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The paper addresses the dilemmas, contradictions and paradoxes in the Danish approach to gender quotas and gender equality and discusses the intersections of citizenship, democracy and gender justice. Gender research understands gender quota as a means to achieve equal rights, gender equality and gender parity. Gender theory has conceptualized gender parity as one step towards achieving gender justice in all arenas of social, political and economic life. The Danish cases illustrate that context matters and question gender quota as a universal strategy to achieve gender equality. The empirical focus of the paper is placed on three arenas: 1) gender quota in political governance; 2) gender quota in parental leave policies; and 3) gender quota in economic governance. The paper is primarily concerned with analyses of Danish discourses and policies in relation to the three policy areas and only to a limited extent addresses the impact of these policies and their implications for lived practice. One issue concerns the paradox of the relatively high female representation in politics without the adoption of gender quotas. A second issue concerns the gap between gender equality policies. Denmark lacks behind the other Scandinavian countries' discourses and policies about gender quota but in practice the picture is much more complex. A third issue concerns the European perspective. In relation to women's labour market participation and gender parity in politics Denmark is ahead of other European countries but lacks behind in relation to equal representation on corporate boards.

Women in Tajikistan have borne the brunt of the impacts of the transition period. Women's workload has intensified because of the increasing need to contribute to the cash income of the family, to supplement family food needs with produce from a garden plot, to care for children and the sick while health and other social services have deteriorated, and all this with an unequal division of labor for household tasks between men and women. Even as income poverty rates start to fall, social indicators for women continue to deteriorate: e.g., more girls are failing to complete 9 years of education and health risks from poor nutrition and stress place pressure on maternal health. This country gender assessment (CGA) provides an overview of the gender dimensions of poverty and the factors that are contributing to differences in benefits from poverty reduction efforts in Tajikistan. In addition to supporting government efforts to promote gender equality and mainstream gender into national poverty reduction strategies, the CGA aims to ensure that Asian Development Bank (ADB) interventions respond to the conditions and priorities of women as well as men. It is also hoped that the report will be useful to the government, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), and individuals working in the field of gender and development.

This book develops a case for feminist gender training as a catalyst for disjuncture, rupture and change. Chapter 1 traces the historical development and current contours of the field of gender training. In chapter 2, the key critiques of gender training are substantively engaged with from the perspective of reflexive practice, highlighting the need to work strategically within existing constraints. Questions of transformative change are addressed in Chapter 3, which reviews feminist approaches to change and how these can be applied to enhance the impact of gender training. Chapter 4 considers the theory and practice of feminist pedagogies in gender training. In the final chapter, new avenues for gender training are explored: working with privilege; engaging with applied theatre; and mindfulness/meditation. The study takes gender training beyond its often technocratic form towards a creative, liberating process with the potential to evoke tangible, lasting transformation for gender equality.

Debate about gender justice in the context of policy making has increased in the past 30 years, and both 'gender equality' and 'gender equity' are terms in widespread use. However, there is often confusion about what these mean, the distinction between them, and what this distinction might mean for strategies to address gender justice. This is particularly important in the context of health where the gap between women and men is not simply the result of gender differences but also reflects biological influences. Gender justice implies that women and men should be regarded as being of equal moral value, and that they should be treated equally in relation to access to the goods and services that both require in order to flourish. However, biological differences between them also affect their capacity to optimize their potential for health. As a result, measures that address gender equality without also explicitly considering equity can result in unjust treatment for either men or women. Adapted from the source document.

Books reviewed in this article:Sally Zanjani, A Mine of Her Own: Women Prospectors in the American West1850‐1950Mary Murphy, Mining Cultures: Men, Women, and Leisure in Butte, 1914‐41Thomas Miller Klubock, Contested Communities: Class, Gender, andPolitics in Chile's El Teniente Copper Mine, 1904‐1951

Lately, the issues relating to gender equality are being hotly discussed. One the indicators of this is the legalization effort of RUU-KKG in the law of the State. This issue was raised because the Feminists see that there is an imbalance in rotes between women and men, as well as in the realm of social, political, economic, and households. This patriarchal culture engenders women to always be under-emphasized in their status and positions in these fields. Al-Qur'an itself equates to both in carrying out tasks in life. This paper will examine whether the issues in regards to gender equality in the Qur'an amounts to absolute equality or equality that not necessarily takes the same form.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Circular Economy - Circular Lives: Sustainable Living for Men, Women and Children -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Eight-Hour Working Day -- The Six-Hour Working Day -- Gender Equality and Gender Justice -- Work-Sharing and Part-Time - The Norwegian Context -- Methods -- Findings -- Task Division and Relationships -- The Work-Sharing Couples Revisited -- Evaluating Work-Sharing -- Work-Sharing and Generational Transmission -- Childhood Memories about Care and Relations to Parents -- Sons and Daughters of Dual-Career Parents -- Work-Care Adaptation and Generational Transmission -- Gender Roles -- Work Motivation and Working Time Preferences -- The Anglo-American Context -- Dual-Career Families -- The Organisational Strategy for Gender Equality -- Work-Life Balance a Myth? -- Perspectives for the Future -- Changing Masculinities -- Women's Claims and Protests -- Children's Welfare -- Legal Measures for Working Time Reduction -- Why and How We Work -- Economy -- The Six-Hour Day Step-by-Step -- Income Guarantee or Citizen Salary -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Challenges for Gender Equality in the Workplace: Acknowledging the Past and Embracing the Future of Work in a Smart Technology World -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Past Issues of Gender Inequality (Where We Were?) -- Not Radically Changed Gender Stereotypes and Roles -- The Persistently Low Representation of Women in Top Leadership Positions -- The Rise of Gender-Inclusive Language -- Contemporary Issues (Where are We?) -- Persistent Global Gender Inequality and Pay Gap -- Similar Leadership Perceptions but Different Scores on Transformational Leadership Dimensions between Genders -- Deterrents to Women's Development in the Workplace -- Uneven Gendered Practices Associated with Academic Mobility and Career Choice.

Das Vordringen von Frauen in wirtschaftliche Führungspositionen in Europa ist ein langsamer aber stetiger Prozess. Jüngste naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Frauen für Gruppenkommunikation und Entscheidungsfindung in Stresssituationen biologisch besser geeignet sind als Männer. Wissenschaftliche Studien, die sich mit den Auswirkungen eines verstärkten Frauenanteils in Führungspositionen von Unternehmen befassen, zeigen dass Frauen in solchen Funktionen deutlich zum wirtschaftlichen Erfolg beitragen. So kamen z.B. Firmen mit gemischtem Frauen-Männer-Management besser durch die weltweite Finanzkrise. Selbst in - bezüglich der Rolle von Frauen - konservativen Ländern wie Japan und Saudi-Arabien zeigt sich ein Umdenkungsprozess hinsichtlich der Repräsentanz von Frauen in Führungspositionen. (IFSH/Pll)

"Gender identity and expression make up a diverse range of experiences. Today we are moving towards a world where our understanding of gender isn't so rigid. It helps to think of gender as a spectrum of identities rather than a binary system of only boy/girl. There are people who identify in all the different places within the spectrum, and some who feel their identity falls outside of the spectrum all together"--