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This article seeks to reintroduce discussions on gender relations in politics back into scholarly and political debate. Many countries have adopted gender quotas, but it is unclear whether their implementation has meaningfully changed the prevalent inequalities governing gender relations in politics. This article considers whether the implementation of gender quotas could promote change, and assesses this change with reference to five criteria formerly used to assess the strategy of gender mainstreaming. These are a shift towards a more comprehensive concept of gender equality; the incorporation of a gender perspective intersected with other inequalities in mainstream politics; equal political representation; organizational changes in selection and recruitment mechanisms as well as the functioning of politics; and, finally, the displacement of hierarchies, and the empowerment of subjects. Reflection on and empirical illustrations of gender quotas with regard to these criteria reveal a mixed picture, demonstrating the need to reintroduce discussions about gender equality within politics back into gender quota debates. This discussion will not focus on the legitimacy of or need for gender quotas, but on how their implementation can contribute to the improvement of gender relations in politics beyond a quantitative sense. Approaching gender quotas through the use of criteria devised for assessing the gender mainstreaming strategy is helpful in exploring the potential of gender quotas in the transformation of gender relations.

For more than a decade, the evolution of the word "gender" and its accompanying discourse have become increasingly important to intellectual debates and practice. the term was initially used in a grammatical arena to identify masculine, feminine and neutral words. however, the term has changed since the second half of the XX Century given the increasing use in other fields, often replacing the word sex, traditionally used to distinguish the human male-female duality. this fact is evident in contemporary anthropological, social, political and legal discourse. and although the word "gender" does not have a positive or negative meaning per se, its many interpretations are fairly problematic. two interpretations stand out today: "gender perspective" and "gender ideology." ; For more than a decade, the evolution of the word "gender" and its accompanying discourse have become increasingly important to intellectual debates and practice. the term was initially used in a grammatical arena to identify masculine, feminine and neutral words. however, the term has changed since the second half of the XX Century given the increasing use in other fields, often replacing the word sex, traditionally used to distinguish the human male-female duality. this fact is evident in contemporary anthropological, social, political and legal discourse. and although the word "gender" does not have a positive or negative meaning per se, its many interpretations are fairly problematic. two interpretations stand out today: "gender perspective" and "gender ideology."

Gender inequality not only shows up in the legal, social or purely political, but also gender discrimination in the field of human language which can automatically give birth to living systems which tend to marginalization of women. Gender inequality is in the field of linguistics partly contained in, the assumption of women's language, mastery of the language gap between men and women, texts and language learning systems, and poor language skills and logic.

En la IV Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer de Naciones Unidas se introduce el principio de transversalidad como nueva estrategia en las políticas públicas de igualdad. Para hacer de la igualdad eje de todas las políticas en el Estado español se adoptó la Ley 30/2003, de 13 de octubre, sobre medidas para incorporar la valoración del impacto de género en las disposiciones normativas que elaborara el Gobierno. Surge así la voz impacto de género que trataremos de definir en este artículo, así como su desarrollo y aplicación. La obligatoriedad de elaborar informes de impacto de género en las disposiciones normativas se mostraba como una herramienta idónea para desarrollar la transversalidad en todas las políticas, sin embargo, los análisis sobre la implementación de esta Ley han demostrado que la carencia de una metodología específica ha limitado sus potenciales efectos. Se espera que la regulación que establece el Real Decreto 1083/2009 y su posterior actualización permita una mejor aplicación. ; The principle of mainstreaming was presented as a new strategy in equality policies at the IV United Nations World Conference on Women. To apply mainstreaming, the government of the Spanish State adopted Law 30/2003, of October 13, on measures to incorporate the assessment of gender impact in the regulatory provisions prepared by the Government. With this Law the concept of gender impact appears. This article will describe what gender impact assessment is and how its application has evolved. The obligation to prepare gender impact reports is an ideal tool to develop mainstreaming in all public policies, however, the lack of a specific methodology to carry out these evaluations has made it difficult to carry them out.

