Suchergebnisse

This study analyses the transformation of labor and the concept of work under the conditions of free market economy. The aim of the thesis was to trace the changes that would explain the process of feminized labour formation based on principles of competition and high rise of individualism. The paper was organized around the transition from state-capitalism to market-capitalism, which leads to my definition of the feminization of labour forms in Lithuania today. The work consists of three main parts. In the first part I address the problem of the gendered division of labour through Foucaults theory of the homo-aeconomicus. I use his theory to explore how the seeming neutral, freely contracting, economic-civil-subject is immersed in gendered and classed power relations. Departing from Foucault theory of homo-aeconomicus I draw heavily from Carol Pateman's book, "The Sexual Contract". In the second part I link the patriarchical contract and neo-liberal individual to a materialist analysis of gender exploitation which is explicated on the basis of the devaluation of women's reproductive labor. I broaded and contextualize this line of argumentation by linking gendered class oppresion with the expansion of the market as its unfolded under globalization. Having now developed my theoretical framework and globally oriented empirical claims I turn to the particular case of feminization of labour forms in Lithuania. I do this through analysis of the politics of the transition period, which has been charecterized by: rapid privatization, foreign direct investment, and austerity toward social securities. The final section of third part is made up of interviews with different women workers taken in Kaunas and Žiežmariai which I argue proves the hypothesis of the feminization of labour forms in Lithuania that is situated in order to oppress women and institute the discrimination based on gender.

This study analyses the transformation of labor and the concept of work under the conditions of free market economy. The aim of the thesis was to trace the changes that would explain the process of feminized labour formation based on principles of competition and high rise of individualism. The paper was organized around the transition from state-capitalism to market-capitalism, which leads to my definition of the feminization of labour forms in Lithuania today. The work consists of three main parts. In the first part I address the problem of the gendered division of labour through Foucaults theory of the homo-aeconomicus. I use his theory to explore how the seeming neutral, freely contracting, economic-civil-subject is immersed in gendered and classed power relations. Departing from Foucault theory of homo-aeconomicus I draw heavily from Carol Pateman's book, "The Sexual Contract". In the second part I link the patriarchical contract and neo-liberal individual to a materialist analysis of gender exploitation which is explicated on the basis of the devaluation of women's reproductive labor. I broaded and contextualize this line of argumentation by linking gendered class oppresion with the expansion of the market as its unfolded under globalization. Having now developed my theoretical framework and globally oriented empirical claims I turn to the particular case of feminization of labour forms in Lithuania. I do this through analysis of the politics of the transition period, which has been charecterized by: rapid privatization, foreign direct investment, and austerity toward social securities. The final section of third part is made up of interviews with different women workers taken in Kaunas and Žiežmariai which I argue proves the hypothesis of the feminization of labour forms in Lithuania that is situated in order to oppress women and institute the discrimination based on gender.

This study analyses the transformation of labor and the concept of work under the conditions of free market economy. The aim of the thesis was to trace the changes that would explain the process of feminized labour formation based on principles of competition and high rise of individualism. The paper was organized around the transition from state-capitalism to market-capitalism, which leads to my definition of the feminization of labour forms in Lithuania today. The work consists of three main parts. In the first part I address the problem of the gendered division of labour through Foucaults theory of the homo-aeconomicus. I use his theory to explore how the seeming neutral, freely contracting, economic-civil-subject is immersed in gendered and classed power relations. Departing from Foucault theory of homo-aeconomicus I draw heavily from Carol Pateman's book, "The Sexual Contract". In the second part I link the patriarchical contract and neo-liberal individual to a materialist analysis of gender exploitation which is explicated on the basis of the devaluation of women's reproductive labor. I broaded and contextualize this line of argumentation by linking gendered class oppresion with the expansion of the market as its unfolded under globalization. Having now developed my theoretical framework and globally oriented empirical claims I turn to the particular case of feminization of labour forms in Lithuania. I do this through analysis of the politics of the transition period, which has been charecterized by: rapid privatization, foreign direct investment, and austerity toward social securities. The final section of third part is made up of interviews with different women workers taken in Kaunas and Žiežmariai which I argue proves the hypothesis of the feminization of labour forms in Lithuania that is situated in order to oppress women and institute the discrimination based on gender.

