Šport je z modernizacijo družbe in intenzivnejšo globalizacijo postal visoko organiziran in strukturiran globalni fenomen. Na njegov razvoj so vplivali različni dejavniki, vodenje na globalni ravni pa so prevzele mednarodne športne organizacije, v prvi vrsti Mednarodni olimpijski komite (MOK), okrog katerega se je izoblikoval t. i. reguliran olimpijski sistem. Disciplina Mednarodnih odnosov v primerjavi z ostalimi družbenimi vedami zaostaja pri proučevanju globalnega športa, ki tako ostaja eden manj vidnih in proučevanih vidikov globalnega vladanja. Eden od razlogov za to je tudi odsotnost resne in sistematične teoretske analize. Za zapolnitev te vrzeli je cilj magistrskega dela odgovoriti na vprašanje, kako lahko z uporabo teorij mednarodnih odnosov in analizo olimpijskega sistema z značilnostmi globalnega vladanja razumemo nastanek, obstoj in delovanje globalnega vladanja na področju športa kot enega izmed področij globalnega vladanja. Opredelitev reguliranega olimpijskega sistema kot globalnega vladanja na področju športa omogoča uporabo prevladujočih teorij mednarodnih odnosov (realizma, liberalizma, konstruktivizma, marksističnih teorij) na tem področju. Te v okviru svojih zmožnosti razlagajo in pojasnjujejo delovanje globalnega vladanja na področju športa, skupno pa izpostavijo pomembne elemente in pojave globalnega športnega vladanja. Analiza ponudi razmislek o nadaljnjem teoretičnem raziskovanju tega področja. ; The modernisation of society and intensive globalisation led sport to become a highly organised and structured phenomenon. Its development was influenced by various factors, while management at a global level has been taken over by international sport organisations, primarily by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), around which a regulated Olympic System has developed. In the examination of global sport, as one of the less visible and explored aspects of global governance, the discipline of International Relations falls behind other social sciences. One of the reasons for this is also the absence of a systematic theoretical analysis of this area. In order to fill this gap, this master thesis aims to answer the question: how can the use of the theories of international relations and an analysis of the Olympic System with features of global governance help us understand the emergence, the existence and the functioning of global governance in the field of sport as one of the fields of global governance? The identification of the regulated Olympic System as global governance in the field of sport enables the application of dominant theories of international relations (realism, liberalism, constructivism and Marxist theories) onto this field. The theories, within the limits of their capacities, interpret and explain the functioning of global governance in the field of sport, and, as a set of theories, they highlight the important elements and phenomena of global sport governance. The analysis offers a reflection on the further theoretical exploration of this field.
The article contributes to the theoretical debate on the current state of the global economic system and the implications it holds for the (re)distribution of social and economic power. The theoretical framework of the discussion builds upon critical accounts of the rise of platform capitalism – an economic and social system founded on digitalised work. The imagining of futures is based on the mapping of possible actors and paths of the continuation or disruption of ongoing trends. Although digitalisation in principle holds the potential to foster economic growth and reduce inequalities, the accelerated development of the digital economy in the last few decades has been accompanied by unequally distributed positive and negative economic outcomes. Overcoming the precariousness of work and life as a universal problem should be founded in simultaneous local, short-term, partial resistance and attempts to limit the negative impacts and spread of precariousness on one hand and conceptualising and promoting comprehensive and universal solutions to precariousness on the other as part of a general rethinking of the social, political and economic order of our age. Keywords: digital technology, digital economy, precarious work and life, platform economy, platform capitalism, economic power, economic inequalities
