Las discusiones sobre el género en historia, lenguaje, literatura, artes, educación, medios de comunicación, política, psicología, religión, medicina y ciencia, sociedad, derecho y lugar de trabajo se han conver- tido en temas centrales del saber feminista contemporáneo. A medida que la investigación sobre el género prolifera, lo hace también la tendencia a suponer que el significado del género no es problemático . Sin embargo, diferentes estudiosas y estudiosos emplean el género de ma- neras notablemente diferentes. ; Discussions of gender in history, language, literature, the arts, education, the media, politics, psychology, religion, medicine and science, society, law, and the workplace have become central to contemporary feminist scholarship. As research on gender proliferates, so does the tendency to assume that the meaning of gender is unproblematic. However, different scholars employ gender in markedly different ways.
The article grapples with the question whether Plato believed that, in the matter of arete, the female psyche had a built-in inclination to immorality in a way that the male psyche did not, and was therefore assuch signiticantly different from the male psyche. It is argued that the evidence of the Timaeus ( and, to some lesser degree, of the Laws) suggests very strongly that he did, though fortunately the political consequence she drew from this (in the Laws) tum out to be positive rather than negative. Aristotle, by contrast,it is argued, while still holding to the lamentable theory of the inferiority of woman, talks of ditl'eringquanta of (one and the same) arete in male and female souls, rather than a difference in their very arete. ; El artículo discute la cuestión de si Platón creía que, en el asunto de la areté, la psyché femenina tenía una inclinación natural a la inmoralidad en un sentido que no tenía la psyché masculina, y que por ende era signiticativamente distinta a la psyché masculina. Se arguye que el Timeo (y en menor grado. las Leyes) sugiere fuertemente que sí lo creyó, aunque afortunadamente las consecuencias políticas que intirió de ello (en las Leyes) resultan positivas en lugar de negativas. Se arguye, por el contrario, que Aristóteles -aun cuando sigue manteniendo la teoría lamentable de la inferioridad de las mujeres-habla de diferentes quanta de (una y la misma) areté en las almas masculinas y femeninas, en lugar deuna diferencia en su misma areté.
The present article, as the title shows, is a study of the grammatical gender in Spanish from the semantic startpoint, as have are of opinion that linguistic reference is bound up with grammatical motivation. It deals with the gender of nouns will bear the sign [+ animate], and in particular those presenting a high sememic level (common semantic level) and another oppositional sememic (distintive semantic level). We state that [± animate] is a semantic feature capable of serging to motivate grammatical gender. To give an example, it seems demonstrable that nouns in Spanish which are sensible to the features [+anim, -spec] and [+anim, ±spec] (for example: niño1 / niñO2 / niñA) have got a fixed gender in the first case (niño1) and a variable gender in the second (niñ02 / niñA), the second —but not the first— beening determined by reference to sex. We have also demonstrated the following points: a) Among the items which show an opposition of gender, the superordinate (niño1) will always be non-arked; b) the frequency with which this appears is approximately double the specific term. This distinction explains heteronyms of the type macho / hembra, hombre / mujer, etc., as generative lexic-semantic opposites of grammatical gender of the type hombre1 / hombre2 / mujer. We also affirm with regard to Spanish linguistic and metalinguistic capacity, and, 2) Spanish shows a strong tendency to differenciate between the sexes by means of sometimes unusual lexical creations, such as culebrO or mushúA (a women of foreign origin in Venezuela) and at other times by quite acceptable creations, as we find in the political, technical or juridical terrains. When Spanish lacks a lexical of morphological form to distinguish gender, it does so by means of the article or the demonstrative. In the present article we have referred particularly to the semantic distinction «sex». Nevertheless, our theory is valid for other dimensions as well, as long as they are capable of being specified as [± generic]. Finally, we state that gender is ...
The present article, as the title shows, is a study of the grammatical gender in Spanish from the semantic startpoint, as have are of opinion that linguistic reference is bound up with grammatical motivation. It deals with the gender of nouns will bear the sign [+ animate], and in particular those presenting a high sememic level (common semantic level) and another oppositional sememic (distintive semantic level). We state that [± animate] is a semantic feature capable of serging to motivate grammatical gender. To give an example, it seems demonstrable that nouns in Spanish which are sensible to the features [+anim, -spec] and [+anim, ±spec] (for example: niño1 / niñO2 / niñA) have got a fixed gender in the first case (niño1) and a variable gender in the second (niñ02 / niñA), the second —but not the first— beening determined by reference to sex. We have also demonstrated the following points: a) Among the items which show an opposition of gender, the superordinate (niño1) will always be non-arked; b) the frequency with which this appears is approximately double the specific term. This distinction explains heteronyms of the type macho / hembra, hombre / mujer, etc., as generative lexic-semantic opposites of grammatical gender of the type hombre1 / hombre2 / mujer. We also affirm with regard to Spanish linguistic and metalinguistic capacity, and, 2) Spanish shows a strong tendency to differenciate between the sexes by means of sometimes unusual lexical creations, such as culebrO or mushúA (a women of foreign origin in Venezuela) and at other times by quite acceptable creations, as we find in the political, technical or juridical terrains. When Spanish lacks a lexical of morphological form to distinguish gender, it does so by means of the article or the demonstrative. In the present article we have referred particularly to the semantic distinction «sex». Nevertheless, our theory is valid for other dimensions as well, as long as they are capable of being specified as [± generic]. Finally, we state that gender is manifested in concordance and is frequently redundant.
