

Rad istražuje načine na koje su rodni odnosi izraženi kroz specifičnu komunikativnu infrastrukturu grada – nazive javnih prostora i urbane plastike – čija svrha, tvrdimo, nadilazi funkcionalnu (orijentir; komemoracija verzije nacionalne povijesti) i su-određuje odnose moći u sferi roda. Analizirajući obrasce označavanja, oblikovanja i pozicioniranja imena, ploča i spomenika u Zagrebu, kombinacijom statističke obrade, mapiranja i istraživačke šetnje, pokazujemo da urbano znakovlje glavnog grada Hrvatske, u vremenu širenja debate o rodnoj ravnopravnosti, zadržava dominantno patrijarhalno uređenje koje je nasljeđeno iz perioda posvemašnjeg rasta, s kraja 19./početka 20. i sredinom 20. stoljeća, i znatno preferira muškarce kao aktere i tumače javnog prostora i povijesti. Usvojena prostorna analiza obuhvaća ne samo učestalost nego i prostornu distribuciju te tipove reprezentacije žena u urbanom znakovlju (imena, ploče, spomenici) Zagreba. Dobiveni rezultati propituju se pod lupom kritičke i konstruktivističke škole kulturnih studija i kontekstualiziraju procesima medijske posredovanosti gradova i urbanog života tranzicijskih društava. ; This paper investigates the ways in which gender relations are articulated through a particular communicative urban infrastructure, such as names of public spaces and public art. We argue that their selective design and distribution suggest meanings beyond functional purposes (to serve as orientation points or as national commemorative sites) and co-constitute gendered power relations. Reading the patterns of signification, formulation and positioning of names, plaques and statues in Zagreb, through our raft of statistical analysis, mapping, and ethnographic walks, we show that the urban signage of the capital of Croatia, in a time of increased debates about gender equality and identity, continues to uphold the patriarchy inherited from earlier periods of city growth, namely the late 19th/early 20th centuries and mid-20th century. Our spatial analysis concerns not only the frequency but also spatial distribution and forms of representation of women in the names of public spaces and commemorative plaques and statues. The research presented here suggests that Zagreb's public urban signage significantly prefers men to women as actors in public space and nation's history. We discuss our findings from the perspective of critical and constructivist approaches in cultural studies and contextualise them with reference to the ways in which contemporary urban spaces are said to be 'mediated cities'.

Two analyses have been carried out for the purpose of this study. The first refers to the analysis of the gender differences in the development of civil sense (understanding citizenship) & the practice of citizenship (practicing citizenship). The second refers primarily to the analysis of the variables of the "school experience" (the school climate or the perceived opportunity for an open classroom discussion, & the variables of the perceived tasks of classroom learning or education) & how they influence the expected voting behaviour of adults. The findings were compared to similar international comparative studies (the 2001 TEA study, C. Hahn's study of 1998). Our study has shown that the gender differences regarding the civil political sense & the culture among young people have been diminishing but have not fully disappeared, & that there are significant differences among individual countries in that respect. Our research has shown that there are significant gender differences in their understanding of citizenship; these differences are somewhat smaller for the variable of the practice of citizenship among high-school students. However, those differences are not particularly pronounced. It seems that it is no longer justified to talk about civil political culture as "male culture," though gender still creates marked differences but no longer solely in favour of men. We have not come to the end of the road leading to a balanced civil political culture yet, at least regarding gender. & secondly, our study has shown that the political education of students & the perceived tasks of political education in schools influence the expected adult voting behaviour. This confirms the thesis that the classroom political education is relevant, at least to a limited degree, for the key variables of civil sense & practice. 4 Tables, 6 References. Adapted from the source document.

New challenges that welfare states cope with brought to changed priorities in the area of social policies and the growing promotion of the dual-breadwinner model in European countries. As patterns of behaviour of men and women in the labour market are not just a reflection of the economic situation, the cultural context and individual beliefs, but also of the existing institutional arrangements in the area of social policies, work-family policies are becoming increasingly important and the area of growing intervention in many countries. Variations in work-family policies and economic activity, and the characteristics of the employment of parents in European countries bring the issue of their effect on the outcomes of parents at the labour market in the focus of interest of political and scientific debates, and efforts have been particularly made to answer the question which schemes of work-family policies really contribute to larger employment rates of parents and their better outcomes at the labour market, which is the central question of this paper as well. After a brief insight into the position of parents at the labour market in EU countries, particularly focusing on the gender differences and the differences between parents and childless individuals, the paper presents a detailed review of the results of the research dealing with the effects of different institutional context, i.e. work-family policies, on the outcomes of the parents at the labour market. The final part of the paper contains a brief discussion about the implications of the presented results of comparative studies on the situation and the development of measures in the area of work-family policies in Croatia, which clearly indicate the need for reforms. ; Novi izazovi s kojima se nose socijalne države doveli su do promijenjenih prioriteta na području socijalnih politika te rastuće promocije modela dvostrukog hranitelja u europskim zemljama. Kako obrasci ponašanja muškaraca i žena na tržištu rada nisu tek odraz ekonomske situacije te kulturnog konteksta i individualnih uvjerenja, već i postojećih institucionalnih uređenja na području socijalnih politika, upravo politike usklađivanja obiteljskih obaveza i plaćenog rada postaju višestruko važne te područje rastuće intervencije u mnogim zemljama. Varijacije u politikama usklađivanja i ekonomskoj aktivnosti te obilježjima zaposlenosti roditelja u europskim zemljama dovode pitanje njihova učinka na ishode roditelja na tržištu rada u središte interesa javnopolitičkih i znanstvenih rasprava, a posebice se pokušava dati odgovor na pitanje kakve sheme politika usklađivanja obiteljskih obaveza i plaćenog rada stvarno i doprinose većim stopama zaposlenosti roditelja i njihovim boljim ishodima na tržištu rada, što je središnje pitanje i ovog rada. Nakon kratkog uvida u položaj roditelja na tržištu rada u zemljama EU-a, posebice se fokusirajući na rodne razlike te razlike između roditelja i pojedinaca bez djece, daje se detaljan pregled rezultata istraživanja koja su se bavila djelovanjem različitog institucionalnog konteksta, odnosno politika usklađivanja obiteljskih obaveza i plaćenog rada, na ishode roditelja na tržištu rada. U zaključnom se dijelu kratko raspravljaju implikacije prikazanih rezultata komparativnih studija za stanje i razvoj mjera na području politika usklađivanja obiteljskih obaveza i plaćenog rada u Hrvatskoj, a koje jasno ukazuju na nužnost reformi.

