Suchergebnisse

Presents the developments in the field of arsenic in soil and groundwater. Arranged into nine sections, this text emphasizes the global occurrences of arsenic in the environment, particularly on its source, pathways, behavior, and effects it has on soils, plants, water, animals, and humans.

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment management (E-waste or WEEE) is a crucial issue in the solid waste management sector with global interconnections between well-developed, transitional and developing countries. Consumption society and addiction to technology dictate the daily life in high and middle-income countries where population consumes large amounts of EEE products (electrical and electronic equipment) which sooner become e-waste. This fraction is a fast-growing waste stream which needs special treatment and management due to the toxic potential of public health and environment. On the other hand, the e-waste contains valuable materials which may be recovered (precious metals, Cu) reused and recycled (metals, plastics) by various industries mitigating the consumption of natural resources. The new challenge of e-waste management system is to shift the paradigm from a toxic pollution source to a viable resource in the context of sustainable development.

Abstract
The Rockefeller Foundation (RF) was the first major American philanthropic organization to engage in public health issues in China and India. Since the early years of its inception, the RF has been very influential in the global development of public health, not only through its grant-making but also by participating in shaping concepts and policies. Science-based innovations with a biomedical focus have formed the basis of the foundation's public health approach and there has always been an overt focus on technological solutions to social issues. This article explores the differences in the scope, nature, and depth of the engagement of the RF with health institutions and programmes in China and India in the early twentieth century. Drawing from archival resources and secondary literature, this article traces the RF's historical development in China and India in depth, its philanthropic giving, its impact on knowledge construction, social policies, and the agenda it has sought to fulfil.

A review of Para-States and Medical Science: Making African Global Health by Paul Wenzel Geissler (Duke University Press, 2015)

This report synthesizes the findings from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) global and sub-global assessments of how ecosystem changes do, or could, affect human health and well-being. Over the past 50 years humans have changed natural ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than any comparable period in human history. The findings provide the strongest evidence so far of the ways in which pressures on ecosystems have resulted in the loss of vital ecosystem services, which purify and replenish water, soil and air resources essential to health, and also keep many diseases in check. Loss

COVER -- TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND BOXES -- FOREWORD -- ABOUT THE AUTHORS -- AUTHORS' REFLECTIONS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PUBLISHER'S NOTE -- 1 TYPES OF DISASTERS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES -- 2 ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY OF PUBLIC HEALTH -- 3 STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN DISASTER RESPONSE -- 4 ESSENTIALS OF DISASTER PLANNING -- 5 DISASTER SURVEILLANCE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS -- 6 RISK AND RAPID HEALTH ASSESSMENTS -- 7 DISASTER COMMUNICATIONS -- 8 BEHAVIORAL HEALTH STRATEGIES -- 9 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ISSUES -- 10 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN DISASTERS -- 11 PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES AND OTHERS WITH ACCESS AND FUNCTIONAL NEEDS -- 12 PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE TO EMERGING INFECTIONS AND BIOEVENTS -- 13 PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS IN RESPONSE, RECOVERY, AND RECONSTRUCTION -- 14 EVALUATION METHODS FOR ASSESSING PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESPONSE TO DISASTERS -- 15 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES -- BASICS -- APPENDIX A: COMMON TERMS USED IN DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE -- APPENDIX B: COMMON ACRONYMS USED IN DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE, AND RECOVERY -- APPENDIX C: THE LANGUAGE OF DISASTERS, EMERGENCIES, HAZARDS, AND INCIDENTS -- APPENDIX D: COMPARISON OF THE LAST FIVE GLOBAL PANDEMICS AND SEASONAL INFLUENZA -- STANDARDS, CAPABILITIES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES -- APPENDIX E: PUBLIC HEALTH PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE CORE COMPETENCY MODEL -- APPENDIX F: PUBLIC HEALTH PREPAREDNESS CAPABILITIES: NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR STATE AND LOCAL PLANNING -- APPENDIX G: 10 ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES -- APPENDIX H: EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION #8: PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES -- APPENDIX I: CORE CAPABILITIES -- MANAGEMENT STANDARDS -- APPENDIX J: REQUIRED ELEMENTS OF RISK ASSESSMENT -- MORBIDITY -- APPENDIX K: COMMON FOOD BORNE DISEASES.

Ocean health is critical for human well-being but is threatened by multiple stressors. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity agreed to protect 10% of their waters by 2020. The scientific evidence supporting the use of marine protected areas (MPAs) to conserve biodiversity stems primarily from knowledge on fully protected areas, but most of what is being established is partially protected. Here, we assess the protection levels of the 1,062 Mediterranean MPAs. While 6.01% of the Mediterranean is covered by protection, 95% of this area shows no difference between the regulations imposed inside the MPAs compared with those outside. Full and high levels of protection, the most effective for biodiversity conservation, represent only 0.23% of the basin and are unevenly distributed across political boundaries and eco-regions. Our current efforts are insufficient at managing human uses of nature at sea, and protection levels should be increased to deliver tangible benefits for biodiversity conservation.

