Suchergebnisse

Keywords: globalisation, energy, climate changeDagli anni '70 il tema del cambiamento climatico si è imposto gradualmente al centro del dibattito culturale e politico, parallelamente all'emergere di una economia globalizzata. In questo contesto, il trattato di Kyoto può venire considerato, assieme al WTO, un sofisticato strumento di governo per la sempre crescente complessità del mondo economico. Nel presente lavoro viene analizzato l'ambito geografico degli accordi di Kyoto. Dal sostegno quasi unanime registrato fra i governi nel 1972, la volontà politica si è costantemente ridotta a causa del prezzo elevato da pagare intermini di sviluppo economico. Quando l'Unione Europea ha deciso nel 2005 di procedere da sola, era chiaro che qualsiasi riduzione delle emissioni di CO2 effettuata dagli Stati membri non avrebbe avuto alcun effetto sulla dinamica attesa del riscaldamento globale. Inoltre, dopo il volgere del millennio i dati sperimentali hanno dimostrato che l'aumento continuo delle emissioni di anidride carbonica non è più collegato all'aumento delle temperature, quasi che il riscaldamento globale avesseterminato il suo corso. Un'analisi degli interessi economici in gioco consente di rivelare la logica della decisione europea. Tre aree di vantaggio vengono delineate: ideologica, economica, di politica economica, che si situano tutte sia all'interno che all'esterno dell'Unione. Di particolare importanza è la nascita di nuovi campi di attività, non limitati al settore industriale. Alla luce della progressiva riduzione dell'industriaeuropea registrata nell'ultima decade e della crescente finanziarizzazione di tutte le economie del continente, è importante considerare l'emergere di un settore "climatico" della finanza, assai più ampio delle transazioni sui diritti di emissione. Viene inoltre considerata la strategia mondiale degli USA. Questi perseguono attualmente l'obiettivo di riguadagnare la leadership nella politica ambientale assieme a quello di ritornare ad essere il maggior esportatore mondiale di idrocarburi.

The pedagogy formulated by Don Bosco in the nineteenth century, which has its roots in a particular historical context, that of Italy and the city of Turin, has been characterized from the outset by the ambition of a worldwide diffusion. The article presents a case study which focuses on the Salesian mission in Katanga (Democratic Republic of Congo). Tracking the itinerary followed by Don Bosco's pedagogical system the paper analyses, on the one hand, his relationship with the project of colonial domination and, on the other, the process of canonization of Saint John Bosco in Europe.

This paper argues that urban violence and insecurity are central societal issues which are a significant part of people's concerns and democratic life. Its analysis implies an extensive understanding of globalisation and urban dynamics that characterise late modernity in its multiple dimensions: i.e. the social, cultural, political, and economical dimensions. Urban violence and insecurity call for a new institutional framework and the definition of new public security policies that will respond to the insecurity that prevails in urban society. The comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the evolution of crime and the development of the feeling of insecurity allows us to understand how contemporary society lives and deals with the issue of security.

This paper analyses the Beveridge Curve across twelve European countries from 1985 to 2013. We employ some novel measures of employment protection legislation and unemployment benefits, and assess the role of globalisation. Structural relationships seem to be stable throughout the 2008-2013 period, suggesting that the Great Recession mainly implied moves along the Curve, while stronger globalisation shifts the Curve outwards. Among institutional variables we find a significant role for the tax wedge, active labour-market policies, union density and employment protection legislation. Unemployment benefits also matter. The unemployment-vacancies trade-off is improved by a higher net retention rate and more strictness in the benefit provision protocol. Both effects can be rationalised in terms of higher search efficiency. ; Questo lavoro analizza la Curva di Beveridge in dodici paesi europei dal 1985 al 2013, avvalendosi di alcuni nuovi indicatori di legislazione per la protezione dell'impiego e sussidi di disoccupazione, e valutando il ruolo della globalizzazione. Le relazioni stimate risultano stabili all'inclusione del periodo 2008-2013, il che suggerisce che la Grande Recessione abbia principalmente implicato movimenti lungo la Curva. Una più elevata globalizzazione sposta invece la Curva verso l'esterno. Tra le variabili istituzionali si trova un ruolo significativo per il cuneo fiscale, le politiche attive del mercato del lavoro, il tasso di sindacalizzazione e la legislazione per la protezione dell'impiego. I sussidi di disoccupazione hanno pure un ruolo importante. Il trade-off disoccupazione - posti vacanti è migliorato da un net retention ratio più alto e da maggiore severità nel protocollo di somministrazione dei sussidi. Entrambi questi effetti possono essere spiegati in termini di una maggiore efficienza nella ricerca del lavoro.

