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This article seeks to reintroduce discussions on gender relations in politics back into scholarly and political debate. Many countries have adopted gender quotas, but it is unclear whether their implementation has meaningfully changed the prevalent inequalities governing gender relations in politics. This article considers whether the implementation of gender quotas could promote change, and assesses this change with reference to five criteria formerly used to assess the strategy of gender mainstreaming. These are a shift towards a more comprehensive concept of gender equality; the incorporation of a gender perspective intersected with other inequalities in mainstream politics; equal political representation; organizational changes in selection and recruitment mechanisms as well as the functioning of politics; and, finally, the displacement of hierarchies, and the empowerment of subjects. Reflection on and empirical illustrations of gender quotas with regard to these criteria reveal a mixed picture, demonstrating the need to reintroduce discussions about gender equality within politics back into gender quota debates. This discussion will not focus on the legitimacy of or need for gender quotas, but on how their implementation can contribute to the improvement of gender relations in politics beyond a quantitative sense. Approaching gender quotas through the use of criteria devised for assessing the gender mainstreaming strategy is helpful in exploring the potential of gender quotas in the transformation of gender relations.

For more than a decade, the evolution of the word "gender" and its accompanying discourse have become increasingly important to intellectual debates and practice. the term was initially used in a grammatical arena to identify masculine, feminine and neutral words. however, the term has changed since the second half of the XX Century given the increasing use in other fields, often replacing the word sex, traditionally used to distinguish the human male-female duality. this fact is evident in contemporary anthropological, social, political and legal discourse. and although the word "gender" does not have a positive or negative meaning per se, its many interpretations are fairly problematic. two interpretations stand out today: "gender perspective" and "gender ideology." ; For more than a decade, the evolution of the word "gender" and its accompanying discourse have become increasingly important to intellectual debates and practice. the term was initially used in a grammatical arena to identify masculine, feminine and neutral words. however, the term has changed since the second half of the XX Century given the increasing use in other fields, often replacing the word sex, traditionally used to distinguish the human male-female duality. this fact is evident in contemporary anthropological, social, political and legal discourse. and although the word "gender" does not have a positive or negative meaning per se, its many interpretations are fairly problematic. two interpretations stand out today: "gender perspective" and "gender ideology."

En la IV Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer de Naciones Unidas se introduce el principio de transversalidad como nueva estrategia en las políticas públicas de igualdad. Para hacer de la igualdad eje de todas las políticas en el Estado español se adoptó la Ley 30/2003, de 13 de octubre, sobre medidas para incorporar la valoración del impacto de género en las disposiciones normativas que elaborara el Gobierno. Surge así la voz impacto de género que trataremos de definir en este artículo, así como su desarrollo y aplicación. La obligatoriedad de elaborar informes de impacto de género en las disposiciones normativas se mostraba como una herramienta idónea para desarrollar la transversalidad en todas las políticas, sin embargo, los análisis sobre la implementación de esta Ley han demostrado que la carencia de una metodología específica ha limitado sus potenciales efectos. Se espera que la regulación que establece el Real Decreto 1083/2009 y su posterior actualización permita una mejor aplicación. ; The principle of mainstreaming was presented as a new strategy in equality policies at the IV United Nations World Conference on Women. To apply mainstreaming, the government of the Spanish State adopted Law 30/2003, of October 13, on measures to incorporate the assessment of gender impact in the regulatory provisions prepared by the Government. With this Law the concept of gender impact appears. This article will describe what gender impact assessment is and how its application has evolved. The obligation to prepare gender impact reports is an ideal tool to develop mainstreaming in all public policies, however, the lack of a specific methodology to carry out these evaluations has made it difficult to carry them out.