In the master thesis Lithuania's gender socio-economic situation is analyzes and assesed and it's state in the context of European Union. It also involves sollutions and suggestions to better the socio-economic state of genders in Lithuania. In the first part of the thesis the gender equality concept is presented, the gender equality theories are evaluated. Also it evaluates the statutory bases of gender equality in Lithuania and European Union. The second part examines the main methods to measure gender equality in the country and the method, which can help solcve the issues of gender inequality. The third part analyzes gender's socio-economic state in these measures: employment and unemployment rates, wage gap, women and men's state in the crisis period. Also the results of Lithuania in the Global Gender Gap Index and Gender Ineqiality index is assessed. Also the ability to juggle paid work and family life is analyzes as well as men's and women's business situation in Lithuania. Finally the end of the theses present key findings and suggestions as to how to improve gender socio-economic state in Lithuania.

In the master thesis Lithuania's gender socio-economic situation is analyzes and assesed and it's state in the context of European Union. It also involves sollutions and suggestions to better the socio-economic state of genders in Lithuania. In the first part of the thesis the gender equality concept is presented, the gender equality theories are evaluated. Also it evaluates the statutory bases of gender equality in Lithuania and European Union. The second part examines the main methods to measure gender equality in the country and the method, which can help solcve the issues of gender inequality. The third part analyzes gender's socio-economic state in these measures: employment and unemployment rates, wage gap, women and men's state in the crisis period. Also the results of Lithuania in the Global Gender Gap Index and Gender Ineqiality index is assessed. Also the ability to juggle paid work and family life is analyzes as well as men's and women's business situation in Lithuania. Finally the end of the theses present key findings and suggestions as to how to improve gender socio-economic state in Lithuania.

In the chapter, in the light of the concept of gender democracy the Lithuanian situation in respect to the politics of gender equality is described and insights into the developments of gender democracy are provided, based on the case study of the transposition of the EC Directive 2004/113/EC on equal treatment of men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services. The study reveals that the process and content of national and European gender equality legislation vividly display a mismatch of agendas and underscores deficiencies of gender democracy in Lithuania. The chapter also provides hints into eventual dynamics of gender democracy in Lithuania.

In the chapter, in the light of the concept of gender democracy the Lithuanian situation in respect to the politics of gender equality is described and insights into the developments of gender democracy are provided, based on the case study of the transposition of the EC Directive 2004/113/EC on equal treatment of men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services. The study reveals that the process and content of national and European gender equality legislation vividly display a mismatch of agendas and underscores deficiencies of gender democracy in Lithuania. The chapter also provides hints into eventual dynamics of gender democracy in Lithuania.

In the chapter, in the light of the concept of gender democracy the Lithuanian situation in respect to the politics of gender equality is described and insights into the developments of gender democracy are provided, based on the case study of the transposition of the EC Directive 2004/113/EC on equal treatment of men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services. The study reveals that the process and content of national and European gender equality legislation vividly display a mismatch of agendas and underscores deficiencies of gender democracy in Lithuania. The chapter also provides hints into eventual dynamics of gender democracy in Lithuania.

In the chapter, in the light of the concept of gender democracy the Lithuanian situation in respect to the politics of gender equality is described and insights into the developments of gender democracy are provided, based on the case study of the transposition of the EC Directive 2004/113/EC on equal treatment of men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services. The study reveals that the process and content of national and European gender equality legislation vividly display a mismatch of agendas and underscores deficiencies of gender democracy in Lithuania. The chapter also provides hints into eventual dynamics of gender democracy in Lithuania.

