Suchergebnisse

Авторы анализируют результативность факторов, формирующих религиозность студенческой молодежи на основе материалов социологического исследовании, проведенного в нижегородских вузах. Методологической основой изучения религии как социального института был взят функциональный анализ и теория рационального выбора. Эмпирически подтверждено, что вербальные самохарактеристики религиозности не имеют существенных гендерных отличий. Причину этого авторы видят в изменении религиозных потребностей.Для атомизированного человека на первый план вышла терапевтическая функция веры, которую не надо отождествлять с компенсаторной, ориентирующей на загробное воздаяние. За рубежом «терапевтами» выступают психологи и психиатры, в России – религиозные институты.«Веротерапия» дает возможность реализовать базовую потребность в самооправдании. У бога можно вымолить прощение или «купить» его через религиозный институт, обеспечив душевный комфорт. В условиях, когда образовательные институты и семья внушают одни нормы морали, а жить приходится по другим, это крайне важно для самосохранения личности.Студенты социализировалось в условиях посттравматического синдрома, в информационном пространстве, постоянно воспроизводящем утверждения, что религия учитель нравственности, утешитель, источник национальных традиций и т.д. Естественно, что именно они были воспроизведены в ответах юношами и девушками.Секуляризация в прошлом проявлялась как рефлексия более образованного мужского населения на противоречие научной картины мира религиозной. Современный гносеологический кризис вызвал сомнения в способности науки дать ответы на мировоззренческие вопросы и стал фактором изменения понятия бога. Религиозные иерархи делают акцент не на создании мира, а образе жизни верующих. В результате формула «чем выше образование, тем ниже религиозность» требует дополнительной верификации в каждом локальном исследовании. ; The authors analyze the effectiveness of the factors that shape the religiosity of student youth on the basis of the materials of a sociological survey conducted in Nizhny Novgorod higher educational establishments. The study of religion as a social institution was methodologically based on the functional analysis and the theory of rational choice. It is empirically confirmed that the verbal self-characteristics of religiosity do not have significant gender differences. The authors see the reason for that in the change of religious needs.For the atomized person, the therapeutic function of faith has come to the fore, which is not associated with a compensatory function, i.e. with a promise of compensation in the afterlife. In foreign countries, the function of "therapists" is performed by psychologists and psychiatrists, in Russia – by religious institutions."Faith therapy" makes it possible to satisfy the basic need for self-justification. One can beg God for forgiveness or "buy" forgiveness through a religious institution thus obtaining spiritual comfort. When educational institutions and the family instill one set of moral rules, but one has to live by quite different rules, this is extremely important for the self-preservation of the individual.Students socialize in the conditions of post-traumatic syndrome, in the information environment where they have been constantly taught that religion is a teacher of morality, a comforter, a source of national traditions, etc. It is only natural that exactly those assertions have been reproduced by young men and girls in their answers.In the past, secularization manifested itself as a reflection of a more educated male population on the contradiction between the scientific picture of the world and the religious one. The modern gnoseological crisis has raised doubts as to the ability of science to provide answers to worldview questions and become a factor in changing the concept of God. Religious hierarchs focus on the way of life of believers, rather than on the creation of the world. As a result, the formula "the higher the education, the lower the religiosity" requires additional verification in each local study.

The main differences in the speech behavior of male politicians and female politicians are analyzed in the article. The object of the study was lexical units, which were used in the speeches of candidates for the presidency of the United States. An emphasis is placed on the gender influence of the speaker on the listener audience. ; В статье проанализированы основные различия речевого поведения мужчин-политиков и женщин-политиков. Объектом исследования являются лексические единицы, которые были использованы в выступлениях кандидатов на пост президента США. В данной работе делается акцент на гендерное влияние речи оратора на аудиторию. ; У статті проаналізовано основні відмінності мовної поведінки чоловіків-політиків та жінок-політиків. Об'єктом дослідження є лексичні одиниці, що були використані у виступах кандидатів на пост президента США. У роботі робиться акцент на гендерний вплив мови оратора на слухацьку аудиторію

