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Madagascar is well known for its unique and rare natural beauty, and it is one of the biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Many efforts have been made for the protection of biodiversity, yet initiatives towards the conservation of geodiversity are often neglected. Geoconservation refers to the conservation of geological diversity or geodiversity, and it is often applied to a specific location, known as a geosite, where important earth features (geological, paleontological, geomorphological, hydrological and pedological) are protected, preserved and managed. Madagascar is very rich in natural resources and has many spectacular geological features, such as the beautiful gorges and canyons of Isalo, Tsingy de Bemaraha, Ankarana caves, hot springs and volcanic lakes of Itasy, all of which should be conserved and protected by local authorities, the private sector and local communities. Such initiatives can not only help to maintain and protect geological sites of particular importance, but also contribute to sustainable economic development. This essay aims to introduce geoconservation and sustainability in Madagascar, and to increase public knowledge and awareness of geodiversity and its conservation. The creation of geological tourism sites or geoparks is undoubtedly one of the most important steps to promote the conservation of geosites, and the promotion of earth science education should help expand and consolidate their protection. RÉSUMÉ Madagascar est renommée pour la beauté exceptionnelle de sa nature qui est unique. L'île est classée parmi les sites stratégiques nécessitant la mise en place de politiques de conservation de la biodiversité. Malgré les efforts déployés par les protecteurs de la nature au cours des dernières années pour la conservation des écosystèmes, la géoconservation demeure un nouveau concept de conservation qui est méconnu par la plupart des Malgaches. La géoconservation se réfère à la conservation de la diversité géologique ou géodiversité, qui s'applique généralement à un endroit spécifique désigné en tant que géosite, dans lequel on reconnait des éléments et des dispositifs géologiques importants qui méritent d'être protégés, préservés et gérés comme par exemple dans les domaines de la paléontologie, la géomorphologie, l'hydrologie et la pédologie. La géodiversité de Madagascar compte parmi les plus spectaculaires au monde, allant des rares gisements de minéraux à des paysages et des reliefs spectaculaires, en passant par de belles plages et des grottes qui sont autant de richesses qui pourraient être classées en tant que patrimoine géologique mondial. Face à la dégradation rapide de la géodiversité à Madagascar, il est urgent d'adopter une politique efficace de géoconservation de nombreux sites au profit de la population locale, qui devra aussi permettre de donner un coup de pouce au progrès vers le développement durable du pays.

Abstract
The paper states that geodiversity is the abiotic complement to biodiversity, and is considered to be the elements associated with the abiotic environment, e.g. geological diversity, geomorphodiversity, pedodiversity, hydrodiversity and climodiversity. Geoheritage is considered as the geological heritage of a site, but is here presented as the abiotic heritage of a site, and is related to geological heritage, geomorphoheritage, pedoheritage, hydroheritage and climoheritage. Thus, it is possible to talk about geological sites, geomorphosites, pedosites, hydrosites and climosites. Geodiversity and geoheritage are strongly linked to geology. However, it is also a new paradigm to geography, as physical geography classically works with abiotic and biotic environments.

Two concepts, the "territorial system" and the "ecosystem", describe similar realities from different standpoints. For both systems, one of the key features is diversity, called geodiversity in the first case, and eco- or biodiversity in the second. The paper analyzes their definitions and proposes a clarification: overlapping with geodiversity, eco-diversity includes biodiversity. In this interpretation, urbanization processes determine the loss of biodiversity, but increased geodiversity, reflected by the consumption of resources appreciated as primary eco-energies.

From the expansion of monotheism, as sacred laws, symbolisms, beliefs and practices began to be produced, thus emerging the sacred books. The biblical text influenced - and still - influences the direction of Western civilization. This work aims to raise and discuss aspects related to Geodiversity, here understood as the allusion of the abiotic characteristics of nature, present in the Holly Bible, as well as its use in cults, practices and beliefs measured by symbolic elements. To carry out this survey, the texts of the King James Version Bible (KJV) were used. After the survey of the elements of Geodiversity, they were divided by typologies to facilitate interpretation, tables were made that include the name of the elements, and their geological / geographical description, their use in the Bible, when applicable. When analyzing the abiotic elements, it was perceived, initially that the elements of Geodiversity, are used as nouns, referring properly to the element, but in several situations, they are used symbolically. Science and religion are generally perceived through dichotomization, but the set of religious manifestations that are open to external analysis is still of scientific interest. In this article, we verify the importance of Geodiversity in the study of the Bible and, consequently, the analysis of the elements of Geodiversity present in the sacred books and their symbology, leads to the reflection that this approach can help in a better understanding and interpretation of biblical facts considering another perspective, giving more consistency and authenticity, whether it deals with the abiotic scenario present in the divine revelations, it is, therefore, a Geoteology.

