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As a strategy to promote gender equality, gender mainstreaming has received considerable attention worldwide. The language of gender mainstreaming has been quickly adopted (True and Mintrom 2001), which is why, in the beginning, many hopes were pinned on this strategy. Scholars have shown that gender mainstreaming has triggered organizational and procedural changes within state bureaucracies, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations. Gender equality units have been established, new policy tools have been introduced, and new procedures have been created. But feminist scholars also have shown that, all these changes notwithstanding, gender mainstreaming has not proven to be successful in achieving gender equality (cf. True and Parisi 2013). More than 15 years after the adoption of the Beijing Platform for Action, there are serious problems in translating the commitment into action. This is, as many scholars argue, not only a result of institutional and political resistance to substantially changing gender relations, but also a matter of conceptual clarity (Daly 2005; Lombardo and Meier 2006; Meier and Celis 2011; Subrahmanian 2004).

'Gender budgeting' (also known as 'Gender Responsive Budgeting' – GRB) has been described as, '…an approach to budgeting that uses fiscal policy and administration to promote gender equality, and girls' and women's development.' More specifically, gender budgeting initiatives typically aim to:Use gender-sensitive analysis to understand female and male citizens' level of access to public goods and services, and the impact that this access (or lack of access) has on their welfare;Adjust expenditure and revenue collection in ways that strengthen gender equality;Ensure that adequate financing is provided for the implementation of laws and policies that are intended to promote gender equality. Gender inequality is damaging to citizen's rights, welfare and capabilities. It can also act as a barrier to economic development. Gender budgeting can benefit society by helping to reduce gender inequality, and can also enable a more efficient use of fiscal resources.

Gender und gesellschaftlicher WandelJeweils ausgehend von einem aktuellen Ereignis wird anschaulich in die Grundlagen der Gender Studies eingeführt. Dabei wird deutlich, dass Diskussionen über das Thema 'Gender' seit jeher das gesellschaftliche und kulturelle Selbstverständnis des Menschen prägen. Die Verhältnisse der Geschlechter, sowie ihre theoretische und praktische Neuverhandlung, sind dabei sowohl Spiegel wie Antrieb gesellschaftlichen Wandels.

Gender is a highly salient and important social group that shapes how children interact with others and how they are treated by others. In this Element, we offer an overview and review of the research on gender development in childhood from a developmental science perspective. We first define gender and the related concepts of sex and gender identity. Second, we discuss how variations in cultural context shape gender development around the world and how variations within gender groups add to the complexity of gender identity development. Third, we discuss major theoretical perspectives in developmental science for studying child gender. Fourth, we examine differences and similarities between girls and boys using the latest meta-analytic evidence. Fifth, we discuss the development of gender, gender identity, and gender socialization throughout infancy, early childhood, and middle childhood. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for the study of gender development in childhood