The article deals with the verbal construction of the gender identity of the female language personality on the material of Polish and Russian dating site adverts. In the Slavic world the gender identity is based on Christian values that shape the patriarchal consciousness. In the Soviet period of the history of the Eastern Slavic countries the ideology of female social emancipation emerged and manifested in the image of a working mother. This type of the gender identity can be defined as androgynous. The current stage is characterised by fundamental changes in the socio-political and economic structure of the Eastern European countries. It coincides with the emergence of new, equal relations between the genders in all developed countries in the last third of the twentieth century. An emerging new type of the gender identity demonstrates the breakdown of traditional values typical to the Slavic mentality. Dynamic processes are reflected in modern speech practices. A comparative analysis of Polish and Russian dating site adverts shows that the real femininity of modern women is of a variable nature. However, the research shows the rooted patriarchal foundations of the Slavic culture as well as the consolidation of the androgynous gender identity, similar for the Russian and Polish mentality, which remain different in the current gender attitudes. New value preferences of Russian women demonstrate the desire to level the female principle and acquire the leadership and psychological features of the masculine type. The gender behaviour of Polish women reveals a tendency to build an equal relationship with a man while emphasizing their femininity which they consider to be a virtue but not a flaw. Partnership for Polish women is implemented in gender complementarity. © Association "Rus", 2005-2018. ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR ; The research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Grant Nr. 18-012-00382/18, by Government of the Russian Federation Act 211, Agreement Nr. 2.A03.21.0006, within the framework of research conducted at the Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences.

Данная статья посвящена стигматизации женщин в политике. В работе авторы рассматривают процессы стигматизации, востребованные социальной и политической практикой. В частности, отмечается, что низкий уровень политического участия женщин может объясняться стигмами, которые прочно вошли в общественное сознание. Авторы рассматривают стигму как символическую форму статуса человека и любого политического субъекта во взаимодействии. На основе анализа полоролевых, гендерных, феминистских теорий исследователи указывают, что в основе стигматизации лежит социальное неравенство. Отмечается, что процесс стигматизации в политике имеет ряд этапов: подготовительный (анализ ситуации), начальный (выделение объекта внимания и поиск инструментов стигматизации), основной (формирование предубеждений, понижение статусных возможностей объекта стигматизации), завершающий (солидаризация сторонников и контроль). Стигматизация в публичной политике может выполнять ряд функций, к которым отнесены: ориентирующая (позволяющая опознавать субъектов политического пространства); инструментальная (с помощью которой стигмы играют роль способов принуждения и наказания в процессе политической борьбы); упорядочивающая (обеспечивающая социальный контроль и порядок в обществе). Авторы отмечают, что стигматизация формального политического участия женщин приводит к созданию ими неформальных каналов влияния: распространение слухов и формирование общественного мнения; продвижение/препятствие политической карьере мужчин; вступление в брак и пр. Исследователи также указывают на социальные последствия стигматизации, к которым они относят целый ряд форм девиантных взаимодействий как в социальной и политической сфере, так и в поведении конкретных политических субъектов. ; This article studies the stigmatisation of women in politics. The authors consider the processes of stigmatisation, claimed by social and political practice. In particular, the low level of political participation of women can be explained by stigmas that have firmly entered the public consciousness. The authors consider stigma as a symbolic form of the status of a person and any political subject in interaction. On the basis of the analysis of gender, gender, feminist theories, researchers point out that social inequality, which is fixed in the status — hierarchical division of society, in the contradictory nature of the interests and nature of social ties and relations, is objectively becoming a source of stigmatisation. The process of stigmatisation in politics has a number of stages: preparatory (analysis of the situation), initial (highlighting the object of attention and searching for stigmatization tools), the main one (the formation of prejudices, the lowering of status opportunities for the stigmatization object), and the finalisation (support solidarity and control). Stigmatisation in public policy can perform a number of functions, which include orienting (allowing to identify subjects of the political space), instrumental (stigmas as tools of suppression and punishment in tactics of interaction with rivals, opponents), and ordering (providing social control and order in society). The authors note that the stigmatisation of women's formal political participation leads to the creation of effective informal channels of influence: the dissemination of rumours and the formation of public opinion, the promotion/hindrance of the political career of men; marriage, etc. Researchers point to the social consequences of stigmatisation, to which they refer the violation of the principles of social and political interaction (humanism, tolerance, justice, and mutual benefit) and the strengthening of deviance in the behavioural style of political subjects.

