Gender quota is seen as the result of a affirmative action policy, focused on reducing gender bias and women underrepresentation. Proportional representation of both sexes in the public sphere, especially in politics and decision-making bodies of organisations, is seen as a democratic and economic necessity, an essential condition for developing gender sensitive policy. The paper presents analysis of initiatives to legislate gender quatas in Lithuania, by discussing the accounts used for proposals to adopt gender quatas, representing the standpoints of main political actors and identifying the obstacles of quata's legitimation.
Gender quota is seen as the result of a affirmative action policy, focused on reducing gender bias and women underrepresentation. Proportional representation of both sexes in the public sphere, especially in politics and decision-making bodies of organisations, is seen as a democratic and economic necessity, an essential condition for developing gender sensitive policy. The paper presents analysis of initiatives to legislate gender quatas in Lithuania, by discussing the accounts used for proposals to adopt gender quatas, representing the standpoints of main political actors and identifying the obstacles of quata's legitimation.
The results of the research show that political participation of women in both analysed countries is relatively low due to social attitudes and difficulties experienced in reconciling political activities with family life and lack of education. Participation of women in the labour market in both countries is characterised by high level of employment and deep horizontal professional segregation. The high level of employment of women is partially related to the necessity determined by the economical situation to contribute to the family's maintenance. Though, for Lithuanian women jobs are also a sphere of self-realization, but the family is a smaller obstacle for participation in the labour market and for making a professional career. In Lithuania professional segregation is much lower. The article comes to the conclusion that existing differences of the status of gender in both countries are related to the influence of patriarchal attitudes, still prevailing gender role stereotypes and practical problems of reconciling work and family life. The better status of Lithuanian women in all the analysed spheres, first of all, is related to the weaker expression of the above-mentioned attitudes and stereotypes. The investigation shows that the main obstacles which impede implementation of gender equality in practice lie in Islamic cultural traditions, which are more favourable for the prevalence of patriarchal attitudes. In order to improve the status of women, it is suggested that more attention be given to education on gender equality and to special means applied at the national level, inducing equal opportunities for both genders.
The results of the research show that political participation of women in both analysed countries is relatively low due to social attitudes and difficulties experienced in reconciling political activities with family life and lack of education. Participation of women in the labour market in both countries is characterised by high level of employment and deep horizontal professional segregation. The high level of employment of women is partially related to the necessity determined by the economical situation to contribute to the family's maintenance. Though, for Lithuanian women jobs are also a sphere of self-realization, but the family is a smaller obstacle for participation in the labour market and for making a professional career. In Lithuania professional segregation is much lower. The article comes to the conclusion that existing differences of the status of gender in both countries are related to the influence of patriarchal attitudes, still prevailing gender role stereotypes and practical problems of reconciling work and family life. The better status of Lithuanian women in all the analysed spheres, first of all, is related to the weaker expression of the above-mentioned attitudes and stereotypes. The investigation shows that the main obstacles which impede implementation of gender equality in practice lie in Islamic cultural traditions, which are more favourable for the prevalence of patriarchal attitudes. In order to improve the status of women, it is suggested that more attention be given to education on gender equality and to special means applied at the national level, inducing equal opportunities for both genders.
Most academic systems and structures, as they exist today, are based on models which were designed centuries ago, at a time when men exclusively predominated in universities. There is certain scepticism towards what can be achieved, though. A continuing evident gap is apparent between principles, rhetoric and reality. In 2010, women were pursuing upper secondary and higher education more actively than men, but, evidently, women remain more strongly underrepresented among researchers than among highly qualified professionals in traditionally maledominated scientific and professional fields. This could point towards a situation where the organisational culture mounts resistance against the integration of women. Briefly, they require but often lack conceptual frameworks. The purpose of this study was to examine how institutional culture promoted or impeded the implementation of one of the EU flagship initiatives 'Implementing structural change in research organizations/universities' in Lithuania, which should be designed to improve the institutional culture for women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). This study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a conceptual framework and methodology was developed for designing institutional transformational change at STEM faculties of University to sustain the practice of gender equality. In the second stage, the design of the Model Institutional Transformational Change was attempted to be conceptualized in order to achieve change on institutional, departmental and individual levels.