Transsexual people are a part of society, for which the legal framework is not provided in Lithuania. The law projects, presented by the members of the Seimas, remained at project level and nowadays, there is no law at Lithuania, which would recognise sex change. The recognition of gender is the most important aspect for people that want to change genders. Certain subordinate legislation regulates the identification document change, health care, partnership of transsexual people; however, not all laws are implemented due to a legal gap. The problem of the work. In the Lithuanian Civil Code, a person's right to medically change genders, if it is medically possible, was established. The sex change surgery, the gender itself was supposed to have been adjusted by a special Sex change law, which still has not been admitted. So, the question addressed is how such a person's rights can be ensured in Lithuania, if a person after a full or partial sex change, once their passport and other important documents have been changed, could legalise themselves in Lithuania. Another aspect due to which even more questions arise is how you could determine the retirement age of the person that had changed their gender, since the retirement age for men and women is different. The raised problem is that health care services concerning sex change are not provided to people that had changed their gender. In addition, the question of family formation is important – can people that had changed their gender adopt when they marry a representative of the opposite gender, since no such regulation in Lithuania exists. Also, questions are raised about sports: could a person, after changing their gender, take part in a sport, i.e. play for the women's team if they were a man before and vice versa; could they resume their sports activities after the surgery. Therefore, it can be said that the topic is quite problematic and has many unanswered questions. The main problem of the work is the limiting of rights of people, who wish to change their gender, which leads to the uncertainty of those people's situation. Lithuania is not the only country, which does not have an established Sex change law, such a problem is sore in other countries of the European Union; therefore, it should be solved. The relevance of the work. After analysing the Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature, after conducting the surveys, the legal regulatory failures that over time change in certain aspects in each country are revealed. After the Sex change law has not been passed in Lithuania, the legal status of transsexual people is not clear. You cannot have gender reassignment surgery, directly address authorities, which would perform the change in the civil status acts, healthcare is not provided. A detailed analysis of legal problems concerning sex change, the lack of its regulations both in Lithuania and in other countries is provided. In addition, the relevance is distinguished also by the fact that a changing practise is noticed in The European Court of Human Rights Cases, in which a different view on transsexual people's rights is reflected than in national law. A hypothesis that has been brought in that the rights of a person that had changed his gender by medical means are not ensured has confirmed itself. After conducting the analysis, it can be concluded that such a limitation of the people's legal framework and the non-establishment of the Sex change law does not ensure the rights of transsexual people. A full change of the person's gender is required in Lithuania, yet such surgeries cannot be performed in the very same country and health care is not provided. For this reason, the most frequently encountered is the illegal inaction of the government institutions and the government itself, when the government takes no measures to implement the laws or at least to fix the subordinate legislation so that people could use it. Such passiveness of the government violates the people's rights to a quick, clear and easily accessible procedure. So, from the survey conducted in this work, it can be concluded that the rights of a person are not ensured to people that have changed their gender. The object of the work is the rights of people that had medically changed their gender. The purpose of the work is to determine whether the rights of people that have changed their gender are ensured in Lithuania, where there are no regulations, by conducting an analysis of the practice of the courts, legislation and sources. The tasks of the work: 1. To conduct an analysis of the legal regulation concerning the people that have changed their gender in Lithuania. 2. To analyse the legal regulation of sex change in foreign countries and evaluate it; 3. To conduct an analysis of the legal practise in Lithuania and foreign countries concerning the people that have changed their gender. The hypothesis of the work: the rights of a person that had medically changed their gender are not ensured.

Transsexual people are a part of society, for which the legal framework is not provided in Lithuania. The law projects, presented by the members of the Seimas, remained at project level and nowadays, there is no law at Lithuania, which would recognise sex change. The recognition of gender is the most important aspect for people that want to change genders. Certain subordinate legislation regulates the identification document change, health care, partnership of transsexual people; however, not all laws are implemented due to a legal gap. The problem of the work. In the Lithuanian Civil Code, a person's right to medically change genders, if it is medically possible, was established. The sex change surgery, the gender itself was supposed to have been adjusted by a special Sex change law, which still has not been admitted. So, the question addressed is how such a person's rights can be ensured in Lithuania, if a person after a full or partial sex change, once their passport and other important documents have been changed, could legalise themselves in Lithuania. Another aspect due to which even more questions arise is how you could determine the retirement age of the person that had changed their gender, since the retirement age for men and women is different. The raised problem is that health care services concerning sex change are not provided to people that had changed their gender. In addition, the question of family formation is important – can people that had changed their gender adopt when they marry a representative of the opposite gender, since no such regulation in Lithuania exists. Also, questions are raised about sports: could a person, after changing their gender, take part in a sport, i.e. play for the women's team if they were a man before and vice versa; could they resume their sports activities after the surgery. Therefore, it can be said that the topic is quite problematic and has many unanswered questions. The main problem of the work is the limiting of rights of people, who wish to change their gender, which leads to the uncertainty of those people's situation. Lithuania is not the only country, which does not have an established Sex change law, such a problem is sore in other countries of the European Union; therefore, it should be solved. The relevance of the work. After analysing the Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature, after conducting the surveys, the legal regulatory failures that over time change in certain aspects in each country are revealed. After the Sex change law has not been passed in Lithuania, the legal status of transsexual people is not clear. You cannot have gender reassignment surgery, directly address authorities, which would perform the change in the civil status acts, healthcare is not provided. A detailed analysis of legal problems concerning sex change, the lack of its regulations both in Lithuania and in other countries is provided. In addition, the relevance is distinguished also by the fact that a changing practise is noticed in The European Court of Human Rights Cases, in which a different view on transsexual people's rights is reflected than in national law. A hypothesis that has been brought in that the rights of a person that had changed his gender by medical means are not ensured has confirmed itself. After conducting the analysis, it can be concluded that such a limitation of the people's legal framework and the non-establishment of the Sex change law does not ensure the rights of transsexual people. A full change of the person's gender is required in Lithuania, yet such surgeries cannot be performed in the very same country and health care is not provided. For this reason, the most frequently encountered is the illegal inaction of the government institutions and the government itself, when the government takes no measures to implement the laws or at least to fix the subordinate legislation so that people could use it. Such passiveness of the government violates the people's rights to a quick, clear and easily accessible procedure. So, from the survey conducted in this work, it can be concluded that the rights of a person are not ensured to people that have changed their gender. The object of the work is the rights of people that had medically changed their gender. The purpose of the work is to determine whether the rights of people that have changed their gender are ensured in Lithuania, where there are no regulations, by conducting an analysis of the practice of the courts, legislation and sources. The tasks of the work: 1. To conduct an analysis of the legal regulation concerning the people that have changed their gender in Lithuania. 2. To analyse the legal regulation of sex change in foreign countries and evaluate it; 3. To conduct an analysis of the legal practise in Lithuania and foreign countries concerning the people that have changed their gender. The hypothesis of the work: the rights of a person that had medically changed their gender are not ensured.

