Suchergebnisse

Culture and history; Women: historical, geographic, persons treatment; Dutch literature; Dutch and Flemish literature - In hun tijd kon het werk van de Vlaamse schrijfsters Rosalie (1834-1875) en Virginie (1836-1923) Loveling al rekenen op de grote waardering van critici als E.J. Potgieter en J. ten Brink. Maar pas nu wordt duidelijk hoe vooruitstrevend de opvattingen van deze zusters waren. Zij schreven niet alleen aangrijpende verhalen waarin zij de eigentijdse werkelijkheid 'realistisch', sober en beheerst weergaven, maar namen ook nadrukkelijk geavanceerde standpunten in over intellectuele, filosofische en maatschappelijke vraagstukken. Als vrouw eisten zij het recht op om te studeren en te schrijven. Dit is het zevende en laatste deel in de "http://www.aup.nl/do.php?a=show_visitor_booklist&b=series&series=4">Amazone-reeks. Voor eerder verschenen titels in deze reeks zie "http://www.aup.nl/do.php?a=show_visitor_booklist&b=series&series=4">www.aup.nl.

Dutch and Flemish literature; Dutch literature; Culture and history; Women: historical, geographic, persons treatment - Hoe voed je een jong meisje op? Welke waarden geef je het mee, welke ervaringen wil je haar laten meemaken? Daarover schrijven onze bekende Elisabeth Wolff en Agatha Deken, in hun nu voor het eerst sinds 1802 heruitgegeven, laatste grote werk: het Geschrift eener bejaarde vrouw. Zij laten zien hoe een bejaarde vrouw terugkijkt op haar leven. De vrouw tekent op welke waarden zij als opgroeiend meisje heeft leren kennen. Hoe haar opvoeding verliep. Hoe zij geconfronteerd werd met de realiteit van het leven: natuur, dood, armoede, standsverschillen, mannen, cultuur. Hoe zij leerde een levensovertuiging op te bouwen. In de terugblik van deze vrouw wordt zichtbaar hoe een wijs ouderlijk beleid kan leiden tot zelfontplooiing, verlicht christendom, volwassenheid. De schrijfsters tonen dit, niet door het uiteenzetten van standpunten, maar door belevingen te schetsen, door ouders(s) en kind) in directe rede met elkaar te laten praten, door vele andere middelen.

Examination is made of the far-reaching changes which a substantial scale-increase provokes in a municipality's structure & policy profile. The effects of scale increase are studied with regard to the integration of the former community & its employees into the new entity, organization of internal administration & the degree of centralization. Though in several cases geographic conditions which are necessary to achieve a successful scale increase are fulfilled, economic stimuli are insufficient. In some cases the purpose of a particular scale increase should be defined more clearly. Theoretically, scale increase is not only a means of economizing nor is it an intraadministrative matter; it is a means to create opportunities for further development, wealth, & well-being. To achieve this however, cooperation between municipal & national administrations should be intensified. Modified HA.

Belgian policies & development aid for Sub-Saharan Africa are reviewed, examining the priority countries to which aid was allocated by the successive Belgian governments in the 1990s & differentiating between bilateral support agreements & contributions to the African aid fund of international institutions & nongovernmental organizations. The principles governing aid distribution to African countries are outlined, explaining the notions of macroconditionality, selectivity, & ownership. Belgian aid to a group of partner countries, concentrated in Central Africa & representing historical ties (colony or a trust territory), is placed in the context of other developed countries' involvement in the region. The shift in African policy & new modalities of aid elaborated by the current Belgian government of prime minister Guy Verhofstadt are critically assessed, discussing the administration, management, & control of aid, organizational dimensions (geographic localization, distribution channel, & sector division), the inefficiencies of excessive compartmentalization, & the threat of defederalization (shifting decision making from the federal to regional governments). 3 Tables, 1 Appendix, 18 References. Z. Dubiel

Switzerland's attitude toward the EEC is typical of the new foreign policy adopted by that country in 1947 under the heading "Neutrality & Solidarity." A number of centrifugal factors (the EEC is regarded as the center or the pole of attraction) have kept Switzerland out of the EEC although many other factors--economic & commerical, in particular, but also ideological, cultural, political, & geographic--tend toward closer ties with the EEC & have acted as "centripetal" forces. The main "centrifugal" factors were: Swiss neutrality, the federal system, & direct democracy, such economic elements as the fiscal & agricultural systems & especially psychological factors including attitudes & ideas concerning the EEC & the consequences of membership. Fear of bureaucratization & fear of infringement on individual liberties are greater stumbling-blocks than economic & political factors. Timely corrections & adaptations in the international commercial field (EFTA membership, advantages gained from the Kennedy Round, the 1972 Free Trade agreement with the enlarged EEC) have reduced the necessity to seek a closer relationship with the Community, Only drastic economic, social, & political changes in the evolution of the EEC or of Switzerland itself could bring about fundamental changes in the relationship between Switzerland & the EEC. Modified HA.

