Suchergebnisse

Ecologo-geographical differentiation and dynamics of spring migration of water and semiaquatic birds of the Putorana Plateau are analyzed. Eight points were surveyed in the northern, southern, western and eastern parts of the region on the total area of 250 000 km², applying the method of route census. The water and semiaquatic avifauna of the Putorana Plateau during the spring migration period includes 68 species. The birds fly in north, east and west directions. They make stops at the river deltas that thaw out early. Bird population density at stops is from 15 to 227, on average (n = 8) 94 ind./1 km of coastline. The population of birds on lakes is always much smaller than on the adjacent river sections. The entire spring migration of water and semiaquatic birds on the Putorana Plateau takes place from May 19 to June 27 and lasts on average (n = 10) 23 days. The main passage runs from May 25 to June 17 and lasts on average (n = 8) 7 days. Spring migration is most intense in the west of the Putorana Plateau, where at least 20 000-30 000 individuals of water and semiaquatic birds fly through the surveyed points. There are 19 species among the dominants of water and semiaquatic habitats, including Eurasian Wigeon, Common Teal, Greytaild Tattler, Northern Pintail and Little Stint.

Biostratigraphic analysis of the cores from the Black Sea shelf in the northeastern part of the basin showed that the exposed Karangatian deposits contain shells of Didacna cristata and Didacna subcatillus mollusks in their upper part. The didacnae are of Caspian origin: they are characteristic species of the Hyrcanian transgressive basin that developed in the Caspian at the beginning of the Late Pleistocene. Mollusks migrated to the Karangatian Basin of the Black Sea through the strait that opened in the Manych Depression when the level of the Hyrcanian transgression overreached the threshold of the Manych runoff. The waters of the strait flowed into the Karangatian Basin in the final phase of its development when the sea level was lower than nowadays and salinity didn't exceed 18‰.

Search for correlations between different soil properties and assessment of their variability is important for understanding soil functioning, allows more optimal planning of field and laboratory research and creates the basis for fertilizing management and precision agriculture. This work is based on the data on the content of organic carbon, pH, bulk density, texture (fractions 1-0,25 mm; 0,25-0,05 mm; 0,05-0,01 mm; 0,01-0,005 mm; 0,005-0,001 mm and <0,001 mm and <0,01 mm), exchange calcium and magnesium carbonates for twelve sites of plowed Chernozems studied in the southern part of the Central Russian Upland (Belgorod oblast). Soil samples were taken layer by layer every 20 cm to 3 m depth. Weak correlation was revealed among studied soil characteristics of the plowed Chernozems. The least correlation with other soil characteristics is characteristic of bulk density, organic carbon content, content of fraction 0,25-0,05 mm and 0,01-0,005 mm. Correlation between the content of bicarbonates and pH values is observed only for accumulative - carbonate horizon and transition horizons. The largest number of correlations between different soil characteristics is for the non-plowed part of humus horizon and the top of transition horizon. The least amount of correlations between soil characteristics was found at depths from 80 to 100 cm. Comparison of the coefficients of variations calculated for different soil layers of a single profile (i. e. intraprofile variability) and for the same soil layers but from different profiles (i. e. lateral variability) showed that the intraprofile variability exceeds the lateral one for the organic carbon, exchangeable potassium and calcium content.

The main aim of the study is to elaborate the assessment methodology for studying the tourist attractiveness of cities. The assessment procedures were tested for small and medium cities of the Perm region. The cities were assessed according to 8 criteria and 30 indicators. According to the results of calculations, four groups of cities with different indices of tourist attractiveness were identified. The group of the highest tourism attractiveness included the cities of Kungur, Solikamsk, Tchaikovsky and Osa. These are mainly cities that have preserved a rich cultural and natural heritage; over the past two decades there is a systematic approach in making managerial decisions to create a friendly environment. The second group includes the cities of Kudymkar, Nytva, Lysva, Ocher, Cherdyn, Dobryanka and Krasnokamsk. The cities have less attractors of tourist flows. The exception is Cherdyn, which has a high density of cultural heritage, but lags behind in the formation of a service environment. The cities of the group have a high potential, but the increase in tourist attractiveness will depend on the diversification and intensification of the industrial and non-industrial spheres. The third group includes the cities of Gubakha, Chusovoy, Chernushka, Usolye, Krasnovishersk and Vereshchagino. Most of the cities are well-recognizable, due to their location near significant tourist landmarks. To increase the attractiveness of the city centers it is necessary to ensure their closer connection with the surrounding dominants in order to achieve a synergy effect. The fourth group included the cities of Chermoz, Okhansk, Kizel, Aleksandrovsk, Gornozavodsk and Gremyachinsk. The group brings together the cities with the highest share of the lowest performance scores. Their further development requires the formation of a touristfrien