This article analyses the problems of defining the concept of domestic violence in Lithuania from the perspective of international law, focusing on the problem of delimitation of domestic violence and gender-based violence against women. The article provides an analysis of the concept of domestic violence under international legal documents (UN and CoE Conventions), and in relevant Case Law and the Lithuanian national legislation: i.e. the recently adopted Law on Protection Against Domestic Violence, which entered into force on 15 December 2011. The paper provides an assessment of the national law in consideration of international law. The author considers whether the law could and should be completely gender-neutral (the model chosen now in Lithuania). In addition, the need to consider the perpetrator's rights (property interests, presumption of innocence, and victim's opposition to criminal sanction) is analysed in the context of the relevant international human rights cases.
This article analyses the problems of defining the concept of domestic violence in Lithuania from the perspective of international law, focusing on the problem of delimitation of domestic violence and gender-based violence against women. The article provides an analysis of the concept of domestic violence under international legal documents (UN and CoE Conventions), and in relevant Case Law and the Lithuanian national legislation: i.e. the recently adopted Law on Protection Against Domestic Violence, which entered into force on 15 December 2011. The paper provides an assessment of the national law in consideration of international law. The author considers whether the law could and should be completely gender-neutral (the model chosen now in Lithuania). In addition, the need to consider the perpetrator's rights (property interests, presumption of innocence, and victim's opposition to criminal sanction) is analysed in the context of the relevant international human rights cases.
On the macro level, the ethics infrastructure is reinforced by business/professional ethics scientific research centres, national and international associations or business ethics professional networks, national institutes of ombudsmen. With regard to the implementation of ethics infrastructure in the academic realm of Lithuania, it is observable that the available data of monitoring display a symptomatic situation, providing evidence of obvious resistance to these processes. Both the institutions of higher education and academic community at large lack managerial understanding of issues of gender equality. To some extent, it may also be explained by the fact of methodologically incorrect comprehension of the introduction of ethics infrastructure elements regarding the issues of male and female equality. These methods of social engineering are widely used in management and are nowadays (depending on the occurrence of practical application of knowledge of social science) applicable to ensure all social changes on both meso and macro levels. In order to be successful, GEP is presumed to be integrated into the improvement of SEI management system. Otherwise, it may cause deterioration of the performance quality of any actions, impairing the dynamics of desired changes, and respective complications in reaching outstanding goals. Furthermore, the realisation of GEP is expected to use some elements of the ethics infrastructure such as ethics codes, ethics commissions, social auditing, hot lines, etc., partly created in universities. Such elements promote monitoring and assessment procedures and help creating and managing mechanisms and orders, which are favourable per se for the development of male and female equal opportunities. Therefore, the application of the integrity model to the realm of academia can directly contribute to gender equality and equal opportunities in Lithuanian SEI.
On the macro level, the ethics infrastructure is reinforced by business/professional ethics scientific research centres, national and international associations or business ethics professional networks, national institutes of ombudsmen. With regard to the implementation of ethics infrastructure in the academic realm of Lithuania, it is observable that the available data of monitoring display a symptomatic situation, providing evidence of obvious resistance to these processes. Both the institutions of higher education and academic community at large lack managerial understanding of issues of gender equality. To some extent, it may also be explained by the fact of methodologically incorrect comprehension of the introduction of ethics infrastructure elements regarding the issues of male and female equality. These methods of social engineering are widely used in management and are nowadays (depending on the occurrence of practical application of knowledge of social science) applicable to ensure all social changes on both meso and macro levels. In order to be successful, GEP is presumed to be integrated into the improvement of SEI management system. Otherwise, it may cause deterioration of the performance quality of any actions, impairing the dynamics of desired changes, and respective complications in reaching outstanding goals. Furthermore, the realisation of GEP is expected to use some elements of the ethics infrastructure such as ethics codes, ethics commissions, social auditing, hot lines, etc., partly created in universities. Such elements promote monitoring and assessment procedures and help creating and managing mechanisms and orders, which are favourable per se for the development of male and female equal opportunities. Therefore, the application of the integrity model to the realm of academia can directly contribute to gender equality and equal opportunities in Lithuanian SEI.
