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Gender Equality between women and men remains elusive on many fronts and in 2019, Malta's score in the EU Equality Index was below the EU average. Progress has been noted in the area of paid work, but little headway has been made in the power domain, which is still heavily dominated by men. On the other hand, women still disproportionally carry the biggest care burdens, with related consequences on their career and their earnings. Gender mainstreaming is still in its very early stages and there is no evidence that Gender Auditing or Gender Budgeting has been implemented so far. In the last six years no ESIF funds were secured for genderequality-related projects. However, other funds were sourced through other EU calls. A gender mainstreaming strategy is due to be launched in 2020, although little details exist of how this will be implemented. Malta has much to gain if it makes better use of ESIF and other EU funds in order to secure the expertise and the resources to effectively implement Gender Mainstreaming and to carry out Gender audits and Gender Budgeting. NGOs should be more involved in these processes and could be better supported, in order to make use of EU funds to strengthen gender equality in Malta. ; This publication is supported by the European Union Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme (2014-2020). ; N/A

The division of gender roles in the household and societal level gender (in)equality have been situated as one of the most powerful factors underlying fertility behaviour. Despite continued theoretical attention to this issue by demographers, empirical research integrating gender roles and equity in relation to fertility remains surprisingly sparse. This paper first provides a brief review of previous research that has examined gender roles and fertility followed by a comparison of six prominent gender equality indices: Gender-related Development Index (GDI), Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), Gender Gap Index (GGI), Gender Equality Index (GEI), the European Union Gender Equality Index (EU-GEI) and the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI). The paper then tests how five of these indices impact fertility intentions and behaviour using a series of multilevel (random-coefficient) logistic regression models, applying the European Social Survey (2004/5). The GDI, with its emphasis on human development, adjusted for gender, has the strongest and significant effect on fertility intentions. The EU-GEI, which focuses on the universal caregiver model, uncovers that more equity significantly lowers fertility intentions, but only for women. The remaining indicators show no significant impact. The paper concludes with a reflection and suggestions for future research.

International audience ; The protests which have been ongoing in North-African countries since February 2011 have contributed towards giving visibility to that component of society often neglected by the dominant male model: women. Female bodies occupied not only the front covers of important magazines (Libération, n.9253, 12th-13th February 2011; Los Angeles Times, Saturday 12th February), but also a traditional male space: the public space. This media visibility of women has given new food for thought on gender issues as well as on issues concerning dominating relationships that the ever reigning patriarchal system continues to perpetrate on a global level.Assuming that in most of these societies such relationships largely determine people's roles and lives, can one speak of a specificity in the Mediterranean setting? The predominant image of the Mediterranean world is that of a closed context, refractory to transformation, anchored in sexist traditions and still a long way from effective equality and access to politics and positions of power. Just such a stereotype, legitimized by Anglo-Saxon traditional studies and research on the Mediterranean city (c.f. Minca 2004) and still commonly predominant, has been put into question by the active role played by women in social movements which have lately taken place in the whole of the Mediterranean basin1. The pictures of women engaged in protest and demonstration have gone around the world. However, what do the women of the Arab awakening and the Spanish indignados women2 have in common? The presence of their bodies on town squares and streets. Virtual space has also held a starring role in the protests. The role of technology and the network in social and political change has been vastly covered both in scientific contexts (e.g. Paradiso 2003, 2006) and in popular contexts; particular reference can be made to the Green Wave in Iran (Mouillard 2009; Hare and Darani 2010). Furthermore, with the 2011 protests, attention has been focused specifically on the relation ...