This volume brings together approaches to, and perspectives on, English, Spanish, and Galician language, literature, and culture from the fields of women's, gender, and queer studies. As its title reflects, the book adopts an inclusive attitude to the so-called "others" present in these fields. Since queer theory first appeared in academia, its influence has been notorious within both women's and genders. As such, it is vital to "queer" academia so that it re-conceptualises its foundations; indeed, the contributions here serve to alter the reader's consciousness of the terms "woman" and "gender".The first chapters concern the field of discourse analysis. Two discuss the written work of female scientists in the Late Modern Era and their role in society. Another deals with women's political discourse in South America. In the following section on literature, the contributors question the current heteronormative and androcentric ways of reading texts. The works on culture study contemporary genres, such as video games, video clips, and pieces of news, and take readers away from Europe. The Epilogue draws on the book's intersubjective spirit to propose a dialogue, among multiple disciplines and the people who practise them. As such, the volume reflects the eclectic nature of queer, women's, and gender studies, and their world-wide acceptance by the scholarly community

El artículo aborda el surgimiento del mainstreaming de género como estrategia transformadora para implementar políticas públicas de igualdad. El brote de esta estrategia, que debe entenderse como parte del desarrollo que las políticas públicas de igualdad han experimentado desde su nacimiento en los años setenta, ha supuesto un gran avance, ya que por primera vez plantea cuestionar las estructuras sociales, culturales, políticas y económicas que perpetúan la desigualdad para transformarlas a través de la articulación de políticas. Sin embargo, pese al entusiasmo inicial, sus resultados prácticos están lejos de cumplir con sus objetivos teóricos, por lo que ha sido también objeto de numerosas críticas. A lo largo de estas páginas intentaremos proporcionar una comprensión amplia de esta estrategia. ; The article addresses the arising of gender mainstreaming as a transformative strategy to implement public equality policies. The emergence of this strategy should be understood as part of the development that public equality policies have undergone since its advent in the 1970s. Gender mainstreaming represents a great step forward, since it questions for the first the social, cultural, political and economic structures that perpetuates inequality, suggesting to transform them through the articulation of public policies. However, despite the initial enthusiasm, its practical results are far away from meeting its theoretical objectives, which has undoubtedly been the subject of the most serious criticism. Throughout these pages we attempt to provide the widest possible understanding of this strategy.

This article approaches the construction of the feminine representations -from a gender perspective- in the Colombian soap opera field, which as a cultural format has reached the frontier of the Latin-American identity. A historical tracking of how the characterization of the feminine in the national tele drama answers some logics in which the social rights and the self-portraits work as a synergy, pushed more from the feminine routine than from "favors" or political revendications staged in the media. This will allow us to locate in a given space the gender-identity problem, and at the same time it will enable to have a look at the incidence reached by the battles between men and women in the cultural-mediatized products. Which are the transformations of the feminine in the mediatized culture and how they appear there? What places take on contemporary social transformations?

Las discusiones sobre el género en historia, lenguaje, literatura, artes, educación, medios de comunicación, política, psicología, religión, medicina y ciencia, sociedad, derecho y lugar de trabajo se han conver- tido en temas centrales del saber feminista contemporáneo. A medida que la investigación sobre el género prolifera, lo hace también la tendencia a suponer que el significado del género no es problemático . Sin embargo, diferentes estudiosas y estudiosos emplean el género de ma- neras notablemente diferentes. ; Discussions of gender in history, language, literature, the arts, education, the media, politics, psychology, religion, medicine and science, society, law, and the workplace have become central to contemporary feminist scholarship. As research on gender proliferates, so does the tendency to assume that the meaning of gender is unproblematic. However, different scholars employ gender in markedly different ways.

Stereotype concerning gender role has attached on society. Paradigm which views the label differential between female and male characteristics is affected by many factors. Biological, social standpoints, theories of gender psychoanalytical, social cognitive and scheme have concealed influential factors based on its own perspectives. Education based on gender has been one of the programs for government therefore gender bias will be able to be eliminated and the awareness of it will be augmented on many education aspects, for teachers in classes and parents as well. There are many alternative solutions for parents and teachers to be able to encourage learners in having awareness therefore gender bias might be abbreviated.