This article presents the results of the study on precarious employment, which represents a multilevel phenomenon of the instability in the socio-economic positions of workers. This phenomenon has various forms. Precarious employment can be identified both in terms of the quality and nature of employment contract, working conditions, and in terms of the standard of living of households of precarious workers, their self-perception and behaviour models in labour market and other spheres of life. The purpose of the research is to study precarious employment using sociological indicators. We characterize precarious employment of workers, in general, and also define their profiles. Depending on the type of contractual relations and the implementation of their requirements, the profiles of employees differ in the socio-demographic, age, educational and economic characteristics. As a research method, we chose a mass survey. The sampling frame is the Russian population aged from 15 to 72 years. The selection included 1002 respondents, which were quoted by sex, age, region and socio-demographic status on the labour market. During the survey, we investigated the various aspects of precarious employment including respect for the rights of employees, level of their income, prevalence of various forms of precarious employment by profession, sex-age structure. The results of the study are the demographic, socio-labour and economic characteristics of the surveyed population as well as the description of five profiles identifying the different groups of precarious workers. The results may be applied in social-labour relations regulated by contractual agreements and working conditions of employees. Restrictions are connected with the need to change the legislation and the enforcement of the current labour and civil legislation. Future research should be focused on the reasons of the differentiation in precarious employment. © 2018 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ; Представлены результаты исследования, посвященного неустойчивой занятости, которая представляет собой многоуровневый феномен нестабильности социально-экономических позиций занятых, принимающий разнообразные формы. Выявлены профили работников, различающихся возрастанием неустойчивости занятости. ; The research has been supported by the Grant of the Russian Science Foundation (No 16-18- 10140).

The Article reflects the characteristic differences between male and female logic. The main differences between the methods of thinking of men and women are reflected. A comparative analysis of the behavior of men and women in conflict situations is conducted. The main features of the male and female logic are shown. Specific examples illustrating the behavior of men and women from the point of view of logic are given.

В контексте современных гендерных исследований в работе анализируются особенности женской повседневности и выживания в экстремальных условиях Первой мировой и Великой Отечественной войн. Целью исследования является комплексное изучение моделей поведения женщин, особенностей женского восприятия фронтовой действительности в периоды мировых войн. Приоритетным в данном исследовании стал микроисторический подход, применение которого позволило определить особенности военной женской повседневности через личностное восприятие реалий того времени конкретной женщиной. Исследование основывается на принципах историзма, научной объективности и системно-функционального анализа, в соответствии с которыми повседневная жизнь женщин в годы Первой мировой и Великой Отечественной войн рассматривается авторами с учетом «фона эпохи», многообразия форм и динамики развития страны. Кроме того, при решении исследовательских задач применялись сравнительно-исторический и описательный методы. Особое место в методологии исследования занимает гендерный подход. В результате исследования проведен сравнительный анализ особенностей женской повседневности в условиях Первой мировой и Великой Отечественной войн, определена степень их участия в обеих войнах, выявлены характерные черты адаптации женщин к условиям военного времени. ; In the context of modern gender studies the paper analyzes the features of women's everyday life and survival in extreme conditions of the First World War and the Great Patriotic War. The aim of the study is a comprehensive study of women's behavior patterns, features of women's perception of front-line reality during world wars. The priority in this study was micro-historical approach, the use of which allowed to determine the peculiarities of military women's everyday life through the personal perception of the realities of the time of specific woman. The study is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and system-functional analysis, according to which the daily life of women during the First world war and the great Patriotic war is considered by the authors taking into account the "background of the era", the diversity of forms and dynamics of the country. In addition, comparative-historical and descriptive methods were used in solving research problems. A special place in the methodology of the study is taken by the gender approach. As a result of research the comparative analysis of features of women's daily life in the conditions of the First World and Great Patriotic War is carried out, the degree of their participation in both wars is defined, characteristic features of adaptation of women to conditions of wartime are revealed.