Typical of current work in contemporary Soviet political theory is the work of V. N. Danilenko, a specialist in French political theory which appeared in Sovjetskoje Gosoedarstvo i Pravo (1976, Apr). Danilenko analyzes some French political theorists. The needs of ideological struggle require attention to new development in bourgeois ideology. The crisis of world capitalism as well as the emergence of formerly colonial nations has created a need for a renovation of political theories. Today's interest in the typology of political systems is typical of that renovation effort. The French theorists are criticized for assuming the independence of the political & economic structures & for not recognizing the role of ideologies as well as of social & geographic factors. They absolutize political systems & study them abstractly. By contrast, Marxist-Leninist political science asserts that a political system is an expression of the relations between classes & of the means by which the dictatorship of the ruling class is enforced. Therefore, the important criteria in the classification of bourgeois systems are: the rights & liberties of the Wc, how the Wc is represented in the parliamentary institution, what share the Wc has in state power & to what extent the state is forced to respond to PO & use democratic means of government. The Soviet juridical literature is criticized for not recognizing the full diversity of bourgeois systems. However, Marxism-Leninism brings to light what all these systems have in common: they are dictatorships of the bourgeoisie. A. Orianne.

The hereafter following is abstract of the discourse held by Prof. dr. ir. C. L. Temminck Groll in honour of the jubilee 1899-1989 of the KNOB on September 23th 1989. The KNOB (Royal Antiquarian Society of the Netherlands) exists 90 years. A respectable age after human standards. Although a society depends on human devotion it does not know age limitations. This is an excellent moment to reflect upon our centenary. Then, in 1999, we will have to present an extremely good manifest for the coming millennium! We have been spoiled very much during the past 90 years. Which of the founders would have expected so many people professionally involved at the protection of monuments? Which of them could have estimated the money available to realize restoration activities? Still, despite of all we obtained, we are rightly concerned about our country and especially that part of the world beyond our borders. These concerns are formulated by the National Geographic Society which hereby stated: 'Can we save this fragile earth?' This society aims at the earth herself as well as at human achievements. Co-operation between the protection of nature and the protection of monuments certainly is sensible and could be one of our future actions. How much nature, how much culture is not already 'dead'! Wren's St. Benet in London f.e. seems saved, but surrounded by flowing thoroughfares the church misses every relation with the original urban structure. Thus in fact the monument has not been saved. At Liège, Belgium, 20th century traffic and concrete buildings overran the medieval Place St. Lambert. And what about the European countryside? How much harmonious farmer's land has not been industrialized yet? Old structures disappear everywhere. Instead of the newly made our Society had to study more and more the continuous changes of the already extant. As to our foreign activities, we can distinguish three angles of incidence. First of all: what can we learn from other countries? Our founder mr. dr. J.C. Overvoorde already realized the importance of study of the way monuments are protected in different European countries. ICOMOS at present is the platform to discuss organizational and substantial aspects. Second: stock-taking of Dutch cultural influences to other regions in Europe, which subject used to attract more attention than it does now. At last: Dutch influences beyond European borders. Like our founder in 1910-11 studied Hindu-Buddhistic antiquaries and the monuments of the Dutch East-Indian Company our Foundation Social History of the Dutch Oversea studies these treasures now. One of her working-groups tries to solve Indonesian problems with respect to the protection of monuments and started stocktaking of especially younger architecture and town-planning. Still, a lot remains to be done on this field in the 'West'! Borders fade. But with the introduction of new fields of work we may not forget the old. Not the older monuments, since we are occupied with the young, not the Dutch, being directed at the whole world. After the question of what we study, the question rises how. Our purpose always was protection. Unlike nature culture cannot renew herself: we have to 'maintain'. And then mankind also is a piece of nature with continuous new desires to which the extant has been adapted. 'Maintain' as well as 'adapt to' means: to change. We can let nature change the made - how beautifully weathered the ruins are! - but we can also preserve the weathering - until now. Replacement of weathered material by new in the shape of colour it used to have is another possibility. Also opinions about this sort of alterations are constantly changing. Thus a platform like the KNOB at national level or ICOMOS at international level will always be needed. That's why: an extremely good manifesto in 10 years. One that states that we are occupied with changing instead of static affairs. Alterations must be directed professionally in a careful and modest way. For the real is infinitely more valuable than the copy.