A contemporary consuming society emphasizes a human body as a sign that represents a race, gender, age, social status or role and a body language that highlights emotions and feelings. A society could be analysed on the basis of a gender discourse. It is rich with social, political and cultural processes shaping gender identities, stereotypes and ideals. Changes in the 20th century influenced the alterations in a woman's roles ant attitudes towards her. A man's identity was changing as well. Some social subcultures have not been defined and analysed in history or in science. These subcultures are considered to be marginal groups: gays, lesbians and disabled. Very often they felt the ignorance, discrimination and aggression. In the second half of the 20th century the feminist movement speeded social changes all over the world. At that time a contemporary dance appeared as a complex phenomenon in art. Researchers do not outline its clear beginning or the end. It is a mix of various techniques and dancers are free from a strict movement alphabet. Representation and questioning of traditional (a woman and a man) and marginal (homosexuals and disabled) reflections of a body in a contemporary dance influenced the analysis of a contemporary dance in the social and cultural context. The subject of a diploma paper is the body's social reflections in a contemporary dance: traditional (a woman and a man) and marginal (homosexuals and disabled). The field of the subject is European and Lithuanian performances of the contemporary dance created in the last three decades. The investigation of the subject is based on the vertical (historical) and horizontal (social, cultural) analysis. After reaching the defined aim and objectives of the paper, it is possible to state that in a contemporary society the body is understood as a developing sign system interdependent with surrounding factors. The perfection of the body is taken as a natural permanent process which aim is the implementation of needs and desires. The main function of the body becomes its representation. Different woman's models and stereotypes depicted in the contemporary dance are a free interpretation. The changes in men's social roles, stereotypes and relations are hyperbolized. The contemporary dance is the art form that can reveal directly the experience of a disabled, help the society to know and understand the disability as a phenomenon and inevitability. This form of art allows the audience to recognize social subcultures, to manipulate the traditional attitudes and norms. The dance can be the form of art that educates and fosters tolerance in a society.
A contemporary consuming society emphasizes a human body as a sign that represents a race, gender, age, social status or role and a body language that highlights emotions and feelings. A society could be analysed on the basis of a gender discourse. It is rich with social, political and cultural processes shaping gender identities, stereotypes and ideals. Changes in the 20th century influenced the alterations in a woman's roles ant attitudes towards her. A man's identity was changing as well. Some social subcultures have not been defined and analysed in history or in science. These subcultures are considered to be marginal groups: gays, lesbians and disabled. Very often they felt the ignorance, discrimination and aggression. In the second half of the 20th century the feminist movement speeded social changes all over the world. At that time a contemporary dance appeared as a complex phenomenon in art. Researchers do not outline its clear beginning or the end. It is a mix of various techniques and dancers are free from a strict movement alphabet. Representation and questioning of traditional (a woman and a man) and marginal (homosexuals and disabled) reflections of a body in a contemporary dance influenced the analysis of a contemporary dance in the social and cultural context. The subject of a diploma paper is the body's social reflections in a contemporary dance: traditional (a woman and a man) and marginal (homosexuals and disabled). The field of the subject is European and Lithuanian performances of the contemporary dance created in the last three decades. The investigation of the subject is based on the vertical (historical) and horizontal (social, cultural) analysis. After reaching the defined aim and objectives of the paper, it is possible to state that in a contemporary society the body is understood as a developing sign system interdependent with surrounding factors. The perfection of the body is taken as a natural permanent process which aim is the implementation of needs and desires. The main function of the body becomes its representation. Different woman's models and stereotypes depicted in the contemporary dance are a free interpretation. The changes in men's social roles, stereotypes and relations are hyperbolized. The contemporary dance is the art form that can reveal directly the experience of a disabled, help the society to know and understand the disability as a phenomenon and inevitability. This form of art allows the audience to recognize social subcultures, to manipulate the traditional attitudes and norms. The dance can be the form of art that educates and fosters tolerance in a society.