V magistrskem delu obravnavam vpliv svetovne finančne in gospodarske krize, ki je nastala leta 2007 v Združenih državah Amerike ter se nemudoma globalizirala po vseh celinah, na delovanje nevladnih organizacij. V prvi vrsti gre za pereč problem sodobnega sveta, pri čemer pa je za nevladne organizacije, ki delujejo v človekovo dobrobit, značilno, da so večinoma še bolj aktivne v času raznih kriz. Glavni cilj magistrskega dela je ugotoviti, kako je svetovna finančna in gospodarska kriza vplivala na financiranje ter posledično delovanje nevladne organizacije Greenpeace ter s kakšnimi izzivi se dandanes srečujejo nevladne organizacije. Glavne uporabljene metode raziskovanja so metoda pridobivanja podatkov, statistična metoda in primerjalna analiza. Rezultati analize pokažejo, da je obdobje pred nastankom svetovne finančne in gospodarske krize (od leta 2005 do leta 2007) zaznamoval presežek prihodkov nevladne organizacije Greenpeace nad njenimi odhodki. V obdobju med svetovno finančno in gospodarsko krizo (od leta 2008 do leta 2009) je prišlo do upada presežka njenih prihodkov nad odhodki, obdobje po nastanku svetovne finančne in gospodarske krize (od leta 2010 do leta 2015) pa je zaznamovalo konstantno nihanje presežka njenih prihodkov nad odhodki. Na podlagi ugotovitev je nevladna organizacija Greenpeace v obdobju od leta 2008 do leta 2009 zaradi vpliva svetovne finančne in gospodarske krize beležila upad subvencij, dotacij, regresov, kompenzacij in drugih prihodkov ter posledično namenila manj finančnih sredstev za globalne okoljevarstvene aktivnosti. ; This master's thesis discuss the impact of the global financial and economic crisis, that emerged in 2007 in the United States and immediately globalized across all continents, to the functioning of non-governmental organizations. It represents a pressing problem of the modern world, wherefore non-governmental organizations are more active in times of various crises. The main goal of the master's thesis is to find out how the global financial and economic crisis affected non-governmental organization's Greenpeace financing and functioning and furthermore with what kind of challenges are non-governmental organizations encountered these days. The main methods of research used are the method of data acquisition, statistical method and comparative analysis. The results of the analysis show that the period preceding the onset of the global financial and economic crisis (from 2005 to 2007) was marked by a surplus of the non-governmental organization Greenpeace. In the period between the global financial and economic crisis (from 2008 to 2009) the surplus reduced. The period after the onset of the global financial and economic crisis (from 2010 to 2015) was marked by a constant fluctuation in the surplus. On the basis of the findings non-governmental organization Greenpeace due to the impact of the global financial and economic crisis (from 2008 to 2009) recorded a decline in subsidies, grants, regressions, compensations and other revenues, wherefore devoted less financial resources to global environmental activities.
Although the new international economic order (NIEO) has mostly been assessed as a failure, its ideas still seem relevant in today's crisis environment. The new context clearly shows that the existing liberal international order is ineffective and calls for deep changes like in the times of the developing countries' fight for the NIEO. The article considers whether its principles remain of relevance today, which ones have been amended and which should be newly introduced, all based on NIEO-related lessons. Dilemmas between international law or a rules-based order as a framework for global governance and whether the proposed new inclusive global economic order is to be based on values (and if so, which) are evaluated. Keywords: new international economic order, new inclusive global economic order, rules-based order, values, principles, international law, global governance, lessons
Abstract. The objective of the article was to evaluate the relationship between the Covid-19 pandemic and globalisation (GLO) and de-globalisation (de-GLO) tendencies. Based on a theoretical evaluation of this relationship as well as historical development, it concludes that Covid-19 is not the mother of de-GLO but its child, born in a completely new global context facilitating the pandemic. The roots of the pandemic's conception are more deeply embedded in the capitalist system, in its principal elements (market system, consumerist development model…). GLO as a global division of labour is not over; the factors enhancing GLO are winning over those slowing it down, provided that GLO becomes more egalitarian and more human. A fully-fledged de-GLO would be inefficient and painful. While the pandemic is not a black swan, it could have been predicted. Such an unprecedented crisis impersonated by the pandemic also offers an opportunity to fundamentally rethink of our theories, way of life and development paradigm and, not the least, the whole system to be better prepared for future similar crises. Keywords: Globalisation, de-globalisation, Covid-19, development model, anthropocentrism, system, history of GLO, future of GLO, post pandemic
Standing on the threshold of the third millennium, it seems clear that the buzzword "globalization" can describe the direction of studies in several different fields, including aesthetics. As several forces -- technological, economic, & political -- continue to intertwine people, as never before, the need for research that is global in range becomes an absolute necessity. Globalization does not concern just economy & politics; especially important is the role of culture in this process, as well as the possibility that we can give some philosophical determination of globalization. Adapted from the source document.
