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Ben Bradshaw is an Associate Professor in Geography. His main strand of research focuses on relations between Aboriginal communities and mining firms in Canada, and especially their use of negotiated agreements – typically called Impact and Benefit Agreements (IBAs) - to settle their differences. This research has been aggressively oriented towards the needs of IBA signatories, which has been achieved, in part, through the creation of the popular IBA research network. Related work has sought to assist communities to develop a meaningful but systematic means of tracking change in their well-being in light of mining. For more information about Ben Bradshaw's research, please go to his website at https://www.uoguelph.ca/geography/people/faculty/bradshaw.shtml Noella Gray is an Assistant Professor in Geography. Broadly, she is interested in the politics of conservation and environmental governance – in how access to natural resources is defined, contested and legitimated by resource users, experts, civil society and the state. More specifically, she considers how science is incorporated into environmental policy, the politics of scale in marine conservation, and how resource management policies are negotiated under co-management arrangements. For more information about Noella Gray's research, please go to her website at https://www.uoguelph.ca/geography/people/faculty/gray.shtml ; Ben Bradshaw assists Aboriginal communities in Canada to track health outcomes related to mining; works to support relations with mining companies.Noella Gray informs marine conservation policy across scales, from global negotiations to local participation and tourism in marine protected areas.

In 1986, 585 out of 5,686 members of the Association of American Geographers declared their allegiance to the Historical Geography Specialty Group; among 50 AAG specialty groups, the historical geographers ranked 7th. Yet one prominent human geographer regards historical geography as "overdetermined," an "empty concept" conveying "few (if any) significant analytical distinctions" (Dear 1988: 270). Dear's argument is that, by definition, all geography should be historical, since "the central object in human geography is to understand the simultaneity of time and space in structuring social process." So the only subdisciplines of human geography which have any intellectual coherence are those focused on distinct processes—political, economic, social. To me, even this distinction is unrealistic and impracticable for research purposes. But Dear does not go so far as to argue that historical geography or other "overdetermined," "multidimensional," or "peripheral" subdisciplines are wrong, merely that they are incidental to geography's "intellectual identity."

By Definition, an Encyclopaedia is "A Work that Aims at Giving a comprehensive summary of all branches of knowledge… Encyclopaedias usually consist of articles on separate subjects arranged in dictionary or alphabetical order to facilitate use… ." A more differentiated view is given by the New Encyclopaedia Britannica, which describes encyclopaedias as follows: "Today most people think of an encyclopaedia as a multivolume compendium of all available knowledge, complete with maps and a detailed index, as well as numerous adjuncts such as bibliographies, illustrations, list of abbreviations and foreign expressions, gazetteers, and so on…"Unlike the Encyclopaedia Americana or the Encyclopaedia Britannica, whose primary goals have been and still are to serve as comprehensive and always up-to-date works of reference of general knowledge, the Encyclopaedia Iranica would fall under the category of specialized encyclopaedias "that have deliberately been planned for a special purpose" or even better: encyclopaedias of countries and regions "dealing with a single country and region."

Military geography in Australia is being revived. Under the Institute of Australian Geographers a Strategic and Military Geography Study Group has been formed to contribute some new thinking on military geography. Current themes are: strategic security geography, strategic military geography and military landscape ecology. The initial work of the group is framed by four key tenets: thinking "big picture" and taking a holistic view; using systems thinking; taking a participatory approach and engaging broadly; and using a multi-level learning process that maps across tactical, operational and strategic military domains. These concepts are applied through methodologies such as Systemic Action Research (Burns 2009) and are described in Holloway et al (2015) as an analytical framework that includes physical geography, human geography and cyber-geography. These explorations are firmly based on existing theories and practices in military geography and integrative geography, and seek to consider inter-linked fields such as post-conflict activities and humanitarian aid. The outcomes of the group's inaugural meeting included consideration of climate change impacts on the military and on security, Defence land management and military ecology, Defence-civilian information sharing and joint operations, teaching and using geography within Defence. Problem based and mission based research, integrated researchThe paper outlines this new thinking, some results and discusses potential opportunities for collaborations with other researchers interested in strategic and military geography.