Since the 1990s, the food supply chain has become increasingly global and complex, with clear repercussions also in terms of the minimum standards and guarantees needed to protect the safety, and quality of food. At the same time, there has been an increased focus on the environmental sustainability of the food chain and on the consequences of climate change on food security. Aim of this paper is to discuss the fundamental aspects underlying the globalisation process of the agri-food system and the specific aspects related to food security, focusing on the measures for consumer protection and environmental sustainability introduced by the European Union. ; A partire dagli anni Novanta le filiere agroalimentari sono diventate sempre più globali e complesse, con evidenti ripercussioni anche in termini di standard e garanzie minime necessarie per tutelare la sicurezza, la salubrità e la qualità del cibo. Al tempo stesso, si è registrata una maggiore attenzione per la sostenibilità ambientale e le relazioni che intercorrono tra cambiamento climatico e sicurezza alimentare. Scopo di questa trattazione è di discutere alcuni aspetti fondamentali che sottostanno al processo di globalizzazione del sistema agroalimentare e degli aspetti specifici legati alla sicurezza alimentare, con particolare attenzione alle misure per la gestione del rischio alimentare e per la sostenibilità ambientale introdotte dall'Unione Europea.

Protecting the indigenous food sector through a quality system developed for agri-foodproducts is one of the forms in which Cuban agriculture is striving in its attempts to opposethe effects of globalisation. Consequently, the current agricultural policy implemented inCuba aims at increasing the professionalism in the food sector, among others, throughthe introduction of cyclical training of agricultural workers in the field of manufacturingtechnologies developed for agriculture and by improving their professional qualifications,as well as by an on-going programme of improving the state system of certification ofagri-food products, raising the quality standards of accredited laboratories set up for testingfood quality, as well as improving the work system certification, especially in the field ofthe application of risk analysis techniques and the control of points that are critical to foodproduction. There are numerous sanctions provided for in the Cuban system for failureto implement the recommended agricultural policy and the legislation implementing it.They are contained in Decree No. 182 of 23 February 1998: "On the Standardisation andQuality" and Decree No 267 of 3 September 1999: "Infringement o f the established rulesconcerning standardisation and quality." The author believes that the adopted regulation on the protection of the quality of agri-food products has contributed to the increase in the attractiveness of the Cuban agricultural sector and has also contributed to ensuring an adequate level of food quality and safety. ; Proteger el sector alimentario autóctono mediante un sistema de calidad desarrollado para la agroalimentaciónproductos es una de las formas en que la agricultura cubana lucha en sus intentos de oponerselos efectos de la globalización. En consecuencia, la actual política agrícola implementada enCuba tiene como objetivo incrementar la profesionalidad en el sector alimentario, entre otros, a través dela introducción de la formación cíclica de los trabajadores agrícolas en el campo de la fabricacióntecnologías desarrolladas para la agricultura y mejorando sus calificaciones profesionales,así como por un programa continuo de mejora del sistema estatal de certificación deproductos agroalimentarios, elevando los estándares de calidad de los laboratorios acreditados establecidos para las pruebascalidad alimentaria, así como la mejora de la certificación del sistema de trabajo, especialmente en el ámbito dela aplicación de técnicas de análisis de riesgos y el control de puntos críticos para la alimentaciónproducción. Existen numerosas sanciones previstas en el sistema cubano por incumplimientoaplicar la política agrícola recomendada y la legislación que la aplica.Están contenidos en el Decreto No. 182 de 23 de febrero de 1998: "Sobre la Normalización y Calidad" y Decreto No 267 de 3 de septiembre de 1999: "Incumplimiento de las normas establecidasen materia de normalización y calidad". El autor considera que el reglamento adoptado sobre la protección de la calidad de los productos agroalimentarios ha contribuido al aumento del atractivo del sector agrícola cubano y también ha contribuido a asegurar un nivel adecuado de calidad e inocuidad alimentaria. ; La protezione del settore alimentare nazionale attraverso un sistema di prodotti agroalimentari di qualità è una delle forme di contrasto adottata dai cubani di fronte alla globalizzazione. A tal fine Cuba sta perseguendo una politica agricola volta ad aumentare il livello di professionalità nel settore alimentare: tra l'altro organizzando corsi di formazione periodici per i dipendenti che riguardano le tecnologie di produzione utilizzate in agricoltura e insistendo sulla formazione professionale continua; nonché portando ad un graduale miglioramento del sistema statale di certificazione dei prodotti agroalimentari e della qualità dei laboratori accreditati che controllano la qualità alimentare, come anche di certificazione dei sistemi di lavoro, in particolare per quanto riguarda il ricorso alle tecniche di analisi del rischio e di controllo dei punti critici nel processo di produzione alimentare. Per chi non osserva la politica agricola e la legislazione che la sottende, il sistema cubano prevede numerose sanzioni, contenute nel decreto n. 182 del 23 febbraio 1998: "La standardizzazione e la qualità" e nel decreto n. 267 del 3 settembre 1999: "La violazione delle regole stabilite sulla normalizzazione e la qualità". Secondo l'autore, la regolazione sulla qualità dei prodotti agroalimentari adottata ha contribuito ad aumentare l'attrattività del settore agricolo cubano e ha contribuito a garantire un livello adeguato di qualità e sicurezza alimentare. ; Ochrona rodzimego sektora żywnościowego poprzez system jakości opracowany dla sektora rolno-spożywczego to jeden ze sposobów, w jakie kubańskie rolnictwo stara się przeciwstawić skutkom globalizacji. W konsekwencji obecna polityka rolna na Kubie dąży do zwiększenia profesjonalizmu w sektorze spożywczym m.in. przez prowadzenie cyklicznych szkoleń dla pracowników rolnych w zakresie przetwórstwa, technologii dla rolnictwa i podnoszenie ich kwalifikacji zawodowych, a także przez program doskonalenia państwowego systemu certyfikacji produktów rolno-spożywczych, podnoszenie standardów jakości akredytowanych laboratoriów do badań jakości żywności, a także doskonalenie certyfikacji systemu pracy, zwłaszcza w zakresie stosowanie technik analizy ryzyka i kontroli punktów krytycznych produkcji żywności. Kubański system przewiduje wiele sankcji za nieprzestrzeganie zalecanej polityki rolnej oraz jej aktów prawnych. Są one zawarte w dekrecie nr 182 z 23 lutego 1998 r.: "O normalizacji jakości" i dekrecie nr 267 z 3 września 1999 r.: "Naruszenie ustalonych zasad normalizacji jakości". Zdaniem autora przyjęte rozporządzenie w sprawie ochrony jakości produktów rolno-spożywczych przyczyniło się do wzrostu atrakcyjności kubańskiego sektora rolnego, a także do zapewnienia odpowiedniego poziomu jakości i bezpieczeństwa żywności.