Childhood lead poisoning is an important, preventable environmental disease affecting millions of children around the world. The effects of lead are well known and range from delayed and adversely affected neurodevelopment to severe health outcomes including seizures, coma, and death. This article reviews the childhood effects of lead poisoning, the approach being taken to the problem in the United States, and the obstacles faced by developing nations in dealing with lead exposure. The United States has attacked the childhood lead poisoning problem by attempting to eliminate sources of exposure, including gasoline, solder in water pipes and cans, and industrial emissions. These actions have resulted in a dramatic reduction in the number of children with elevated blood lead levels in the United States over the last two decades. However, many developing countries are just beginning to address the problem. Successful efforts will need to incorporate epidemiologic methods, source identification, enforced regulations, and a long-term government commitment to eliminating lead as a threat to the next generation of children.

Abstract
The proposal for a European Health Data Space aims at creating a common space where individuals may control their health data in a trusted and secure way. The objective is not only improving healthcare delivery, but also enhancing the opportunities to use health data for research and innovation. To achieve these results, the proposal implements a mandatory self-certification scheme for European health records systems as well as for wellness devices and applications, setting up essential requirements related to interoperability and security. Although this is the first intervention that sets a horizontal framework that is mandatory for all Member States, the security requirements that are included in the legislative proposal are not sufficiently detailed and comprehensive. Given that cyberthreats are increasing and security incidents affecting health data may potentially have an impact on the lives of patients, it is important that cybersecurity measures are adopted and implemented in the most effective way. The paper will analyse the European Health Data Space proposal pointing to the open issues and doubts that may be emerging and it will compare them with the proposed Cyber Resilience Act, identifying the issues that may be solved thanks to this horizontal regulation and the ones that instead remain open.

Given the serious global public health threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) I welcome the holding of this One Health conference focusing on AMR, and anthelmintic resistance. The Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine continues to focus on a joined-up approach to animal health under the One Health umbrella. 'One Health' is an approach to designing and implementing programmes, policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes. The challenge of AMR underpins the One Health concept. Ireland's National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (iNAP), jointly developed with colleagues from the Department of Health, and the environment sector, recognises the urgent and growing problem of antimicrobial resistance for human health worldwide. It is currently being implemented through successful stakeholder leadership and collaboration. Anthelmintic resistance has been widely reported in parasites of a number of livestock species in Ireland, and is now an increasing problem nationally. Globally, resistance to all currently used antiparasitic veterinary medicinal products has been demonstrated. Resistance to anthelmintics is developing year-on-year, and is now a significant animal health issue. There is a responsibility on the agri-food industry to address its part in the major global challenge posed by AMR and anthelmintic resistance. This conference aims to both inform veterinary practitioners and farmers from the various animal sectors, and to also allow for discussion and debate around key interventions that can be put into practice to combat AMR and anthelmintic resistance. This conference places an emphasis on not simply increasing awareness, but also highlighting actions that can be taken to mitigate against the risk of further development and spread of both AMR and anthelmintic resistance. Tackling AMR and anthelmintic resistance collectively is critically important to achieving sustainable development of the agri-food sector. I wish to thank my colleagues in Teagasc, my department, Animal Health Ireland, University College Dublin and the Food Safety Authority of Ireland for organising this event. I hope you find this conference informative and that you leave with a better understanding of your respective roles and responsibilities to keep antibiotics and anthelmintics working effectively into the future.

Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol: First Step towards an Alcohol Framework Convention? English Summary: At the 61st World Health Assembly, the 193 member states discussed and ratified the global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. Firstly, 10 target areas have been identified within the strategy and alcohol policy should be structured according to these areas. The contribution of Anderson (2011) discusses these target areas with respect to supporting empirical evidence and policy implications. The final target area is Monitoring and Surveillance, and the other two contributions fall under this topic. Shield, Rehm, Patra & Rehm (2011) provide an overview of worldwide adult per capita consumption. Per capita consumption is associated indirectly to alcohol-related harm: as higher consumption generally leads to more harm, but the level of association varies according to economic indicators. Countries with lower GDP PPP experience more harm as they have more risks associated to alcohol such as infectious diseases like tuberculosis and/or a less developed health care system. The last contribution to this topic focuses solely on Germany and includes both health as well as social consequences ( Kraus, Piontek, Pabst & Bühringer, 2011 ). It needs to be recognized that the global strategy contains merely suggestions that are not binding to any of the member states. It is not yet shown whether this strategy is enough to combat the rising global alcohol-related harm and there have been suggestions to adopt a more binding form of international arrangement such as the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control.