El principal objetivo de este documento es contribuir al análisis tanto de la marginación de los derechos territoriales de las mujeres en Brasil por parte de las instituciones gubernamentales, como de los movimientos de las mujeres rurales. Al objeto de contextualizar este análisis, la primera sección del informe presenta las transformaciones más amplias experimentadas por la economía rural brasileña, fundamentalmente en los dos últimos decenios, y los principales cambios operados en la situación las mujeres rurales a consecuencia de la modernización de la agricultura. Por lo tanto, en estas páginas se describen los desafíos que plantean los derechos territoriales de las mujeres desde la perspectiva de: (i) el Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA); (ii) el Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra (MST), que carece de una estructura organizativa aparte para las mujeres; (iii) el sindicalismo rural, representado por la Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores da Agricultura (CONTAG), que cuenta con una estructura aparte con un sistema de cuotas para la participación de las mujeres en los sindicatos rurales; y (iv) la Articulação das Instâncias de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais-Sul y la Articulação Nacional de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais, que tiene una estructura autónoma para las mujeres. Estas secciones se basan en el análisis cualitativo de documentos y prospectos tanto del gobierno como de diversos movimientos, y en las investigaciones realizadas en este ámbito entre julio y septiembre de 2000. ; The main objective of this paper is to contribute to the analysis of the marginalization of women's land rights in Brazil by governmental institutions and rural women's movements. In order to contextualize this analysis, the first section of the paper presents the broader transformations of the Brazilian rural economy, principally over the last two decades, and the major changes that have occurred in the position of rural women as a result of agricultural modernization. The paper then describes the challenges posed by women's land rights from the perspectives of (i) the Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA); (ii) the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra (MST), which does not have a separate organizational structure for women; (iii) rural trade unionism represented by the Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores da Agricultura (CONTAG), which does have a separate structure with a quota system for women's participation in the rural unions; and (iv) the Articulação das Instâncias de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais-Sul and Articulação Nacional de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais, which has a formally autonomous structure for women. These sections are based on qualitative analysis of documents and pamphlets both from the government and the various movements, and on field research carried out between July and September 2000. ; Cette étude entend principalement apporter sa contribution à l'analyse de la marginalisation, par les institutions gouvernementales et les mouvements des femmes rurales, des droits fonciers des femmes au Brésil. Pour situer le contexte de cette analyse, l'auteur présente dans la première section les grands changements qui se sont produits, surtout au cours des 20 dernières années, dans l'économie rurale au Brésil et dans la condition des femmes rurales à la suite de la modernisation de l'agriculture. Elle décrit ensuite les problèmes que posent les droits fonciers des femmes du point de vue de (i) l'Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA), (ii) du Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra (MST), qui n'a pas de structure organique séparée pour les femmes, (iii) du syndicalisme rural représenté par la Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores da Agricultura (CONTAG), qui a une structure séparée ainsi qu'un système de quota pour assurer la participation des femmes aux activités des syndicats ruraux et (iv) de l'Articulação das Instâncias de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais-Sul et de l'Articulação Nacional de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais, qui ont une structure officiellement autonome pour les femmes. Ces sections reposent sur l'analyse qualitative de documents et de brochures émanant tant du gouvernement que des divers mouvements, et sur les recherches menées sur le terrain entre juillet et septembre 2000. /
The article addresses development from a gender perspective. It presents four basic dimensions: a conceptualization about gender and its relation to development; the role of women in development, the practical and strategic needs, and the empowerment of women as development actors. Working this perspective implies a greater ethical and political positioning. ; El artículo aborda el desarrollo desde la perspectiva de género. Presenta cuatro dimensionesbásicas: una conceptualización sobre género y su relación con el desarrollo; el papel de lamujer en el desarrollo, las necesidades prácticas y estratégicas, y el empoderamiento de lamujer como actor del desarrollo. Trabajar esta perspectiva implica un mayor posicionamientoético y político.
Der vorliegende Band dokumentiert den V. Internationalen Kongress für Interkulturelle Philosophie, der sich mit der Frage der Rekonstruktion der philosophischen Traditionen und Lehrpläne aus der Sicht der Interkulturalität und der Geschlechterforschung beschäftigt. Die Beiträge des Bandes versuchen hierzu neue Wege aufzuzeigen
La formación del estado y su ordenamiento jurídico se ha realizado por los varones con exclusión de las mujeres, la igualdad entre los hombres y las mujeres no ha sido un principio fundamental del derecho ni del sistema político. El derecho a la igualdad descansa sobre presupuestos de naturaleza cultural y filosófica que tratan al hombre como el sujeto universal y a la mujer como una categoría específica. La teoría feminista del derecho coincide en la crítica de estos presupuestos pero existen grandes diferencias en cuanto se pretende abordar un modelo teórico alternativo para resolver la desigualdad de género-sexo. La aprobación de la Constitución, la adaptación del ordenamiento jurídico a los principios y valores constitucionales y el feminismo académico han posibilitado la aparición de los estudios de género en el ámbito del derecho. ; The formation of the State and its legal order has been undertaken by the male community with the result of female exclusion; neither the law nor the political system has considered equality between men and women as a fundamental principle. The right to equality lies on the questioning of the philosophical and cultural claims which consider men as the universal subject and women as a specific category. Within Feminist legal theory there are great differences when it comes to an alternative theoretical proposal to solve the problem of gender vs. sex. The proclamation of the Constitution, the adaptation of the legal framework to the principles and constitutional values, and academic feminism have made for the development of gender studies in the field of law.