This volume brings together approaches to, and perspectives on, English, Spanish, and Galician language, literature, and culture from the fields of women's, gender, and queer studies. As its title reflects, the book adopts an inclusive attitude to the so-called "others" present in these fields. Since queer theory first appeared in academia, its influence has been notorious within both women's and genders. As such, it is vital to "queer" academia so that it re-conceptualises its foundations; indeed, the contributions here serve to alter the reader's consciousness of the terms "woman" and "gender".The first chapters concern the field of discourse analysis. Two discuss the written work of female scientists in the Late Modern Era and their role in society. Another deals with women's political discourse in South America. In the following section on literature, the contributors question the current heteronormative and androcentric ways of reading texts. The works on culture study contemporary genres, such as video games, video clips, and pieces of news, and take readers away from Europe. The Epilogue draws on the book's intersubjective spirit to propose a dialogue, among multiple disciplines and the people who practise them. As such, the volume reflects the eclectic nature of queer, women's, and gender studies, and their world-wide acceptance by the scholarly community

El artículo aborda el surgimiento del mainstreaming de género como estrategia transformadora para implementar políticas públicas de igualdad. El brote de esta estrategia, que debe entenderse como parte del desarrollo que las políticas públicas de igualdad han experimentado desde su nacimiento en los años setenta, ha supuesto un gran avance, ya que por primera vez plantea cuestionar las estructuras sociales, culturales, políticas y económicas que perpetúan la desigualdad para transformarlas a través de la articulación de políticas. Sin embargo, pese al entusiasmo inicial, sus resultados prácticos están lejos de cumplir con sus objetivos teóricos, por lo que ha sido también objeto de numerosas críticas. A lo largo de estas páginas intentaremos proporcionar una comprensión amplia de esta estrategia. ; The article addresses the arising of gender mainstreaming as a transformative strategy to implement public equality policies. The emergence of this strategy should be understood as part of the development that public equality policies have undergone since its advent in the 1970s. Gender mainstreaming represents a great step forward, since it questions for the first the social, cultural, political and economic structures that perpetuates inequality, suggesting to transform them through the articulation of public policies. However, despite the initial enthusiasm, its practical results are far away from meeting its theoretical objectives, which has undoubtedly been the subject of the most serious criticism. Throughout these pages we attempt to provide the widest possible understanding of this strategy.

This article approaches the construction of the feminine representations -from a gender perspective- in the Colombian soap opera field, which as a cultural format has reached the frontier of the Latin-American identity. A historical tracking of how the characterization of the feminine in the national tele drama answers some logics in which the social rights and the self-portraits work as a synergy, pushed more from the feminine routine than from "favors" or political revendications staged in the media. This will allow us to locate in a given space the gender-identity problem, and at the same time it will enable to have a look at the incidence reached by the battles between men and women in the cultural-mediatized products. Which are the transformations of the feminine in the mediatized culture and how they appear there? What places take on contemporary social transformations?

Las discusiones sobre el género en historia, lenguaje, literatura, artes, educación, medios de comunicación, política, psicología, religión, medicina y ciencia, sociedad, derecho y lugar de trabajo se han conver- tido en temas centrales del saber feminista contemporáneo. A medida que la investigación sobre el género prolifera, lo hace también la tendencia a suponer que el significado del género no es problemático . Sin embargo, diferentes estudiosas y estudiosos emplean el género de ma- neras notablemente diferentes. ; Discussions of gender in history, language, literature, the arts, education, the media, politics, psychology, religion, medicine and science, society, law, and the workplace have become central to contemporary feminist scholarship. As research on gender proliferates, so does the tendency to assume that the meaning of gender is unproblematic. However, different scholars employ gender in markedly different ways.