International audience ; The protests which have been ongoing in North-African countries since February 2011 have contributed towards giving visibility to that component of society often neglected by the dominant male model: women. Female bodies occupied not only the front covers of important magazines (Libération, n.9253, 12th-13th February 2011; Los Angeles Times, Saturday 12th February), but also a traditional male space: the public space. This media visibility of women has given new food for thought on gender issues as well as on issues concerning dominating relationships that the ever reigning patriarchal system continues to perpetrate on a global level.Assuming that in most of these societies such relationships largely determine people's roles and lives, can one speak of a specificity in the Mediterranean setting? The predominant image of the Mediterranean world is that of a closed context, refractory to transformation, anchored in sexist traditions and still a long way from effective equality and access to politics and positions of power. Just such a stereotype, legitimized by Anglo-Saxon traditional studies and research on the Mediterranean city (c.f. Minca 2004) and still commonly predominant, has been put into question by the active role played by women in social movements which have lately taken place in the whole of the Mediterranean basin1. The pictures of women engaged in protest and demonstration have gone around the world. However, what do the women of the Arab awakening and the Spanish indignados women2 have in common? The presence of their bodies on town squares and streets. Virtual space has also held a starring role in the protests. The role of technology and the network in social and political change has been vastly covered both in scientific contexts (e.g. Paradiso 2003, 2006) and in popular contexts; particular reference can be made to the Green Wave in Iran (Mouillard 2009; Hare and Darani 2010). Furthermore, with the 2011 protests, attention has been focused specifically on the relation ...

The paper addresses the dilemmas, contradictions and paradoxes in the Danish approach to gender quotas and gender equality and discusses the intersections of citizenship, democracy and gender justice. Gender research understands gender quota as a means to achieve equal rights, gender equality and gender parity. Gender theory has conceptualized gender parity as one step towards achieving gender justice in all arenas of social, political and economic life. The Danish cases illustrate that context matters and question gender quota as a universal strategy to achieve gender equality. The empirical focus of the paper is placed on three arenas: 1) gender quota in political governance; 2) gender quota in parental leave policies; and 3) gender quota in economic governance. The paper is primarily concerned with analyses of Danish discourses and policies in relation to the three policy areas and only to a limited extent addresses the impact of these policies and their implications for lived practice. One issue concerns the paradox of the relatively high female representation in politics without the adoption of gender quotas. A second issue concerns the gap between gender equality policies. Denmark lacks behind the other Scandinavian countries' discourses and policies about gender quota but in practice the picture is much more complex. A third issue concerns the European perspective. In relation to women's labour market participation and gender parity in politics Denmark is ahead of other European countries but lacks behind in relation to equal representation on corporate boards.

Women in Tajikistan have borne the brunt of the impacts of the transition period. Women's workload has intensified because of the increasing need to contribute to the cash income of the family, to supplement family food needs with produce from a garden plot, to care for children and the sick while health and other social services have deteriorated, and all this with an unequal division of labor for household tasks between men and women. Even as income poverty rates start to fall, social indicators for women continue to deteriorate: e.g., more girls are failing to complete 9 years of education and health risks from poor nutrition and stress place pressure on maternal health. This country gender assessment (CGA) provides an overview of the gender dimensions of poverty and the factors that are contributing to differences in benefits from poverty reduction efforts in Tajikistan. In addition to supporting government efforts to promote gender equality and mainstream gender into national poverty reduction strategies, the CGA aims to ensure that Asian Development Bank (ADB) interventions respond to the conditions and priorities of women as well as men. It is also hoped that the report will be useful to the government, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), and individuals working in the field of gender and development.

Lately, the issues relating to gender equality are being hotly discussed. One the indicators of this is the legalization effort of RUU-KKG in the law of the State. This issue was raised because the Feminists see that there is an imbalance in rotes between women and men, as well as in the realm of social, political, economic, and households. This patriarchal culture engenders women to always be under-emphasized in their status and positions in these fields. Al-Qur'an itself equates to both in carrying out tasks in life. This paper will examine whether the issues in regards to gender equality in the Qur'an amounts to absolute equality or equality that not necessarily takes the same form.