Econ geography is concerned with the intricate sphere of relations between human society & its geographic environment. This involves studying both the laws governing the development of natural complexes & disclosing the possibilities of the utilization, & the soc laws which determine the given way of utilizing labor & natural resources, ie, the specific features of the formation & functioning of productive complexes in geographical space. Econ geography can contribute to development problems by analyses of territorial distribution & the relationship between the geographic environment & the utilization, distribution, combination & interaction of productive forces. 3 basic stages in the formulation of a country's development target may be singled out: (a) establishment of the most acute problems & bottle-necks of pop & economy, their hierarchization & interdependence; (b) identification, registration & appraisal of all potentials & resources for development: & (c) formulation of long-term policies & concrete plans of development. Econ geography can be of important help in these stages as well as in the implementation of development plans, in measuring a country's development by internat'l comparisons, & in the study of regions, in appraising potentials as well as actual resources. Special attention at all stages of planning should be paid to the evaluation & resolution of contradictions such as those, eg, between (1) gov & private viewpoints; (2) a branch & comprehensive (integral) approach; (3) nat'l, regional & local viewpoints; & (4) deriving the maximum econ results from the exploitation of natural resources & the possible future consequences of such exploitation. Planning at the regional level must proceed from targets & funds included in the nation-wide interregional plan. M. Maxfield.

The author would like to discuss the state of the geographic education and the neo-geographical practices in Japan. Most of the geography education in universities are still old-fashioned and aimed for educating professionals, the new type of mapping practices like neo-geography are dissociated from it (Dodge and Perkins, 2008) In recent years, such neo-geographical practices also became popular in Japanese society. People come to recognize the importance of geospatial data especially when they facing at the several heavy disaster situations in Japan. For example, Japanese registered users of OpenStreetMap are over 3,700 in September 2013 (http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/User:Techstrom/JapanData) and the users still increasing now. Open data/government policies also interested Japanese ordinary people in the neo-geographical practices, because they need the geographic viewpoints and analysis using such open data/government for solving the local issues. Such neo-geographical practices could be related to Japanese Neo-liberalism. Recent Japanese 'New Public Commons' could be associated with these practices. The openness, transparency and participatory natures of these practices attract attention by the Japanese local/national government. On the other hand, geography education in most of Japanese universities remains conservative style. The GIS education is biased toward the methods of using desktop, proprietary software like ArcGIS desktop. Although Japanese GIScience BoK(Body of Knowledge) has small mention about neo-geography, public participatory GIS(PPGIS) and internet GIS in the chapter of GIS and society, there is no mention related to these words in the chapter of GISc education(http://curricula.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp). However, such situation is now changing. The student have new chance to using various different open source softwares, web based platforms, and data collection initiatives (Cowan and Hinton 2014). The several universities in Japan now hire the new curriculum for learning GIS by neo-geographical tools. The students also learn the possibility and the limitation of neo-geographical mapping. Some university students now doing crisis mapping by OpenStreetMap and making the disaster map by FOSS4G software. There are some issues for excersize the new type of curriculum. The first problem is about keeping student's motivation at neo-geographical practices. Some times the data conflict caused by collaborative mapping would lose the motivation of student. At longer time scale, Sustainable neo-geographical practices will face difficulty because most of students did neogeographical practices when only they take the class. The new type of geography education needs the collaborative process with local neo-geographers for materialize sustainable practices.

For reasons of analytical tractability, new economic geography (NEG) models treat geography in a very simple way: attention is either confined to a simple 2-region or to an equidistant multi-region world. As a result, the main predictions regarding the impact of e.g. diminishing trade costs are based on these simple models. When doing empirical or policy work these simplifying assumptions become problematic and it may very well be that the conclusions from the simple models do not carry over to the heterogeneous geographical setting faced by the empirical researcher or policy maker. This paper tries to fill this gap by adding more realistic geography structures to the Puga (1999) model that encompasses several benchmark NEG models. By using extensive simulations we show that many, although not all, conclusions from the simple models do carry over to our multi-region setting with more realistic geography structures. Given these results, we then simulate the impact of increased EU integration on the spatial distribution of regional economic activity for a sample of 194-NUTSII regions and find that further integration will most likely be accompanied by higher levels of agglomeration.