Abstract. In which ways can we theorise the recent illegalised migrations in Europe? This article considers theoretical novelties in the field of migration studies that have emerged since the mass migration into the European Union seen in 2015. Methodologically, the authors combine critical (discursive) analysis with the testing of certain still relevant theoretical concepts that have yet to be applied in migration studies, based on fieldwork along the Balkan Route over the last 5 years. The analysis has shown that the defining and decisive feature of the recent illegalised migrations, insufficiently considered by migrations scholarship, is the political subjectivity and agency of the migrants. Recognition of such agency makes migration the site of the critique of global inequalities and the site of inclusive social transformation. Keywords: Migrations; Europe; Political Theory; State; Balkan Migrant Route
Abstract. In this article we present findings from focus groups (FGs) consisting of academics and practitioners in the higher education (HE) field from different parts of the world, who debated their perceptions of the current state of the art in the HE field. The main findings, which call for further research, as well as activities of academics, practitioners and policymakers at various levels, are as follows: 1) there is a gap between basic academic research and applied research (with the latter often not meeting the appropriate conceptual level), which needs to be closed; 2) this gap is expressed also in the global context of the HE field; 3) multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity, methodological quality of both basic and applied research need to be developed and 4) scholars', practitioners' and governments' (policymakers') responsibilities need to be addressed. Keywords: higher education (HE), research, academics, practitioners, government, policy
La Guerra Fría ha sido leída tradicionalmente a partir de las confrontaciones (bélicas, ideológicas, económicas, etc.) que implicó, dividiendo gran parte del orbe en bloques antagónicos. No obstante, este conflicto global también debe ser entendido como un factor clave para propiciar el acercamiento entre naciones que históricamente no habían mantenido contactos particularmente estrechos. En este sentido, resulta paradigmática la plétora de intercambios de diversa índole que la Cuba revolucionaria tejió, desde bien temprano, con los distintos países europeos. Pero, además, las tensiones geopolíticas espolearon la visión del intelectual o del artista como un agente cultural comprometido, hermanado con luchas que adquirieron proyección mundial o, cuando menos, internacional. Este monográfico persigue contar estas y otras historias que han sido aún poco transitadas por la crítica y que necesitan, por tanto, de empeños colectivos que nos permitan entender a cabalidad un fenómeno complejo, donde el campo cultural colude permanentemente con las esferas políticas e ideológicas, y donde el enfoque transnacional supone, más que una virtud, una necesidad. ; La Guerra Fría ha sido leída tradicionalmente a partir de las confrontaciones (bélicas, ideológicas, económicas, etc.) que implicó, dividiendo gran parte del orbe en bloques antagónicos. No obstante, este conflicto global también debe ser entendido como un factor clave para propiciar el acercamiento entre naciones que históricamente no habían mantenido contactos particularmente estrechos. En este sentido, resulta paradigmática la plétora de intercambios de diversa índole que la Cuba revolucionaria tejió, desde bien temprano, con los distintos países europeos. Pero, además, las tensiones geopolíticas espolearon la visión del intelectual o del artista como un agente cultural comprometido, hermanado con luchas que adquirieron proyección mundial o, cuando menos, internacional. Este monográfico persigue contar estas y otras historias que han sido aún poco transitadas por la crítica y que necesitan, por tanto, de empeños colectivos que nos permitan entender a cabalidad un fenómeno complejo, donde el campo cultural colude permanentemente con las esferas políticas e ideológicas, y donde el enfoque transnacional supone, más que una virtud, una necesidad. ; La Guerra Fría ha sido leída tradicionalmente a partir de las confrontaciones (bélicas, ideológicas, económicas, etc.) que implicó, dividiendo