As a strategy to promote gender equality, gender mainstreaming has received considerable attention worldwide. The language of gender mainstreaming has been quickly adopted (True and Mintrom 2001), which is why, in the beginning, many hopes were pinned on this strategy. Scholars have shown that gender mainstreaming has triggered organizational and procedural changes within state bureaucracies, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations. Gender equality units have been established, new policy tools have been introduced, and new procedures have been created. But feminist scholars also have shown that, all these changes notwithstanding, gender mainstreaming has not proven to be successful in achieving gender equality (cf. True and Parisi 2013). More than 15 years after the adoption of the Beijing Platform for Action, there are serious problems in translating the commitment into action. This is, as many scholars argue, not only a result of institutional and political resistance to substantially changing gender relations, but also a matter of conceptual clarity (Daly 2005; Lombardo and Meier 2006; Meier and Celis 2011; Subrahmanian 2004).

'Gender budgeting' (also known as 'Gender Responsive Budgeting' – GRB) has been described as, '…an approach to budgeting that uses fiscal policy and administration to promote gender equality, and girls' and women's development.' More specifically, gender budgeting initiatives typically aim to:Use gender-sensitive analysis to understand female and male citizens' level of access to public goods and services, and the impact that this access (or lack of access) has on their welfare;Adjust expenditure and revenue collection in ways that strengthen gender equality;Ensure that adequate financing is provided for the implementation of laws and policies that are intended to promote gender equality. Gender inequality is damaging to citizen's rights, welfare and capabilities. It can also act as a barrier to economic development. Gender budgeting can benefit society by helping to reduce gender inequality, and can also enable a more efficient use of fiscal resources.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in NORA: Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research on 20 Feb 2017, available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2016.1276474 ; In this excellent book, Rolandsen Augustín examines processes of institutionalization and mobilisation related to gender equality policies at the European level. Through the analysis of institutional and organisational policy documents, as well as interviews with EU institutional stakeholders and representatives of civil society organizations, Rolandsen Augustín studies how transnational policy discourses about gender equality, and specifically discourses about gender-based violence, evolve, are negotiated and contested, and change over time.

This thesis aims to contextualise gender-in-entrepreneurship, which means focusing on when, how, and why entrepreneurship happens. Gender-in-entrepreneurship implies a focus on how women and men perform gender in entrepreneurship while questioning underlying masculine assumptions of entrepreneurship. By combining the two ideas, this thesis adds to our understanding of how the gender process intertwines with entrepreneurship and takes place in a spatial context. I have performed ethnographic fieldwork (including interviews, observations and staying up to date on social media) with over 70 informants who were men and women entrepreneurs, municipal politicians, and officials, all in a small rural municipality in Sweden with about 6000 residents. The municipality is attempting to rebrand itself from industrial to entrepreneurial. This compilation thesis is based on four papers. Together, these papers provide a range of insights into gender-in-entrepreneurship when considering a spatial perspective. Relating the four papers to the overall aim, I illuminate two points: I demonstrate that the spatial context is intertwined with gender-in-entrepreneurship through showing how entrepreneurship in context reproduces gender, and how the gendering of spatial context shapes entrepreneurship. I also demonstrate what the spatial context comprises, through developing the dimensions of the history of the spatial context, the distance to other spatial contexts, and the closeness within the spatial context. These dimensions are situation and place specific; they are dictated by the spatial context. Through contextualisation, researchers can see these dimensions and thus see that it is through their interactions that gender-in-entrepreneurship unfolds.

This contribution aims to give an overview on the state of the art of research on terrorism and gender in the field of Political Science and International Relations (IR). Contemporary analyses of terrorism have begun integrating gender aspects into their frameworks. This article supports the call for a much more coherent use of gender as an analytical category as this is beneficial for the analysis of terrorism in a threefold manner. First, gender as an analytical category in the study of terrorism exposes the gender blindness of the term terrorism; second, gender challenges the political myth of protection central to international politics, i.e. that states can legitimately fight wars to protect the vulnerable – vulgo women and children. Third, gender also challenges the myth of an intrinsic peacefulness/vulnerability of women. The paper closes with the plea to integrate a coherent historical dimension into a gendered analysis of terrorism in order to potentially achieve a more empirically attuned theoretical understanding of terrorism and political violence in current times.