Abstract. Over the past four decades total numbers of international migrants have more than doubled but the percentage of the world population migrating has remained fairly constant. There are now 175 million international migrants worldwide or approximately 3.5 per cent of the global population – about half of whom are women, despite the common misconception that men are the migrants. This Overview Report on Gender and Migration takes a broad approach to migration – it looks at the gender dynamics of both international and the lesser-researched internal migration and the interconnections between the two. People may choose to migrate, or have no choice, or the decision may fall somewhere on the continuum between the two. This report therefore covers both forced and voluntary migration, including covering economic and other voluntary migrants, refugees and internally displaced persons and trafficked people. These migrants in turn come through regular (conforming to legal requirements) or irregular channels. Gendered movements: causes and impacts. Individuals may migrate out of desire for a better life, or to escape poverty, political persecution, or social or family pressures. There are often a combination of factors, which may play out differently for women and men. Gender roles, relations and inequalities affect who migrates and why, how the decision is made, the impacts on migrants themselves, on sending areas and on receiving areas. Experience shows that migration can provide new opportunities to improve women's lives and change oppressive gender relations – even displacement as a result of conflict can lead to shifts in gendered roles and responsibilities to women's benefit. However, migration can also entrench traditional roles and inequalities and expose women to new vulnerabilities as the result of precarious legal status, exclusion and isolation. Migration can provide a vital source of income for migrant women and their families, and earn them greater autonomy, self-confidence and social status. At the same time, women migrants, especially if they are irregular migrants, can face stigma and discrimination at every stage of the migration cycle. Before departure, women can be faced with gender-biased procedures and corrupt agents. In fact, gender discrimination, poverty and violence, can provide the impetus for women to migrate or enable women to be trafficked in the first place. During transit and at their destination women can be faced with verbal, physical and sexual abuse, poor housing and encampments, sex-segregated labour markets, low wages, long working hours, insecure contracts and precarious legal status. And upon return to the source country they may be faced with broken families, illness and poverty. Gender and migration in the development context. Although migration is only now emerging as a development issue, migration may lead to development in receiving communities through the contribution of labour and skills. On the other hand, remittances and diaspora investment can provide much-needed economic support to sending communities. However the labour and skills that are brought in – and in turn who benefits – depend on sex-1 segregated labour markets and gendered migration policies which provide differential opportunities for women and men. Sometimes immigration policies push "unskilled" women workers into irregular and more risky migration channels. Migration may also hinder development through the social disruption of displacement due to conflict, or through "brain drain" and possible increases in HIV/AIDS rates, to which women and men are at different risks. Current policy approaches Theory, policy and practice that link gender equality concerns with migration from a development perspective are rare. Migration is still primarily seen as the concern of the state and migration as a development issue is only just emerging, with limited attention being paid to gender. Indeed, migration remains on the margins of the global policy agenda, with the exception of that which is conflict- and disaster-induced. While there is increasing recognition that women are also migrants and that the causes and impacts of migration are gendered, attempts to mainstream gender issues into policy are patchy. Work has focused primarily on "adding women" as a discriminated and vulnerable group, particularly in relation to displacement due to conflict and trafficking for sexual exploitation. The many women-focused policies and programmes initiated by NGO and civil society organisations largely focus on empowering, protecting and supporting women migrants. Shift to a gendered human rights approach If women and men are to benefit from the empowering and development potential of migration, a shift is needed to a gendered human rights approach to migration. The key elements of such an approach could be: Immigration and emigration policies that enable women as well as men to take up opportunities that safe and regular migration may offer, and which will foster the positive impacts of migration for the social and economic development of migrants, and the receiving and sending countries. This would include measures to ensure sufficient regular channels for women's entry, to avoid them being pushed into more risky irregular channels and bilateral agreements between sending and receiving areas which protect women migrants' rights. Mobilise around and support for international rights frameworks that offer protection for women migrants to ensure that governments ratify and adhere to such. This includes not only those relating to migrants, trafficked peoples, refugees and displaced peoples, but also women-specific frameworks such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), UN Resolution 1325 and the Beijing Platform for Action. Support for the acknowledgement and realisation of the rights of migrants throughout the migration process, including providing pre-departure information on legal rights, facilitating remittances, ensuring access to basic services such as housing, education and health, and supporting migrant organising and solidarity between different migrant groups to address issues of exclusion and isolation.