Abstract. Over the past four decades total numbers of international migrants have more than doubled but the percentage of the world population migrating has remained fairly constant. There are now 175 million international migrants worldwide or approximately 3.5 per cent of the global population – about half of whom are women, despite the common misconception that men are the migrants. This Overview Report on Gender and Migration takes a broad approach to migration – it looks at the gender dynamics of both international and the lesser-researched internal migration and the interconnections between the two. People may choose to migrate, or have no choice, or the decision may fall somewhere on the continuum between the two. This report therefore covers both forced and voluntary migration, including covering economic and other voluntary migrants, refugees and internally displaced persons and trafficked people. These migrants in turn come through regular (conforming to legal requirements) or irregular channels. Gendered movements: causes and impacts. Individuals may migrate out of desire for a better life, or to escape poverty, political persecution, or social or family pressures. There are often a combination of factors, which may play out differently for women and men. Gender roles, relations and inequalities affect who migrates and why, how the decision is made, the impacts on migrants themselves, on sending areas and on receiving areas. Experience shows that migration can provide new opportunities to improve women's lives and change oppressive gender relations – even displacement as a result of conflict can lead to shifts in gendered roles and responsibilities to women's benefit. However, migration can also entrench traditional roles and inequalities and expose women to new vulnerabilities as the result of precarious legal status, exclusion and isolation. Migration can provide a vital source of income for migrant women and their families, and earn them greater autonomy, self-confidence and social status. At the same time, women migrants, especially if they are irregular migrants, can face stigma and discrimination at every stage of the migration cycle. Before departure, women can be faced with gender-biased procedures and corrupt agents. In fact, gender discrimination, poverty and violence, can provide the impetus for women to migrate or enable women to be trafficked in the first place. During transit and at their destination women can be faced with verbal, physical and sexual abuse, poor housing and encampments, sex-segregated labour markets, low wages, long working hours, insecure contracts and precarious legal status. And upon return to the source country they may be faced with broken families, illness and poverty. Gender and migration in the development context. Although migration is only now emerging as a development issue, migration may lead to development in receiving communities through the contribution of labour and skills. On the other hand, remittances and diaspora investment can provide much-needed economic support to sending communities. However the labour and skills that are brought in – and in turn who benefits – depend on sex-1 segregated labour markets and gendered migration policies which provide differential opportunities for women and men. Sometimes immigration policies push "unskilled" women workers into irregular and more risky migration channels. Migration may also hinder development through the social disruption of displacement due to conflict, or through "brain drain" and possible increases in HIV/AIDS rates, to which women and men are at different risks. Current policy approaches Theory, policy and practice that link gender equality concerns with migration from a development perspective are rare. Migration is still primarily seen as the concern of the state and migration as a development issue is only just emerging, with limited attention being paid to gender. Indeed, migration remains on the margins of the global policy agenda, with the exception of that which is conflict- and disaster-induced. While there is increasing recognition that women are also migrants and that the causes and impacts of migration are gendered, attempts to mainstream gender issues into policy are patchy. Work has focused primarily on "adding women" as a discriminated and vulnerable group, particularly in relation to displacement due to conflict and trafficking for sexual exploitation. The many women-focused policies and programmes initiated by NGO and civil society organisations largely focus on empowering, protecting and supporting women migrants. Shift to a gendered human rights approach If women and men are to benefit from the empowering and development potential of migration, a shift is needed to a gendered human rights approach to migration. The key elements of such an approach could be: Immigration and emigration policies that enable women as well as men to take up opportunities that safe and regular migration may offer, and which will foster the positive impacts of migration for the social and economic development of migrants, and the receiving and sending countries. This would include measures to ensure sufficient regular channels for women's entry, to avoid them being pushed into more risky irregular channels and bilateral agreements between sending and receiving areas which protect women migrants' rights. Mobilise around and support for international rights frameworks that offer protection for women migrants to ensure that governments ratify and adhere to such. This includes not only those relating to migrants, trafficked peoples, refugees and displaced peoples, but also women-specific frameworks such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), UN Resolution 1325 and the Beijing Platform for Action. Support for the acknowledgement and realisation of the rights of migrants throughout the migration process, including providing pre-departure information on legal rights, facilitating remittances, ensuring access to basic services such as housing, education and health, and supporting migrant organising and solidarity between different migrant groups to address issues of exclusion and isolation.