gran parte del orbe en bloques antagónicos. No obstante, este conflicto global también debe ser entendido como un factor clave para propiciar el acercamiento entre naciones que históricamente no habían mantenido contactos particularmente estrechos. En este sentido, resulta paradigmática la plétora de intercambios de diversa índole que la Cuba revolucionaria tejió, desde bien temprano, con los distintos países europeos. Pero, además, las tensiones geopolíticas espolearon la visión del intelectual o del artista como un agente cultural comprometido, hermanado con luchas que adquirieron proyección mundial o, cuando menos, internacional. Este monográfico persigue contar estas y otras historias que han sido aún poco transitadas por la crítica y que necesitan, por tanto, de empeños colectivos que nos permitan entender a cabalidad un fenómeno complejo, donde el campo cultural colude permanentemente con las esferas políticas e ideológicas, y donde el enfoque transnacional supone, más que una virtud, una necesidad. ; La Guerra Fría ha sido leída tradicionalmente a partir de las confrontaciones (bélicas, ideológicas, económicas, etc.) que implicó, dividiendo gran parte del orbe en bloques antagónicos. No obstante, este conflicto global también debe ser entendido como un factor clave para propiciar el acercamiento entre naciones que históricamente no habían mantenido contactos particularmente estrechos. En este sentido, resulta paradigmática la plétora de intercambios de diversa índole que la Cuba revolucionaria tejió, desde bien temprano, con los distintos países europeos. Pero, además, las tensiones geopolíticas espolearon la visión del intelectual o del artista como un agente cultural comprometido, hermanado con luchas que adquirieron proyección mundial o, cuando menos, internacional. Este monográfico persigue contar estas y otras historias que han sido aún poco transitadas por la crítica y que necesitan, por tanto, de empeños colectivos que nos permitan entender a cabalidad un fenómeno complejo, donde el campo cultural colude permanentemente con las esferas políticas e ideológicas, y donde el enfoque transnacional supone, más que una virtud, una necesidad. ; La Guerra Fría ha sido leída tradicionalmente a partir de las confrontaciones (bélicas, ideológicas, económicas, etc.) que implicó, dividiendo gran parte del orbe en bloques antagónicos. No obstante, este conflicto global también debe ser entendido como un factor clave para propiciar el acercamiento entre naciones que históricamente no habían mantenido contactos particularmente estrechos. En este sentido, resulta paradigmática la plétora de intercambios de diversa índole que la Cuba revolucionaria tejió, desde bien temprano, con los distintos países europeos. Pero, además, las tensiones geopolíticas espolearon la visión del intelectual o del artista como un agente cultural comprometido, hermanado con luchas que adquirieron proyección mundial o, cuando menos, internacional. Este monográfico persigue contar estas y otras historias que han sido aún poco transitadas por la crítica y que necesitan, por tanto, de empeños colectivos que nos permitan entender a cabalidad un fenómeno complejo, donde el campo cultural colude permanentemente con las esferas políticas e ideológicas, y donde el enfoque transnacional supone, más que una virtud, una necesidad. ; Uveljavljeno pojmovanje hladne vojne temelji na vojnih, ideoloških in gospodarskih spopadih, ki jih je implicirala in ki so razdelili velik del sveta na dva nasprotna bloka. A ta globalni konflikt je treba razumeti tudi kot ključni dejavnik zbliževanja med narodi, ki zgodovinsko niso imeli posebno tesnih stikov. V tem pogledu je paradigmatična množica najrazličnejših izmenjav, ki jih je že zelo kmalu po revoluciji spletla Kuba z nekaterimi evropskimi državami. Geopolitične napetosti so tudi spodbudile pogled na intelektualca ali umetnika kot angažiranega kulturnega posrednika, močno predanega boju, ki je prerasel v svetovni ali vsaj mednarodni pojav. Pričujoča tematska številka revije želi spregovoriti o teh in drugih vidikih, ki se jim je dosedanja kritika malo posvečala in ki terjajo skupinsko obravnavo, da bi lahko bolje razumeli kompleksni pojav, pri katerem kulturno področje nenehno zadeva ob politične in ideološke sfere in pri katerem transnacionalni pristop ni le kvaliteta, temveč nuja.