Transsexual people are a part of society, for which the legal framework is not provided in Lithuania. The law projects, presented by the members of the Seimas, remained at project level and nowadays, there is no law at Lithuania, which would recognise sex change. The recognition of gender is the most important aspect for people that want to change genders. Certain subordinate legislation regulates the identification document change, health care, partnership of transsexual people; however, not all laws are implemented due to a legal gap. The problem of the work. In the Lithuanian Civil Code, a person's right to medically change genders, if it is medically possible, was established. The sex change surgery, the gender itself was supposed to have been adjusted by a special Sex change law, which still has not been admitted. So, the question addressed is how such a person's rights can be ensured in Lithuania, if a person after a full or partial sex change, once their passport and other important documents have been changed, could legalise themselves in Lithuania. Another aspect due to which even more questions arise is how you could determine the retirement age of the person that had changed their gender, since the retirement age for men and women is different. The raised problem is that health care services concerning sex change are not provided to people that had changed their gender. In addition, the question of family formation is important – can people that had changed their gender adopt when they marry a representative of the opposite gender, since no such regulation in Lithuania exists. Also, questions are raised about sports: could a person, after changing their gender, take part in a sport, i.e. play for the women's team if they were a man before and vice versa; could they resume their sports activities after the surgery. Therefore, it can be said that the topic is quite problematic and has many unanswered questions. The main problem of the work is the limiting of rights of people, who wish to change their gender, which leads to the uncertainty of those people's situation. Lithuania is not the only country, which does not have an established Sex change law, such a problem is sore in other countries of the European Union; therefore, it should be solved. The relevance of the work. After analysing the Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature, after conducting the surveys, the legal regulatory failures that over time change in certain aspects in each country are revealed. After the Sex change law has not been passed in Lithuania, the legal status of transsexual people is not clear. You cannot have gender reassignment surgery, directly address authorities, which would perform the change in the civil status acts, healthcare is not provided. A detailed analysis of legal problems concerning sex change, the lack of its regulations both in Lithuania and in other countries is provided. In addition, the relevance is distinguished also by the fact that a changing practise is noticed in The European Court of Human Rights Cases, in which a different view on transsexual people's rights is reflected than in national law. A hypothesis that has been brought in that the rights of a person that had changed his gender by medical means are not ensured has confirmed itself. After conducting the analysis, it can be concluded that such a limitation of the people's legal framework and the non-establishment of the Sex change law does not ensure the rights of transsexual people. A full change of the person's gender is required in Lithuania, yet such surgeries cannot be performed in the very same country and health care is not provided. For this reason, the most frequently encountered is the illegal inaction of the government institutions and the government itself, when the government takes no measures to implement the laws or at least to fix the subordinate legislation so that people could use it. Such passiveness of the government violates the people's rights to a quick, clear and easily accessible procedure. So, from the survey conducted in this work, it can be concluded that the rights of a person are not ensured to people that have changed their gender. The object of the work is the rights of people that had medically changed their gender. The purpose of the work is to determine whether the rights of people that have changed their gender are ensured in Lithuania, where there are no regulations, by conducting an analysis of the practice of the courts, legislation and sources. The tasks of the work: 1. To conduct an analysis of the legal regulation concerning the people that have changed their gender in Lithuania. 2. To analyse the legal regulation of sex change in foreign countries and evaluate it; 3. To conduct an analysis of the legal practise in Lithuania and foreign countries concerning the people that have changed their gender. The hypothesis of the work: the rights of a person that had medically changed their gender are not ensured.