[EN] In Mexico, in the Official Gazette of the Federation of August 2, 2006, the General Law for Equality between Women and Men, public order, social interest, general observance throughout the National Territory, was published. regular object and guarantee equal opportunities, treatment between women and men, propose guidelines, institutional mechanisms that guide the Nation towards the fulfillment of substantive equality in the public and private spheres, promoting the empowerment of women and the fight against discrimination based on sex. This means that in the country, legislatively speaking, it is in accordance with the regulations in force at the International level in order to provide women with equal opportunities in terms of education in the present topic. While it is true that there is consistent international regulation, likewise it is unfortunately for girls and women of different ages to receive education with equal opportunities is to date a prevailing need, motivated by different factors; so some of them will be developed to know the aspects in which it is still necessary to grant them greater opportunities. ; [ES] En México, en el Diario Oficial de la Federación del día 2 de agosto del año 2006, fue publicada la Ley General para la Igualdad entre Mujeres y Hombres, disposición de orden público, interés social, observancia general en todo el Territorio Nacional, tiene por objeto regular y garantizar la igualdad de oportunidades, trato entre mujeres y hombres, proponer lineamientos, mecanismos institucionales que orienten a la Nación hacia el cumplimiento de la igualdad sustantiva en los ámbitos público y privado, promoviendo el empoderamiento de las mujeres y la lucha contra toda discriminación basada en el sexo. Esto significa que en el País, legislativamente hablando se está acorde con la normatividad vigente a nivel Internacional a fin de brindarles a las mujeres la igualdad de oportunidades en cuanto a educación se refiere en el presente tema. Si bien es cierto que existe esta normatividad ...

En México, en el Diario Oficial de la Federación del día 2 de agosto del año 2006, fue publicada la Ley General para la Igualdad entre Mujeres y Hombres, disposición de orden público, interés social, observancia general en todo el Territorio Nacional, tiene por objeto regular y garantizar la igualdad de oportunidades, trato entre mujeres y hombres, proponer lineamientos, mecanismos institucionales que orienten a la Nación hacia el cumplimiento de la igualdad sustantiva en los ámbitos público y privado, promoviendo el empoderamiento de las mujeres y la lucha contra toda discriminación basada en el sexo. Esto significa que en el País, legislativamente hablando se está acorde con la normatividad vigente a nivel Internacional a fin de brindarles a las mujeres la igualdad de oportunidades en cuanto a educación se refiere en el presente tema. Si bien es cierto que existe esta normatividad congruente a nivel internacional, de igual forma lo es que desafortunadamente para niñas y mujeres de diferentes edades el recibir educación con igualdad de oportunidades es a la fecha una necesidad imperante, motivada por diferentes factores; por lo que se desarrollarán algunos de ellos para conocer los aspectos en los que aún hace falta otorgarles mayores oportunidades. ; In Mexico, in the Official Gazette of the Federation of August 2, 2006, the General Law for Equality between Women and Men, public order, social interest, general observance throughout the National Territory, was published. regular object and guarantee equal opportunities, treatment between women and men, propose guidelines, institutional mechanisms that guide the Nation towards the fulfillment of substantive equality in the public and private spheres, promoting the empowerment of women and the fight against discrimination based on sex. This means that in the country, legislatively speaking, it is in accordance with the regulations in force at the International level in order to provide women with equal opportunities in terms of education in the present topic. While it is true that there is consistent international regulation, likewise it is unfortunately for girls and women of different ages to receive education with equal opportunities is to date a prevailing need, motivated by different factors; so some of them will be developed to know the aspects in which it is still necessary to grant them greater opportunities.

Recibido 06 de setiembre de 2010 • Aceptado 09 de marzo de 2011 • Corregido 22 de mayo de 2011 El propósito del presente ensayo es describir, desde la cotidianidad, la influencia de la palabra en las canciones populares y destacar, al mismo tiempo, cómo lo cotidiano, lo que vemos, escuchamos y vivimos son poderosas herramientas de aprendizaje duradero en la construcción de las representaciones culturales relativas al género. Se destaca la influencia de las letras de las canciones populares en la construcción de la identidad masculina. Además, cómo esto determina las relaciones entre los sujetos, sean hombres y mujeres. Se plantea la necesidad de romper con modelos sexuales estereotipados que generan la violencia contra las mujeres y algunos hombres, en un contexto de una sociedad patriarcal, en procura de una sociedad más democrática y equitativa, sobre la base del principio de igualdad. ; The purpose of this essay is to describe, based on the everyday life, the influence of words in popular songs and highlight, at the same time, that what we see, hear and live everyday are powwerful tools of long-lasting learning in the construction of gender-related cultural representations. The study emphasizes the influence of popular song lyrics in the construction of male identity, and how that determines the relations between men and women. It points out the need to break stereotypical gender models, which generate violence against women and some men in the context of a patriarchal society, to pursue a more democratic and equitable society based on the principle of equality.