The article examines the deliberation of higher education (HE) scholars and practitioners on research issues in the HE field, which has taken into account the complexity of current trends of deglobalisation and changing characteristics of globalisation. More precisely, the article offers a systematic review of the ideas developed by focus group participants (FGPs) from different parts of the world while debating internationalisation, globalisation and Europeanisation with respect to the field of HE. These FGPs agreed that: 1) theoretical definitions used by academics and practitioners are currently socially constructed in a biased way (in favour of the Anglo-North American point of view); 2) academic research (notably conceptual definitions) must better take into account the issues contextually and dynamically across time and space; and 3) that HE research is in the stage when a more theoretically refined and a methodologically stronger new global wave of empirical research is required for further advancement of theorising and practitioners' work. Keywords: higher education, methods, theory, definitions, globalisation, internationalisation, Europeanisation
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on older people's lives on a global scale but for some marginalised communities have seen a marked exacerbation of health and other inequalities. Research has highlighted the impact of the pandemic on lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT+) people's lives, but less has been documented about the experiences of LGBT+ older communities and how their specific needs have been mediated. Community-based advocacy organisations are central to promoting LGBT+ human rights in the UK through its social movements, and this paper explores their role and significance during a distinct period of the UK mandatory isolation. Drawing on a case study approach based on qualitative interviews with six key LGBT+ community organisations in the UK, we captured their insights into how they navigated support for older people when faced with limited resources and the challenges posed by mandatory physical and social distancing. We position these events in current discourse about structural and health inequalities for LGBT+ ageing in the UK.
The article is concerned with typology of differentiated author's opinions on the world economy phenomena, as internationalization, integration and globalization. The author examines, from the international political economy point of view, their differences and formulates three phases of internationalization process. The author defines also the relation of these phenomena to the process of integration and regionalization in the world economy and pays attention to frequently discussed topic of global governance as well. The author further examines the possibilities of measuring globalization process intensity on both world wide and national economy levels. The article assigns a set of characteristic features or indicators making possible to define main limits of when a given national economy can be hold as being incorporated and in what rate into the globalization process. This step of identification of globalization intensity rate is very important, as starting point, when a strategy of adaptation to globalization trends is needed to be formulated, evidently, closely with the competitiveness growth and catching-up strategy elaboration. Adapted from the source document.
Doktorska disertacija preučuje specifično usmeritev mednarodne ekonomije, in sicer področje politik razvojne pomoči. Znotraj tega vsebinskega okvirja smo se osredotočili na njeno učinkovitost predvsem zaradi aktualnosti problematike kot številnih s tem povezanih globalnih izzivov. Razvojna pomoč, kot osrednja tematika disertacije, predstavlja temeljni koncept, s katerim države poskušajo razreševati razvojne razlike v svetu. Preučevanje učinkovitosti razvojne pomoči je v okviru ekonomskih znanosti zelo perspektiven koncept, predvsem zaradi dejstva, da je prepad med razvitimi državami globalnega severa in globalnega juga večji kot kadarkoli, dosedanje študije, kot tudi modeli razreševanja pa niso ponudili učinkovitih rešitev za spremembe oz. izboljšanje trenutnega stanja. Vse omenjeno smo preučevali na skupini držav Afrike, Karibov in Pacifika (AKP) iz dveh glavnih razlogov. Prvič, ker je velika večina držav v skupini dolgoletnih prejemnic razvojne pomoči, in drugič, ker omogoča dobro podlago za preučevanje, saj v njo spadajo tako najrevnejše podsaharske države, kot tudi otoške države, ki so v zadnjih letih doživele hiter gospodarski napredek. Struktura disertacije temelji tako na teoretičnem kot