The aim of the research of the dissertation is to investigate the peculiarities of social adaptation of migrants on the ground of family reunification by assessing the impact and the links of social context, gender and ethnicity. In order to accomplish the set aim and goals, as well as to present a comprehensive picture of the phenomenon of family reunification in Lithuania, various research methods are combined and a wide spectrum of literature and databases are used in the dissertation. They include: analysis of the structural (contextual) factors of family reunification and social adaptation (analysis of family reunification policies implemented on the EU and national level; statistical data analysis of the dynamics of the phenomenon of family reunification in Lithuania; analysis of data of the public attitudes towards immigrants survey); interviews with experts who represent governmental institutions and NGOs in the field of migration and migrants' integration; and interviews with migrants on the ground of family reunification who shared their personal experience of migration and social adaptation. The main idea that is developed in the study is related to the attitude that the type of social adaptation is not consciously chosen and is more than individual strategy, because this process is influenced by the social context of the destination country. Furthermore, in the dissertation gender neutral phenomenon of social adaptation is studied by taking into account gender sensitive approach. Such methodological approach complements underdeveloped migration feminist research methodology in Lithuania. Besides, an intersectionality approach is applied in the study in order to show if and how gender and ethnicity categories manifest and intersect during the process of social adaptation.

The aim of the research of the dissertation is to investigate the peculiarities of social adaptation of migrants on the ground of family reunification by assessing the impact and the links of social context, gender and ethnicity. In order to accomplish the set aim and goals, as well as to present a comprehensive picture of the phenomenon of family reunification in Lithuania, various research methods are combined and a wide spectrum of literature and databases are used in the dissertation. They include: analysis of the structural (contextual) factors of family reunification and social adaptation (analysis of family reunification policies implemented on the EU and national level; statistical data analysis of the dynamics of the phenomenon of family reunification in Lithuania; analysis of data of the public attitudes towards immigrants survey); interviews with experts who represent governmental institutions and NGOs in the field of migration and migrants' integration; and interviews with migrants on the ground of family reunification who shared their personal experience of migration and social adaptation. The main idea that is developed in the study is related to the attitude that the type of social adaptation is not consciously chosen and is more than individual strategy, because this process is influenced by the social context of the destination country. Furthermore, in the dissertation gender neutral phenomenon of social adaptation is studied by taking into account gender sensitive approach. Such methodological approach complements underdeveloped migration feminist research methodology in Lithuania. Besides, an intersectionality approach is applied in the study in order to show if and how gender and ethnicity categories manifest and intersect during the process of social adaptation.

The aim of the research of the dissertation is to investigate the peculiarities of social adaptation of migrants on the ground of family reunification by assessing the impact and the links of social context, gender and ethnicity. In order to accomplish the set aim and goals, as well as to present a comprehensive picture of the phenomenon of family reunification in Lithuania, various research methods are combined and a wide spectrum of literature and databases are used in the dissertation. They include: analysis of the structural (contextual) factors of family reunification and social adaptation (analysis of family reunification policies implemented on the EU and national level; statistical data analysis of the dynamics of the phenomenon of family reunification in Lithuania; analysis of data of the public attitudes towards immigrants survey); interviews with experts who represent governmental institutions and NGOs in the field of migration and migrants' integration; and interviews with migrants on the ground of family reunification who shared their personal experience of migration and social adaptation. The main idea that is developed in the study is related to the attitude that the type of social adaptation is not consciously chosen and is more than individual strategy, because this process is influenced by the social context of the destination country. Furthermore, in the dissertation gender neutral phenomenon of social adaptation is studied by taking into account gender sensitive approach. Such methodological approach complements underdeveloped migration feminist research methodology in Lithuania. Besides, an intersectionality approach is applied in the study in order to show if and how gender and ethnicity categories manifest and intersect during the process of social adaptation.