The struggles for independence in Latin America during the first half of the nineteenth century were accompanied by a wide-ranging debate about political rights, nationality and citizenship. In South American Independence, Catherine Davies, Claire Brewster and Hilary Owen investigate the neglected role of gender in that discussion. Examining women writers from Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Colombia, the book traces the contradictions inherent in revolutionary movements that, while arguing for the rights of all, remained ambivalent, at best, about the place of women. Through studies of both published and unpublished writings, South American Independence reveals the complex role of women in shaping the vexed ideologies of independence

First part of the book discusses the political representation of women globally. Why are women under-represented? The second part analyses quota discourses - pro et con. Following a discussion of the disparate use of the concept of 'effectiveness' of gender quotas, the book discusses the effect of electoral gender quotas on the descriptive, substantive and symbolic representation of women, based on recent scientific literature.

El trabajo recoge algunos resultados de la pesquisa en asentamientos de la Reforma Agraria en Brasil, direccionado a mujeres que escogieron como modelo de desarrollo tecnológico, organizativo, de apropiación productiva y cultural del territorio que habitan la Agroecología. Los resultados responden a la interrogante de partida: Cuáles son las implicaciones que las prácticas agroecológicas tienen para las relaciones de género en los espacios estudiados? Esta selección se contrapone a un modelo de desarrollo agrícola que favorece el monocultivo y el uso de agrotóxicos apoyados en los patrones de la "Revolución Verde" y que reconoce como sujeto de la producción y de la propiedad campesina a los hombres. Brindando así, una nueva perspectiva sobre el desarrollo de los espacios de producción y de vida campesina. La agroecologia deviene en diálogo de saberes, dónde el capital cultural y social acumulado por las mujeres y hombres del campo es fundamental como alternativa al modelo hegemónico. Se resalta entonces, a través de las experiencias estudiadas, las potencialidades que brinda la opción agroecológica para alterar las estructuras jerárquicas que la cultura ha impuesto en las relaciones de género, en tanto la policultura, la multifuncionalidad, el intercambio con especialistas, la participación en redes, en ferias, en intercambios de experiencias, la creación de grupos productivos, entre otros, implican una democratización de los espacios y cuotas de poder, así como la potenciación de las capacidades y el empoderamiento económico y político de las mujeres, convertidas ahora en actoras de su propio destino. Se valora además, lo que este enfoque alternativo representa para quienes lo vivencian. La metodología utilizada se apoya en estudios de casos múltiples y en estudios de representaciones sociales. ; Summary Gender and agro-ecology: implications for gender relations This paper presents the results of the study that in the places where the Agrarian Reform in Brazil takes place. We draw attention to those women who chose agro-ecology as the organizing technological model to make a productive and cultural contribution to the territory they live in. The chosen model is contrasted to the farming model that favors monoculture and the use of toxic products in agriculture supported by the "Green Revolution" that recognizes men as the subject of production and of farming property. The new model gives a new perspective to the production spaces and country life. Agro-ecology becomes a dialogue of knowledge where the cultural and social heritage accumulated by countrymen and women is the main alternative for the hegemonic model. The potentialities that agro-ecology gives to alter the hierarchical structures that culture has imposed for gender relations are highlighted in the study. Multi-culture, multi-functionality, exchange with specialists, participation in research nets and fairs, and the creation of production groups, among other factors, involve a democratization of the power spaces and quotas, as well as encouraging the development of capacities and of economic and political power for women, now as the main actors of their own destiny. The meaning of this approach to a new model for the ones who apply it is also included in the study. The methodology applied is supported by multiple case studies and the study of chosen social groups.