The recently launched policy to decarbonize industry and transport is bringing about a change in the world's economic organization. This policy strives to overcome the current geopolitical structure of the world. Such epochal changes are reminiscent the geopolitical consequences of the transition from coal to oil, which took place during the 20th century. ; L'avvio di una politica di decarbonizzazione dell'industria ipoteca un cambiamento dell'organizzazione economica mondiale suscettibile di consolidare la tendenza al superamento dell'attuale struttura geopolitica del globo. Cambiamenti di portata così epocale richiamano le conseguenze geopolitiche della transizione dal carbone al petrolio, registrata nel corso del secolo XX.

The essay tackles the intertwining of State and capital as powers that dominate modernity, locating on a global scale right from the start. This intertwining intersects inevitably the history of empire, which, rather than just being the precedent of the State, represents a composite form of layered sovereignties and multifaceted juridical spaces. The concept of the State that emerges from the essay moves away from the broadly meant Weberian conception, which is prevailing in contemporary literature. In contrast with the Weberian definition, indeed, the territoriality of the State is unsettled and altered both by the swaying of its borders and by the emergence of new territorial formations inside and across the borders. The global view on the State complicates its relationship with the nation and the idea of the monopoly of the legislative production and legitimate physical strength. The result is a much more fragmented and movable image of the history of modern State.

Il contributo si propone di riprendere e analizzare il complesso percorso normativo degli ultimi anni in tema di cittadinanza e immigrazione. Entrambi necessitano di una complessa e sistematica riorganizzazione legislativa in ragione del mutato contesto non solo nazionale, ma anche internazionale. Questo perché non è più possibile ignorare gli effetti che la globalizzazione e le politiche migratorie hanno ingenerato nel quadro italiano. ; The contribution aims to resume and analyse the complex legislative process of recent years on citizenship and immigration. Both need a complex and systematic legislative reorganisation due to the changed context, not only national but also international. It is no longer possible to ignore the effects that globalisation and migration policies have generated in the Italian framework.