The history of gender stereotyping which has led to inequalities between men and women is long and complex and it is recognized that legislation, though crucial and positive actions alone do not necessarily achieve de facto gender equality. A conscious effort on the part of society to change attitudes and to accommodate difference is a prerequisite for an inclusive society. Education plays a central role in this process. Education occupy a unique position in society, and the role of the school is fundamental in promoting gender equality. By raising awareness, broadening horizons, confronting misinformation, expanding the knowledge base to include the scholarship of women as well as men, and offering new models of behavior, the school can be seen as an instrument for positive change.

Walaupun berbagai usaha telah dilakukan, dan telah pula terjadi perubahan terhadap peran serta perempuan di segala bidang kehidupan, namun tidak dapat dipungkiri kesetaraan gender yang diharapkan terjadi belum sepenuhya tercapai. Kesenjangan gender tampak masih terjadi di berbagai bidang pembangunan, misalnya di bidang pendidikan, kesehatan, politik, dan di bidang pemerintahan. Gender diartikan sebagai konstruksi sosial tentang bagaimana menjadi laki-laki dan perempuan sebagaimana dituntut oleh masyarakat. Gender berkaitan dengan pembagian peran, kedudukan dan tugas antara laki-laki dan perempuan yang ditetapkan oleh masyarakat berdasarkan sifat yang dianggap pantas bagi laki-laki dan perempuan menurut norma, adat, kepercayaan dan kebiasaan masyarakat. Ketika konstruksi sosial itu dihayati sebagai sesuatu yang tidak boleh diubah karena dianggap kodrati dan alamiah, menjadilah itu ideologi gender. Berdasakan ideologi gender yang dianut, masyarakat kemudian menciptakan pembagian peran antara laki-laki dan perempuan, dimana laki-laki diposisikan pada peran produktif, publik, sedangkan perempuan diposisikan pada peran reproduktif, domestik. Perbedaan-perbedaan antara laki-laki dan perempuan terutama perbedaan gender (gender differences) ternyata menimbulkan ketidakadilan gender yang umumnya lebih banyak menimpa kaum perempaun. Bentuk-bentuk manifestasi ketidakadilan akibat diskriminasi gender itu meliputi: marginalisasi, subordinasi, stereotype, kekerasan, dan beban kerja. Munculnya berbagai bentuk kesenjangan gender antara laki-laki dan perempuan, maka dipandang perlu ditempuh suatu strategi untuk mengurangi atau bahkan menghapus kesenjangan tersebut sehingga tercapai kondisi yang adil dan setara gender (KKG). Intervensi pemerintah dalam mempercepat tercapainya kesetaraan dan keadilan gender (KKG) adalah dengan membentuk suatu kebijakan yang disebut Strategi Pengarusutamaan Gender disingkat menjadi PUG (Gender Mainstreaming). Pengarusutamaan Gender (PUG) adalah suatu strategi untuk mencapai keadilan dan kesetaraan ...

The objective of a country's government is to increase the well-being of its population. For this reason, a precise measure of inequality and poverty contributes to better development of economic and public policies to reduce the former and latter, respectively. Therefore, in recent years, various indexes have been developed to measure and compare inequality and poverty. In the case of Mexico, the Gini and Theil indexes are used to measure both problems. However, they are criticized for the overvaluation that they generate on specific population segments. For a better measurement, this paper calculates and investigates the relationship between the Palma index (inequality) and the Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke index (poverty). In addition to reducing the overvaluation problem, the indexes mentioned allow us to perform an analysis by gender and employment type (salaried and self-employed). The main results do not diverge from those already found through traditional measures. In general, a high level of inequality exists. However, our paper contributes to the literature by identifying both problems by gender. Men present greater inequality than women, whereas women present greater poverty than men. Finally, a positive, albeit weak, correlation exists between both problems, which means that poverty can be combated by combating inequality.