The paper presents the quantitative and taxonomic analysis of siliceous microfossils (diatoms and radiolarians) of the ANS-33047 deepsea core (08°16,380′ N, 31°42,870′ W, 4027 mbsl, 5,16 mbsf), from the southern part of the Cape Verde Basin in the eastern equatorial Atlantic. We recognized two groups of radiolarians representing typical tropical-equatorial and temperate North Atlantic microfauna. The assemblage of fossil diatoms includes tropical-equatorial species, as well as freshwater diatoms which indicate the aeolian transfer of particulate matter from Africa. Sporadic distribution of diatoms and radiolarians indicates pulsatile character of silica accumulation in the equatorial zone during the Quaternary, i.e. intermittent periods with relatively intense and definitely weak silica accumulation. Both diatoms and radiolarians were dominant silica producers during the short intervals of marine isotope stages (MIS) 13-8. Their higher concentrations at ca. 513, 430, 300, and 250 ka probably reflect the penetration of highly productive waters of the Equatorial Divergence into the study area. Low numbers of diatoms coupled with the radiolarian abundance during some intervals of MIS 7-1 are probably the evidence of less productive conditions in the surface water layer and the alternating influence of deep-water paleo-upwellings, primarily on the subsurface. The peak of the freshwater diatoms at ca. 464 ka (MIS 12) indicates the possible intensification of deflation processes and the Tropical Easterly Jet transporting aeolian dust f rom African arid areas to the Atlantic Ocean.

The article analyses the scale and causes of shifts in the regional structure of a major industry market, i. e. the world coffee market. Among the factors that determined high dynamics of the global demand for coffee over the specified period, the growth of well-being of the world population is considered, which is especially fast in developing countries, significantly outpacing the "traditional" markets of developed countries in terms of the coffee consumption growth. Other factors considered are innovations in coffee production technologies, the continuing growth of the urbanization of the population, shifts in the structure of the types of labor activity of the population towards larger share of mental labor, whose representatives are characterized by increased rates of coffee consumption, the growing demand for more expensive and high-quality products, and the strengthening "status" role of coffee consumption. The regional structure of coffee consumption, which is formed under the influence of these factors, is considered. In line with the evolution of demand, there are significant shifts in the supply sphere; it is shown that the regional supply structure has experienced the most significant transformation in the green coffee commodity segment: the main coffee-producing regions of the world have changed their places - the share of Asia has sharply increased and the share of Africa has decreased. It is shown that Asia has also significantly increased its role in the other two main product segments, i.e. roasted and instant coffee. In general, the demonstrated "Asian" shift in the coffee market could evidence the essence of the current economic and geographical transition.

The dynamics of the phytoproduction process in the period from 1700 to 2020 AD was defined by means of dendrochronological analysis of fifty-five Siberian larch cores taken in a sparse cedar-larch herbaceous forest within the city of Nadym and on a sample plot twenty-six kilometers from Nadym in a sparse cedar-larch green moss-lichen forest. Comparison of generalized dendrochronologies allows us to conclude that before the active growth of the city in 1972, the increase in the control area was more variable and more by 1/3 than within the city. With the expansion of the city over the past 50 years, the increase in productivity within the city bounda-ries exceeded 2,4 times compared to the control area. Analysis of the statistical characteristics of the samples was carried out, showing the significance of the influence of the city on the growth of larches. The method of spatial air temperature differences between Nadym and Tarko-Sale, located 250 km to the southeast, was used. Warming in winter in Nadym was 2,8°C, which is 0,7°C more than in Tarko-Sale. The warming in the summer period is almost the same and amounted to 1,3-1,4°C with a standard deviation of the long-term series of 1,8°C. An increase in air temperature in Nadym could not but affect the growth of larch. The other factors for the growth of bioproductivity are the warming effect of the city (reduction of energy costs for evaporation and an increase in energy costs for heat exchange between the underlying surface and the atmosphere) and agro-forestry reclamation of natural forests.

The logical foundations of different interpretations of the fundamental "hydrosphere" concept, widely used in the Earth sciences, are discussed. Five principal interpretations of the hydrosphere notion were identified: the World Ocean; the World Ocean and all surface land waters; all surface and ground waters on the Earth; all surface and ground waters, as well as waters of the atmosphere, including atmospheric moisture; all forms of water present on the planet. Based on the concept of the phase-shell structure of the Earth, it is logically most reasonable to define the hydrosphere as a shell of the Earth, which embraces all water bodies located between the atmosphere and the lithosphere (the World Ocean, lakes, rivers, swamps, temporary and permanent snow and ice cover). The hydrosphere does not include water vapor in the atmosphere and groundwater, which are components of other geospheres, i.e. the atmosphere and the lithosphere, respectively.