Part I: The Diversity and The Geological Dynamics and Evolution of The Aegean Sea Natural System -- I.01 The Aegean Sea: A "Water Way" Connecting the Diverse Marine Ecosystems of the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean Sea -- I.02 Geomorphology, Geological Structure, Active Tectonics, and Basin Formation in the Aegean Sea -- Part II: The Land Sea Interaction – The Coastal System -- I.03 Freshwater and Matter Inputs in the Aegean Coastal System -- I.04 Geomorphology and dynamics of the Aegean Coasts -- Part III: The Air-Sea Interaction -- I.05 Weather Systems Affecting the Meteorological Conditions over the Aegean Sea -- I.06 Air–Sea Interaction: Heat and Fresh-Water Fluxes in the Aegean Sea -- I.07 The Aegean Sea: Wind Waves and Tides -- I.08 Atmospheric Deposition over the Aegean Sea and Its Impact on the Seawater Productivity -- Part IV: The Water Masses \and The Sea Bottom: Hydrology, Dynamics, Chemistry, Suspended Matter and Fluxes, Sediments -- I.09 The Physical Characteristics and Dynamics of the Aegean Water Masses -- I.10 Climate Changes in Temperature and Salinity of the Aegean Sea -- I.11 Evolution of 137Cs Activity Concentration in the Aegean Sea -- I.12 Ιnsights into the Nutrients and Carbon Pools and Dynamics in the Aegean Sea -- I.13 Particulate Matter Spatial, Temporal Distribution and Size Properties in the Aegean Sea -- I.14 Seabed Sedimentology and Elemental Geochemistry of the Aegean Sea.

The concept of geodiversity aggregates the abiotic elements of nature and promotes the geoconservation. The main objective of this work is to contribute to the upgrade of the method for the assessment and quantification of geodiversity proposed by Pereira et al. (2013). The method is based on the superposition of a regular grid of 12 × 12 km on different maps (lithology, geomorphology, soil, paleonthology, mineral and geological energy resources) at scales of 1:250,000 to 1:600,000. In addition to other up- grades, the water resources are regarded here as a new com- ponent to consider when quantifying geodiversity. The sum of these maps generated the quantitative Map of Geodiversity Indices and the Map of Geodiversity Assessment, ranging from very low to very high geodiversity. The analysis of the geodiversity map of the State of Ceará (Brazil) shows the applicability and advantage of this method, highlighting two regions with higher levels of geodiversity (Northwest and South) and another region with the lowest levels (Sertões Cearenses). The results also allowed the characterization of the State of Ceará concerning the individual components of the geodiversity, especially the water resources. Geodiversity indices and maps are comprehensive and user-friendly data in the territorial planning, considering the geodiversity either as a whole, or each of its components, especially the more sensi- tive such as fossil conservation, and water, mineral, and non- renewable energy resources management. ; The authors express their gratitude to the Brazilian research fostering institution "Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior" (CAPES) for awarding the Ciência Sem Fronteiras (CsF) PhD scholarship that enabled this work. This work was partially co-funded by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund, based on COMPETE 2020 (Programa Operacional da Competitividade e Internacionalização), project ICT (UID/GEO/04683/ 2013) with reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007690 and national funds ...

The quantification of abiotic features is a process in Geodiversity focused studies to indicate priority areas for conservation. Although some quantification methods are in use, doubts remain as to their applicability, particularly the relationship between coefficients of geodiversity and rugosity. In this perspective, this study proposes to analyze this relationship through the geostatistical models of Local Moran's I and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), applied in sub-basins of one of the most important karstic regions in Brazil. To simulate the rugosity coefficient, the Global Relief Dissection Index was used, which consists of a combination of morphometric indices that enable the estimation of a given region's power of dissection. The application of Local Moran's I showed geodiversity and relief dissection potential behavior patterns, demonstrating that the variables have spatial dependence and are correlated at certain points. The application of GWR was successful, although the model was not able to explain the regional relationship between the coefficients of geodiversity and relief dissection. Nevertheless, it enabled local analysis of different behaviors through the spatialization of local R2 and residuals. It can be inferred that there are other variables that interfere in the local geodiversity, especially, for being a geosystem with characteristics specific.

The economic gestion of health care is difficult to handle. It covers several aspects which cannot pride to be accurate sciences. It strikes difficulties such as the geodiversity of problems to be solved and the nuances in the application of principles of social equity and medical ethics. The health-care analysis is also exposed to some politician interpretations biased by doctrinal a priori. Most often, a confrontation ensues between the political cenacle and the professionals directly involved in health-care.

The research area of the present study was the municipality of Paraúna, Goiás state, Brazil, in the mesoregion of Southern Goiás, Vale do Rio dos Bois microregion. Paraúna stands out for its great tourist potential, having various tourist attractions such as the geological structure Ponte de Pedra, the mountains Serra do Galés and Serra da Portaria, among others. The State Park of Paraúna, created by the law-decree Nº 5.568 of March 18th, 2002, is also part of this municipality. This study aimed to analyze and discuss the geodiversity based on geology and geomorphology of Paraúna. The term geodiversity consists of a variety of landscapes, geological environments, rocks, soils, fossils, minerals and other surface deposits that support life on Earth. We identified and mapped seven Geodiversity sites in the northern region of Paraúna municipality.