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Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Destroying to create : the germanization of the Zywiec district by National Socialist Germany 1939 - 1944/45

The unusual activity of the Federal Republic of Germany during all integration processes in Europe was questioned after Gerhard Schröder's victory in the 1998 election. The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD – Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands), which for many years had been pushed into opposition, did not have a clear vision of its European policy, which gave rise to concerns from European partners.In addition, the coalition government of the SPD-Union 90/The Greens emphasized German interests in European politics more strongly than Christian Democratic governments.With a persistence that had never been seen before, they demanded that the financial burdens of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the EU budget be reduced and the Common Agricultural Policy be reformed, thereby giving up the "checkbook policy". One of the focal points became the reform of the European Union's institutional system and decision-making process. Joschka Fischer's "From a union of states to a federation" speech, related to the reform of the EU, delivered in May 2000, marked a breakthrough and started an international debate on the political form of the Union.The author of this paper presents German ideas on European integration and visions of the form of the European Union from 1998–2005. ; The unusual activity of the Federal Republic of Germany during all integration processes in Europe was questioned after Gerhard Schröder's victory in the 1998 election. The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD – Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands), which for many years had been pushed into opposition, did not have a clear vision of its European policy, which gave rise to concerns from European partners.In addition, the coalition government of the SPD-Union 90/The Greens emphasized German interests in European politics more strongly than Christian Democratic governments.With a persistence that had never been seen before, they demanded that the financial burdens of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the EU budget be reduced and the Common Agricultural Policy be reformed, thereby giving up the "checkbook policy". One of the focal points became the reform of the European Union's institutional system and decision-making process. Joschka Fischer's "From a union of states to a federation" speech, related to the reform of the EU, delivered in May 2000, marked a breakthrough and started an international debate on the political form of the Union.The author of this paper presents German ideas on European integration and visions of the form of the European Union from 1998–2005.

Opracowanie koncentruje się na przedstawieniu politycznych i prawnych aspektów dyskusji wokół realizacji projektu gazociągu Nord Stream 2 zarówno w Niemczech, jak również w szerszym kontekście – Unii Europejskiej i części państw członkowskich przeciwnych Nord Stream 2, podkreślających przy tym nie tylko zwiększenie zależności UE od rosyjskiego surowca, lecz także utratę znaczenia Ukrainy jako państwa tranzytowego. W artykule omówiono znaczenie gazu ziemnego w Niemczech, przede wszystkim w kontekście procesu transformacji energetycznej oraz przedstawiono odmienne stanowiska wobec Nord Stream 2, prezentowane przez rząd federalny, część elity politycznej i niektóre pozarządowe organizacje ekologiczne. Słowa kluczowe: Niemcy, Unia Europejska, gaz ziemny, Nord Stream 2 ; The study focuses on the presentation of political and legal aspects of the discussions regarding the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline implementation that were held both in Germany and in a broader context – in the EU and in some member states that were against Nord Stream 2. Those discussion were emphasizing not only the EU increasing dependence on the Russian gas, but also the loss of Ukraine's importance as a transit state. The article discusses the importance of natural gas in Germany, especially in the process of energy transformation, as well as diff erent positions on Nord Stream 2 presented by the federal government, part of the political elite and some non-governmental environmental organizations. Key words: Germany, European Union, natural gas, Nord Stream 2