Les démocraties représentatives sont, de nos jours, confrontées à des transformations majeures apportées par les procès de globalisation, l'affirmation de nouvelles technologies de communication et par la diffusion d'un discrédit croissant du personnel politique. Ces transformations semblent affecter les mécanismes centraux de la démocratie représentative. Dès lors, on peut légitimement se demander si elles parviendront à y faire face. Mais il faut observer que les institutions représentatives ont montré jusqu'ici une remarquable résilience, soit une grande capacité d'adaptation aux changements. Conséquente à quatre facteurs cruciaux, qui concernent l'idée de représentation, l'élection, l'indétermination partielle et l'incomplétude du dispositif représentatif. Les institutions représentatives ne relèvent pas de la géométrie politique ; elles procèdent plutôt d'une raison prudentielle : c'est là une autre source de leur adaptabilité et, du coup, de leur longévité.

As we draw closer and closer to a complete deregulation in this sector, looking back on the complex evolution undergone by air transport and its market may be a useful exercise. The intrinsic danger of its trend toward globalisation is due to the fact that there is still no strict monitoring of fleets that can truly guarantee man's safety. With reference to the relation between ethics and economics, the companies in charge of running airports and airlines must join forces in order to prevent aircrafts that have not passed the most rigorous test from flying over cities and countries. Sadly, this is not yet the case. Furthermore, national government and transport authorities ought to give top-most priority to the task of monitoring both the secondary market of aircrafts and spare parts and the reliability of operator.

Over the two last decades, the regional policies have increasingly met the need to foster the economic competitiveness of regional and local economies, in order to face globalisation challenges. However, these actions have privileged the direct competition, oriented to catch investment and consumption flows by improving the regional/local attractiveness, than the indirect one, which is based on the social and institutional interplay involving the regional/local actors. The increasing relevance of the indirect competition brings back on stage the public sector, namely the various levels of territorial government. Yet, the most successful experiences in Europe demonstrate that this renaissance of the public guide in spatial policies is intimately linked to the involvement of local systems of actors and implies a 'constructed' idea of territory. This paper seeks to enlighten some features of this process, introducing the concept of multilevel governance and place-based policies as the basic building blocks of the regional policies.

The art market is rapidly developing along the ways of globalisation, digitalisation, and democratisation. Yet, it has several characteristics that favour market manipulation, such as lack of transparency and conflicts of interest. Despite substantial advancements, it is acknowledged that sector regulation does not address such limitations properly. In the light of US, EU, and national case-law, this article assesses the role that competition law could play in the art sector, also in conjunction with civil liability. It is found that competition law enforcement in the art market has been scarce so far. It provided for effective reaction tools against few, significant market manipulation strategies carried out by key auction houses. On those occasions, competition authorities and undertakings set shared, basic rules of conduct through commitments. Such cases also seem to have inspired recent self- and heteroregulatory initiatives. All in all, competition law seems to play the residual role of a sentinel in the secondary art market. In contrast, whether or not competition law will be enforced in the authentication service sector mainly depends on how private enforcement will develop in the EU and the US.