The formation of the State and its legal order has been undertaken by the male community with the result of female exclusion; neither the law nor the political system has considered equality between men and women as a fundamental principle. The right to equality lies on the questioning of the philosophical and cultural claims which consider men as the universal subject and women as a specific category. Within Feminist legal theory there are great differences when it comes to an alternative theoretical proposal to solve the problem of gender vs. sex. The proclamation of the Constitution, the adaptation of the legal framework to the principles and constitutional values, and academic feminism have made for the development of gender studies in the field of law. ; La formación del estado y su ordenamiento jurídico se ha realizado por los varones con exclusión de las mujeres, la igualdad entre los hombres y las mujeres no ha sido un principio fundamental del derecho ni del sistema político. El derecho a la igualdad descansa sobre presupuestos de naturaleza cultural y filosófica que tratan al hombre como el sujeto universal y a la mujer como una categoría específica. La teoría feminista del derecho coincide en la crítica de estos presupuestos pero existen grandes diferencias en cuanto se pretende abordar un modelo teórico alternativo para resolver la desigualdad de género-sexo. La aprobación de la Constitución, la adaptación del ordenamiento jurídico a los principios y valores constitucionales y el feminismo académico han posibilitado la aparición de los estudios de género en el ámbito del derecho.
The persistence, radicalisation and penetration of transnational globalising processes, with brutal negative impacts on ecology, working conditions and daily life in all its dimensions, has led to revisions of the basic concepts analysing the social and political reality, and questioning and rethinking social movements in relation to their own objectives and strategies. At the same time, the women's movement and the visibility of feminism have grown in recent decades. In Argentina, collective action by women resulted in the institutionalisation of spaces at state level, progress at formal level in recognition of rights and a certain acceptance of the feminist perspective in different areas. This study on Argentina aims to analyse how, to what extent and to what extent women's claims have been integrated, recognised or accepted by other social movements; and to identify links — if any — between feminist and women's movements and other social movements, setting out the themes and forms they have taken on. Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences ; La persistencia, radicalización y penetración de los procesos globalizadores transnacionales, con brutales impactos negativos sobre la ecología, las condiciones laborales y la vida cotidiana en todas sus dimensiones, ha dado lugar a revisiones en los conceptos básicos con los que se analizaba la realidad social y política, y cuestionamientos y replanteos en los Movimientos Sociales en relación a sus propios objetivos y estrategias. Simultáneamente, en las últimas décadas ha crecido el movimiento de mujeres y la visibilidad del feminismo. En Argentina la acción colectiva de las mujeres tuvo entre sus resultados la institucionalización de espacios a nivel estatal, avances a nivel formal en cuanto a reconocimiento de derechos y una cierta aceptación de la perspectiva feminista en distintos ámbitos. Este estudio sobre Argentina pretende analizar de qué modo, en qué medida y con qué alcances, las reivindicaciones de las mujeres han sido integradas, reconocidas o admitidas ...
The aim of this paper is to revise some of the controversies around the meaning of gender. To do this I am going, first of all, to focus on its birth in Beauvoir's philosophy, 50 years ago. Secondly, to remember, briefly, some of the formulations in the 70's. Thirdly, to take notice of some of the most remarkable criticisms to the distinction sex/gender during the last decades. Fourthly, to remark that the challenge of plurality have undermined the mentioned concept. And, finally, to refer a new way of conceptualizing it, due to Iris Marion Young, that promises to avoid the paradoxes of dealing with the puzzles of "identity politics" and "difference politics". We can rescue the meaning of being women, in the sense of a collective, and also the imperative of solidarity, dis-connecting gender of identity. The alternative is to think it as a social position. ; El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido revisar algunas de las controversias acerca del significado de la categoría "género". Tras arrancar de su nacimiento en la filosofía de Beauvoir transitamos por algunas de sus formulaciones en los años setenta y por las críticas severas que recibió la distinción sexo/género durante los ochenta y noventa desde distintas versiones de la teoría feminista. El reto de la pluralidad parecía erosionar la generalidad y utilidad del concepto. No obstante, una nueva forma de reconceptualizarlo, debido a Iris Marion Young, puede ayudarnos a resolver algunas de las paradojas en las que nos ha enredado la política de la identidad y de las diferencias. Podemos rescatar el significado colectivo del ser mujeres, y no abdicar de la exigencia de la solidaridad, si "desconectamos" género e identidad y pasamos a entenderlo como mera posición social.