The Syrian event formed a social laboratory that can test various theories of social sciences. Given the intensity of the conflict and the depth of the fluctuations and changes created, there are clear horizontal and vertical divisions and overlapping of the Syrian society's political attitudes towards what is happening. The importance of demographic factors in this regard was remarkable, which is an opportunity to study the factors that determine the political attitude and highlight the demographic factors. Due to the special circumstances of Syria and the difficulty of reaching all segments of society, we chose to study the political attitude of the Syrian students at Mardin Artuklu University. We distributed a questionnaire on a random sample and 212 could be accepted. After carrying out the statistical analysis of the data it was found that the most important demographic factors contributing to determining the age of political attitude, Where the older segments of the youth tended to opposition mood, and the ethnic factor, where it was found that Arabs have an attitude closer to the opposition mood compared to Kurds. While there was no significant effect on the factors such as religion, financial situation and gender.

Women make up almost 50 percent of all workforce in the European Union countries, but their average hourly rate is 16,3 percent lower than men's (respectively, in Lithuania it is 14,2 percent). In 2016, only in 21 companies out of 500, which is 4,2 percent, women held executive positions. In entrepreneurship statistics based on the founder's gender, women make up only 34,4 percent of independently working employees and 30 percent of business founders. More women possess higher education than men, but only a small part of women hold executive positions or decide to establish their own business. Academic sources often analyze the success factors of women's leadership in the context of managing large international companies, politics, medicine, war industry and education, whereas the factors of successful women's leadership in small and medium-sized enterprises while establishing and developing e-commerce are rarely considered. That is why this study seeks to complexly evaluate the success factors of women's leadership and to create a structure of success factors of women's leadership in Lithuanian e-commerce. To achieve the objective of this study, such research methods as analysis of scientific literature, multiple criteria and expert assessment (structured survey and interview) were applied. While analyzing the success factors of women's leadership in e-commerce in the scientific literature, 95 primary assessment factors, specified with 21 female experts who have established businesses in Lithuania, were identified through the multiple criteria and expert assessment method.

Women make up almost 50 percent of all workforce in the European Union countries, but their average hourly rate is 16,3 percent lower than men's (respectively, in Lithuania it is 14,2 percent). In 2016, only in 21 companies out of 500, which is 4,2 percent, women held executive positions. In entrepreneurship statistics based on the founder's gender, women make up only 34,4 percent of independently working employees and 30 percent of business founders. More women possess higher education than men, but only a small part of women hold executive positions or decide to establish their own business. Academic sources often analyze the success factors of women's leadership in the context of managing large international companies, politics, medicine, war industry and education, whereas the factors of successful women's leadership in small and medium-sized enterprises while establishing and developing e-commerce are rarely considered. That is why this study seeks to complexly evaluate the success factors of women's leadership and to create a structure of success factors of women's leadership in Lithuanian e-commerce. To achieve the objective of this study, such research methods as analysis of scientific literature, multiple criteria and expert assessment (structured survey and interview) were applied. While analyzing the success factors of women's leadership in e-commerce in the scientific literature, 95 primary assessment factors, specified with 21 female experts who have established businesses in Lithuania, were identified through the multiple criteria and expert assessment method.

Круглый стол «Глобальная биоэтика: стратегия биобезопасности в социальном контексте» ; Одним из способов стигматизации больных социально значимыми заболеваниями является использование в отношении таких людей риторики ненависти. Под риторикой ненависти понимается совокупность вербальных и невербальных символов, применяемых в публичном пространстве в целях дискредитации личности или группы на основании национальных, конфессиональных, политических, гендерных и иных характеристик. В отношении больных риторика ненависти может применяться в форме специальных символов, которые имеют негативную коннотацию, а также контекстуально, что влечет за собой косвенную стигматизацию анализируемой группы. Можно выделить две модели ограничения использования риторики ненависти в отношении больных: политкорректность и нравственные ограничения (принципы непричинения вреда и предосторожности). Вторая модель предпочтительней. ; Статья подготовлена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (17-03-00094) = The work was supported by RFBR (17-03-00094) ; One of the ways to stigmatize patients with socially significant diseases is the use of rhetoric of hatred against such people. Under the rhetoric of hatred is understood the totality of verbal and non-verbal symbols used in public space in order to discredit a person or group on the basis of national, confessional, political, gender and other characteristics. In relation to patients, rhetoric of hatred can be used in the form of special symbols, which have a negative connotation, as well as contextually, which entails an indirect stigmatization of the analyzed group. Two models can be distinguished for limiting the use of hate speech against patients: political correctness and moral limitations (principles of non-harm and precaution). Вторая модель предпочтительней.