Uvod: U Republici Hrvatskoj zakon ne predviđa darovanje organa nakon cirkulacijske smrti iako je ono često u pojedinim drugim državama. Cilj: utvrditi koliko je mogućih darovatelja bubrega nakon cirkulacijske smrti bilo u jednogodišnjem razdoblju (2012.) u Kliničkome bolničkom centru Osijek (KBCO). Nacrt istraživanja: presječno istraživanje. Ispitanici i postupci: ispitanici su bili preminule osobe (N=1652) primljene na Zavod za patologiju KBCO tijekom 2012. Procjenjivalo se zadovoljavaju li Maastrichtske kriterije za darovanje organa nakon cirkulacijske smrti. Podaci su preuzeti iz medicinske dokumentacije i statistički obrađeni u SPSS-u. Rezultati: Maastrichtske kriterije zadovoljilo je 215 ispitanika (13 %), 53 od tih ispitanika isključeno je zbog kontraindikacija za transplantaciju (TX), te je konačan broj mogućih darovatelja bio 162 (10 %). Medijan dobi bio je 72 godine (42-91), a 83 od 162 (51 %) bilo je muškoga spola. Najčešći su uzroci smrti srčanožilne bolesti (78 %), a najviše mogućih darovatelja nakon cirkulacijske smrti preminulo je na Klinici za internu medicinu (42 %). Najčešće zadovoljeni Maastrichtski kriterij je bio drugi (88 %, neuspješna reanimacija). Nije utvrđena statistički značajna udruženost pojedinih Maastrichtskih kriterija sa spolom niti s dobi. U značajno ranijoj životnoj dobi preminuli su muški ispitanici. Zaključak: broj mogućih darovatelja bubrega nakon cirkulacijske smrti tijekom godine dana u KBCO bio je 162. Mogućnost darovanja nakon cirkulacijske smrti mogla bi povećati broj mogućih darovatelja bubrežnih presadaka i još više poboljšati uspjeh TX u Republici Hrvatskoj. Na razini KBCO može se reći da bi se broj TX s mogućim darovateljima mogao povećati i do 27 puta (otprilike je aktualno 12 TX godišnje, uz mogućnost po dvije bubrežne TX od jednoga darovatelja), premda bi vjerojatno manje tih darovatelja bilo i ostvareno, s obzirom na njihovu stariju životnu dob te moguće protivljenje obitelji darovanju organa. ; Introduction: In the Republic of Croatia organ donation after circulatory death (DCD) is not regulated by law, although this practice is well represented in some other countries. Goal of the research: To determine how many potential donors after circulatory death were eligible during the one-year period (2012) at University Hospital Centre Osijek (UHCO). Study design: cross-sectional study. Examinees and methods: The examinees included 1652 deceased persons who were admitted to the Department of Pathology of the UHCO during 2012. They were assessed for meeting the Maastricht criteria for organ DCD. Data were taken from medical documentation and statistically analyzed by SPSS. Results: 215 examinees met the Maastricht criteria (13 %), 53 of them were excluded due to the contraindications for donation, thus the final number of potential DCD was 162 (10 %). The median age was 72 years (range 42-91), and 83 (51 %) of 162 were males. The most common causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (78 %), and the highest number of potential DCD died at the Department of Internal Medicine (42 %). The most commonly met Maastricht criterion was the criterion 2 (88 %, unsuccessful resuscitation). Only one examinee met Maastricht criteria 1. Statistically significant association of particular Maastricht criteria with sex or age was not found. The examinees of male gender died at an earlier age. Conclusion: the number of potential DCD in a single year at the UHCO was 162, of which 161 were for kidney donation. Transplantation (TX) from DCD would increase the number of potential donor kidney transplants and further enhance the success of TX in Croatia. At the level of UHCO the number of kidney TX with those donors could increase up to 27 times (considering 12 kidney TX annually so far and 2 possible kidneys from a single DCD), although in reality probably less of those DCD would be realized, due to their old age and possibility of their families refusing the organ donation.