Access to health care is a key component that determines the possibility of the earliest-possible promotion of health and well-being in the context of everyday life. The article analyzes the spatial accessibility of health services for the population of certain areas of the North of Russia. Urbanized and rural areas in the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions and the Yamal-Nenets autonomous region were studied. OpenStreetMap data was used, including information about the location of medical institutions and settlements, and the configuration of road network. Using the ArcGIS Network Analyst toolkit, different accessibility zones were identified for each study area. It was revealed that large cities located in the north of Russia are sufficiently provided with medical care in terms of spatial accessibility. More relevant is the issue of providing specialized types of medical care. Even cities located close to each other show unequal possibilities of obtaining specialized health care. The concentration of specialized care in several centers, without taking into account their transport accessibility, requires additional time and carries risks for the population because of the untimely access to medical care. Rural population remains the most vulnerable in terms of the access to medical care.

Bank and riverbed erosion produce a significant part of the sediment flux, i.e. its channel component. The article deals with the quantitative assessment of the channel sediment input for more than 14 000 km of the lower reaches of the Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Kamchatka and the Selenga River net. The absolute volumes of sediments supplied by bank erosion are maximum for the lower and middle Lena River (up to 38,7 million tons per year per 100 km of the channel). They are significantly lower for the lower and middle Ob River (down to 19,9 million tons per year per 100 km of the channel), and an order of magnitude smaller (about 2 million tons per year) for the Yenisei River because of the limited conditions for the development of channel processes, and for the Selenga and Kamchatka rivers because of the smaller size of rivers. The volume of sediments of channel origin is two times smaller, than the sediment runoff, for the Yenisei River and exceeds the sediment runoff up to 9 times for other rivers. The maximum rates of bank erosion are common for meandering and branched channels with wide floodplains. Most of the bank erosion within the braided sections of channels is the deformation of islands.

The article deals with topical issues of the development of small cities in Central Russia. The focus is on the spatial growth of small cities and the factors that determine the process. Examples of the spatial development of expanding and shrinking cities are discussed separately. All spatial growth factors were divided into two large groups, i.e. endogenous and exogenous. In the first case, the principal growth factor is the local population, whose efforts expand the urban space. In the second case, the external forces are of key importance, generally the decisions of higher authorities or the activities of large developers. The spatial expansion is quite logical for the growing cities. Most of them are located in the suburbs of regional centers, resulting in the peculiarities of their development due to construction of new multistorey housing complexes, cottage settlements and townhouse complexes. Interestingly, the spatial growth is characteristic of declining cities as well. Moreover, the factors of their spatial growth are more diverse. Therefore, subgroups were distinguished in each group of factors depending on additional causes and agents of change. The endogenous causes of growth include the construction of new housing for the well-off segments of the population, the construction of new social housing, the construction of new housing for the military and the employees of large industrial enterprises, etc. Administrative incorporations of nearby settlements (villages, station settlements, military towns) and the activities of external developers are among the exogenous factors. The study showed that many small towns expand their space under the influence of various factors, this leads to the complication of their urban structure.

The arable soils of Stavropol are affected by various natural and man-made factors that reduce soil fertility, therefore, the development of a number of specific soil protection measures is an important practical task. The processes affecting the soil are usually complex and include a certain number of factors (water erosion, deflation, etc.), which are more or less manifested on a certain type of chernozem and chestnut soils. The main task is to comprehensively assess the state of arable soils based on the information about the areas of factors affecting soils in the survey areas. For this purpose, the calculation method of main components is used, which allows to obtain the values of the complex indicator of the state of soil (CISS). It was found that the main component PC 1 includes the following significant factors: solonchaks and saline soils; salt marshes and washed away soils. The PC 2 component includes deflated and waterlogged soils. The main contribution to the PC 3 component is by the following factor: soils destroyed by combined erosion and deflation.The coordinates of the calculated point BST and the values of the CISS ( D i) are determined and calculated in the sub-space of selected principal components. Then by the method of data grouping, the surveyed areas of the region are rankedaccording to the CISS values and the groups of areas with satisfactory, moderate and unsatisfactory soil conditions are formed, and the CISS data are presented in cartographic form. The analysis of the map-scheme of certain types of soils over the territory of the region and their comparison with the data of the map of soil state level at the survey points allows to conclude that in most cases certain negative factors of soil-climatic character and soil genesis correspond to the unsatisfactory level of soil state according to the CISS values ( D i). Based on the comprehensive assessment of the soil state level, specific soil protection measures have been developed for basic tillage: energy-saving technologies with dump processing of semi-fallow lands in the areas with a satisfactory level; combined subsurface loosening in the areas with moderate level; and shallow mulching treatment down to 10-12 cm in deflationary areas and deep chiseling down to 40 cm on saline soils with unsatisfactory level of soil state.