tudi aplikativnem delu. V prvem delu, tako predstavimo temeljne teoretične pojme iz razvojne ekonomije odnosov sever-jug, zgodovino sodelovanja držav AKP-ja z različnimi mednarodnimi akterji in teoretične opredelitve razvojne pomoči in njene učinkovitosti. Drugi del je namenjen aplikativni raziskavi učinkovitosti politik razvojne pomoči. Države skupine AKP smo tako razdelili v dve skupini. V skupino A, kjer so tiste, ki so prejele več razvojne pomoči, in skupino B, kjer so tiste, ki so prejele manj. Predpostavljali smo, da so države, ki so prejele več razvojne pomoči, naredile večji razvojni napredek. Njihov napredek smo preučevali na petih ekonomskih in socialnih razvojnih indikatorjih: BDP na prebivalca, obseg izvoza blaga in storitev, smrtnosti otrok do petega leta starosti, rast pričakovane življenjske dobe in število migracij. Na podlagi pridobljenih rezultatov za posamezno področje smo nato generalno sklepali ali so politike razvojne pomoči dosegle svoj namen, torej ali so bile učinkovite. Iz vsebinskega vidika je disertacija izvirni doprinos k ekonomski znanosti pri preučevanju problematike sedanjega sistema podeljevanja razvojne pomoči in posledično njene učinkovitosti, raziskovanja razvojne problematike v državah skupine AKP ter predlogom razreševanja sodobnih izzivov mednarodnega razvoja. Prav tako zapolnjuje vrzel pri preučevanju koncepta mednarodnega razvoja s kvalitativnimi metodami raziskovanja, saj so obstoječe raziskave izrazito kvantificirane. Ker je disertacija napisana v slovenskem jeziku je tudi prispevek k maloštevilni literaturi na tem področju in k nadaljnjem raziskovanju mednarodne razvojne problematike in s tem povezanih globalnih izzivov. ; This PhD dissertation studies a specific direction of international economics — the field of development aid policies, and focuses on its efficiency, mainly due to the relevance of the issue, since it is associated with numerous global challenges. Development aid, as the central theme of this dissertation presents the underlying concept, with which countries attempt to resolve developmental differences around the world. Studying the efficiency of development aid in terms of economic sciences is a very promising concept, mainly due to the fact that the gap between the developed countries of the global South and the global North is larger than ever, and current studies, nor resolution models, offered any effective solutions for changing or improving the current state. All of the above was studied on the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) for two main reasons: Firstly, because the vast majority of these countries is a long-term beneficiary of development aid and secondly, because this provides us with a sound foundation for studying, including both the poorest Sub-Saharan countries and island states, which experienced rapid economic development in recent years. Thus the structure of this dissertation relies on both theory and application. The first part presents the fundamental theoretical terms from developmental economics, North-South relations, the history of cooperation among ACP countries with various international players and theoretical determination of development aid and its efficiency. The second part is intended for applied research of the efficiency of development aid policies. ACP countries were divided into two groups, group A with those receiving the most development aid and groups B with those receiving the least. We presumed that countries that received the most development aid made the most progress. Their progress was studied according top five economic and social indicators of development: GDP per capita, exports of goods and services, mortality of children under five years of age, growth in life expectancy and the number of migrations. Based on data retrieved for specific fields, we generally presumed whether development aid policies had achieved its purpose – if they were efficient. From the substantive aspect, this dissertation is an original contribution to the science of economics in its study of the problems in the existing system for distributing development aid and consequently its efficiency, to research of development problems in ACP countries and to proposals for meeting the modern challenges of international development. It also fills the gap in the study of the concept of international development through qualitative research methods, since existing research is extensively quantified. Since this dissertation is originally in Slovenian, it also adds to the scarce literature in this field and to future research of international developmental issues and the global challenges they bring.