A contemporary consuming society emphasizes a human body as a sign that represents a race, gender, age, social status or role and a body language that highlights emotions and feelings. A society could be analysed on the basis of a gender discourse. It is rich with social, political and cultural processes shaping gender identities, stereotypes and ideals. Changes in the 20th century influenced the alterations in a woman's roles ant attitudes towards her. A man's identity was changing as well. Some social subcultures have not been defined and analysed in history or in science. These subcultures are considered to be marginal groups: gays, lesbians and disabled. Very often they felt the ignorance, discrimination and aggression. In the second half of the 20th century the feminist movement speeded social changes all over the world. At that time a contemporary dance appeared as a complex phenomenon in art. Researchers do not outline its clear beginning or the end. It is a mix of various techniques and dancers are free from a strict movement alphabet. Representation and questioning of traditional (a woman and a man) and marginal (homosexuals and disabled) reflections of a body in a contemporary dance influenced the analysis of a contemporary dance in the social and cultural context. The subject of a diploma paper is the body's social reflections in a contemporary dance: traditional (a woman and a man) and marginal (homosexuals and disabled). The field of the subject is European and Lithuanian performances of the contemporary dance created in the last three decades. The investigation of the subject is based on the vertical (historical) and horizontal (social, cultural) analysis. After reaching the defined aim and objectives of the paper, it is possible to state that in a contemporary society the body is understood as a developing sign system interdependent with surrounding factors. The perfection of the body is taken as a natural permanent process which aim is the implementation of needs and desires. The main function of the body becomes its representation. Different woman's models and stereotypes depicted in the contemporary dance are a free interpretation. The changes in men's social roles, stereotypes and relations are hyperbolized. The contemporary dance is the art form that can reveal directly the experience of a disabled, help the society to know and understand the disability as a phenomenon and inevitability. This form of art allows the audience to recognize social subcultures, to manipulate the traditional attitudes and norms. The dance can be the form of art that educates and fosters tolerance in a society.
The language of men and women in media texts is analysed in this master thesis. The two created corpora include texts since 2002 to 2009 and they have 3 177 706 words. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the language of men and women in media texts. The following tasks were raised to achieve this aim: to collect men and women articles and create corpora, to find out what specific features of both spoken and written language of men and women are, to analyze the specific features of men and women language, to examine gender differences in language developed on the basis of corpus data and find out whether it is possible to understand the author's gender from the identified text features. Men and women media texts were investigated under 10 features of formal language, grammatical and lexical attributes: vocabulary and words longitude, commonly used words and part of speech, themes, uncertainty and doubts expression, feelings of resolution, colors expression, negatives, usage of diminutives and citations of other people. After analysis of men and women articles, it was identified that men use slightly longer words and men's articles are longer texts. Although the average length of words in articles by women is lower, they use more very long tokens (19−25 characters). Thus they use more complex structure of words in shorter texts. Women also use richer vocabulary as their type-token ratio index is higher. Women write more emotional articles and they use more interjections and onomatopoeic interjections, diminutives, exclamatory and exclamatory-interrogative sentences and their language is softer. It is very important for women, that text would be imaginative, so they use more color specifications, names of feelings and describe all in more detail. It was found that lexical differences in articles are related to the article's topic. Women write articles mostly about children, home, family, health, social issues and culture, while men − about politics, business and economy. People attribute all these topics to the stereotypes of men and women language, but it appears that such stereotypes reveal the real situation. In conclusion it can be said that there are many differences in men and women texts. Of course, some features are also influenced by an individual author's style, but if given a text of an unknown author it is possible to name the author's gender based on the language feature of men and women.