Research on economic growth and development in developing countries has often highlighted the role of liberalisation policies (economic and political) in improving economic performance in the developing world. In sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, efforts at fostering economic growth and development have not only resulted in the adoption of these policies, but have also led to the proliferation of regional economic integration (include monetary unification). Nonetheless, the impact of these policies on economic performance continues to be a subject of debate among policy makers, development partners, academic researchers, and the international community at large. This debate has become increasingly important in light of the challenges facing the aforementioned agents in helping to improve the economic performance of these countries. This thesis focuses on this topic providing empirical evidence for sub-Saharan African countries. The first chapter uses post-liberalisation data on Ghana and focuses on the extent to which trade openness and foreign aid inflows impact on economic growth. Ghana, being one of the forerunners to adopt liberalisation policies in sub-Saharan Africa, has received commendations from the international community for its post-liberalisation economic growth performance. This has increased government commitment in recent years to open the economy to international competition. Moreover, foreign aid inflows over the period have been relatively large. The study, which employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration, provides empirical findings, which clearly indicate that the impact of both trade openness and foreign aid on Ghana's post-liberalisation economic growth is positive and statistically significant in both the short-run and the long run, although this is somewhat reduced by their interaction. In addition, the study reveals long run economic growth benefits of Ghana's political system whilst government spending and labour force performance retarded economic growth over the study period. The empirical findings and policy recommendations are relevant for Ghana's long-term economic growth policy reforms. The second chapter, taken cognisance of the fact that sub-Saharan Africa has been characterised by low-income levels for decades, analyses the impact of economic globalisation and democracy on income levels in the area using panel cointegration techniques. The study considers a composite indicator for economic globalisation and several indicators of democracy and highlights the essence of the simultaneous adoption of economic globalisation and democracy for sub-Saharan African countries. The empirical results, based on a sample of 31 countries over the period 1980-2005, clearly indicate that, whilst the total long run impact of economic globalisation on income levels has been beneficial, the total long run impact of democracy has been the bane of the level of income in sub-Saharan Africa. The study concludes that policy reforms should be aimed at improving democratic institutions in sub-Saharan Africa for its potential benefits to be realised The third chapter focuses on the implications of trade openness, foreign aid and democracy for the fulfilment of Wagner's law in West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) countries. Although the impact of trade openness, foreign aid and democracy on government expenditure in developing countries has been emphasised in the literature in recent decades most recent studies of Wagner's law have often neglected the increasing role played by these policy variables. The study provides an empirical analysis of the long run implications of trade openness, foreign aid and democracy for the fulfilment of Wagner's law in WAMZ countries using panel data techniques for the period 1980-2008. The study finds the existence of Wagner's law in WAMZ countries, but only when the role of these policy variables has been catered for. The analysis concludes that, if these countries are to meet the fiscal convergence criteria and ensure the sustainability of a single currency area, explicit sets of restraint on the national authorities and innovative and efficient ways of domestic revenue generation necessary to ensure that government revenue keep pace with its expenditure become crucial, because the monetary union by itself may not necessarily ensure fiscal discipline. The fourth chapter focuses on the relationship between democracy, government spending, and economic growth. Although, economic theory predicts that various core functions of governments are growth enhancing, its spending in non democratic countries often goes beyond these core functions, namely into rent-seeking and non-productive activities. The study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration to investigate the extent to which democracy and government spending have had an impact on economic growth in Ghana over the period 1960-2008. The empirical results obtained are encouraging, revealing support for the high efficiency of government spending in democracies hypothesis. The study demonstrates that democracy and government spending go hand in hand in providing a complementary role to impact positive on economic growth in Ghana in both the long-and short-run. The fifth chapter investigates the impact of trade openness on economic growth and development for a sample of 85 middle-income countries over the period 1970-2009. The study employs non-stationary heterogeneous panel cointegration techniques that take into consideration the impact of cross-section dependence. The analysis reveals four important findings. Firstly, that trade openness has been one of the main drivers of the level of development, but not of economic growth in middle-income countries. Secondly, that trade openness is both a cause and a consequence of the level of development in middle-income countries. Thirdly, that neglecting the impact of cross-section dependence overestimates the coefficient linked to the long-run relationship between trade openness and development. Lastly, and most importantly, that these results are consistent for all the 20 middle-income sub-Saharan African countries included in the sample.

During the different historical ages the city has been the scenario within which the consequences of the great economical, social and political issues have occurred. In this sense, the city of neoliberalism is the output of globalization, where multiple reflections can be traced to the different geographical scales: from the neighbourhood to the region. At the same time one of the elements of urban growth is "human capital" which is one way of understanding urbanism of the contemporary city. Leading from these considerations, the paper outlines, in a geographical perspective, some possible interpretations of the current urban phase.Aux différentes époques historiques, la ville représente le décor dans lequel se manifestent les conséquences des grandes transformations économiques, sociales et politiques. La ville du néolibéralisme apparaît en ce sens comme le produit concret de la globalisation dont les multiples reflets se retrouvent sur les cartes géographiques: du quartier à la région. En même temps, un des éléments de la croissance urbaine consiste dans le «capital humain» qui représente l'une des façons d'envisager l'urbanité de la ville contemporaine. A partir de ces suggestions, l'article trace, dans une optique géographique, quelques interprétations possibles (de l'actuel phase urbaine) de l'actuel développement urbain.