The study is based on the results of multibeam echo-sounding and high-frequency seismic profiling during the 2018-2022 cruises of the R/V "Akademik Nikolai Strakhov" and "Akademik Boris Petrov". Regular changes of morphometric parameters and the internal structure of pingo-like formations of the shelves of the Pechora and Kara seas were revealed. A morphometric analysis of pingo-like formations was carried out, which made it possible to draw conclusions about their relative age, as well as the role of near-bottom currents and slope processes in their modern dynamics. It was found that the density and morphological variety of pingo-like formations depend on the geological and tectonic features of the bottom area, the presence and nature of permafrost, the intensity of degassing, and the time of shelf flooding during the Holocene transgression. Pingo-like formations on the shelf, where the depth exceeds 70-80 m, emerged at the early stages of the Holocene transgression, and by now the permafrost there has largely thawed out. At the same time, pingo-like formations are still prominent in the relief and actively transformed by bottom currents, slope and, possibly, pseudovolcanic processes associated with ongoing degassing. Pingo-like formations are rare within shallow (up to 20-30 m) shelf areas close to the shore, and, apparently, continue their evolution at present. At the same time, the large thickness and continuity of permafrost prevent active fluid flow, acting as a seal. Pingo-like formations in the shallow-water zones are mainly cone-shaped mounds without intensive degassing. The density of pingo-like formations is maximum at the intermediate depths (from 20-30 to 70-80 m), in the presence of insular or discontinuous permafrost, under high fluid flow intensity within the fault zones and oil- and gas-bearing structures. Near-surface sediments in such areas are characterized by a combination of localized processes of heaving and active degassing. It predetermines a wide variety of the morphological types of pingo-like formations.Keywords: Arctic, bottom topography, degassing, pingo-like features, acoustic anomalies, multibeam echo sounding, seismoacoustic profiling

Garment sector as a "heart" of life-supporting industrial complex and one of the most globalized, fragmented and geographically mobile industries provides the basis for empirical research of the international division of production and consumption. The article analyses the processes of formation of global production networks in the garment industry as a result of the activities of transnational companies in various geographical contexts (cities, regions and entire states) in the Asian region. Such production networks are becoming not only more complex from the organizational point of view, but also more and more global in their geographical scope. The main spatial and structural characteristics of global production networks of the leading companies in the industry (Nike, H&M and Fast Retailing) are considered by the method of geocoding and data aggregation using geographic information systems. Cartographic material is compiled on the basis of obtained spatial distribution. Its qualitative analysis, in combination with statistical data on the industry, makes it possible to form a comprehensive picture of the key areas of clothing production in Asia. The results demonstrate that despite the differences (from the price segment of products to the procurement strategy) the production networks of these firms are very similar, and their suppliers are concentrated in the largest cities and metropolitan agglomerations of Asia. The role of the countries of the Asian region is undeniably increasing in the garment industry, as well as on the global economic landscape as a whole. It was revealed that from 55 to 92% of suppliers of the leading firms are concentrated in Asia.

Based on data from old and modern maps and satellite images we reconstructed the arable land borders within a key plot (100 km2) in the Moscow region for 8 time periods, from the General Land Survey (1767) to the present day. Brief descriptions for the special geometric plans of the Bogorodsk, Dmitrov and Moscow districts ("uyezd") of the Moscow province ("guberniya") were analyzed for accurately describing the land use displayed on the General Land Survey plans. The contours of arable lands on the general land survey plans (1767) of the studied area refer to those under constant cultivation, while periodically abandoned land were described and measured separately. The dynamics of arable land borders for the studied period was analyzed using the scheme of landscape zoning, and data on the lithological and geomorphologic structure of the territory and morphometric characteristics of its relief. The prevailing slope gradients and the area of arable lands are identified for each time period. The maximum percentage of arable land under constant cultivation (42%) is characteristic for the end of the 18th century; the minimum (8%) is in evidence at the present time. It was found that the proximity to settlements and the degree of soil drainage were the principal factors determining the spatial structure of arable lands.