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The article discusses the relationship between the occurrence of international conflicts and the desire of states to implement their own geopolitical interests. The key factor in the emergence of conflicts is the concept of an inter-civilization clash by Samuel Huntington, where the role of states in the formation of the international system is the trigger for decision-making. The author states that in modern conditions Russia defends its interests, which should not be perceived by other actors of international relations as a threat, but as competition.

Monograph of Alina Grynia (PhD) "International Competitiveness of the Lithuanian Economy upon Accession to the European Union. Achievements and Postulate Directions for Change "is a comprehensive and in-depth study of a rather complex and complex topic [international competitiveness]. The approach presented is inherently interdisciplinary. The book's value is not only that it is a new look at the theory of international competitiveness, but it is equally important that it describes the modern economy of Lithuania in a new way. The aim of the work was to develop a theoretical model of the process of sustainable competitiveness of the country's economy and to perform empirical analysis of changes in the country's economic potential and changes in Lithuania's competitive position after the EU accession

Monograph of Alina Grynia (PhD) "International Competitiveness of the Lithuanian Economy upon Accession to the European Union. Achievements and Postulate Directions for Change "is a comprehensive and in-depth study of a rather complex and complex topic [international competitiveness]. The approach presented is inherently interdisciplinary. The book's value is not only that it is a new look at the theory of international competitiveness, but it is equally important that it describes the modern economy of Lithuania in a new way. The aim of the work was to develop a theoretical model of the process of sustainable competitiveness of the country's economy and to perform empirical analysis of changes in the country's economic potential and changes in Lithuania's competitive position after the EU accession

Monograph of Alina Grynia (PhD) "International Competitiveness of the Lithuanian Economy upon Accession to the European Union. Achievements and Postulate Directions for Change "is a comprehensive and in-depth study of a rather complex and complex topic [international competitiveness]. The approach presented is inherently interdisciplinary. The book's value is not only that it is a new look at the theory of international competitiveness, but it is equally important that it describes the modern economy of Lithuania in a new way. The aim of the work was to develop a theoretical model of the process of sustainable competitiveness of the country's economy and to perform empirical analysis of changes in the country's economic potential and changes in Lithuania's competitive position after the EU accession

Monograph of Alina Grynia (PhD) "International Competitiveness of the Lithuanian Economy upon Accession to the European Union. Achievements and Postulate Directions for Change "is a comprehensive and in-depth study of a rather complex and complex topic [international competitiveness]. The approach presented is inherently interdisciplinary. The book's value is not only that it is a new look at the theory of international competitiveness, but it is equally important that it describes the modern economy of Lithuania in a new way. The aim of the work was to develop a theoretical model of the process of sustainable competitiveness of the country's economy and to perform empirical analysis of changes in the country's economic potential and changes in Lithuania's competitive position after the EU accession

Monograph of Alina Grynia (PhD) "International Competitiveness of the Lithuanian Economy upon Accession to the European Union. Achievements and Postulate Directions for Change "is a comprehensive and in-depth study of a rather complex and complex topic [international competitiveness]. The approach presented is inherently interdisciplinary. The book's value is not only that it is a new look at the theory of international competitiveness, but it is equally important that it describes the modern economy of Lithuania in a new way. The aim of the work was to develop a theoretical model of the process of sustainable competitiveness of the country's economy and to perform empirical analysis of changes in the country's economic potential and changes in Lithuania's competitive position after the EU accession

Monograph of Alina Grynia (PhD) "International Competitiveness of the Lithuanian Economy upon Accession to the European Union. Achievements and Postulate Directions for Change "is a comprehensive and in-depth study of a rather complex and complex topic [international competitiveness]. The approach presented is inherently interdisciplinary. The book's value is not only that it is a new look at the theory of international competitiveness, but it is equally important that it describes the modern economy of Lithuania in a new way. The aim of the work was to develop a theoretical model of the process of sustainable competitiveness of the country's economy and to perform empirical analysis of changes in the country's economic potential and changes in Lithuania's competitive position after the EU accession

Space, place and identity have become keywords in social and cultural science. This article will briefly review one specific part of the complicated identity discourse, the question of social identity and space as an element of identity. This paper presents some views on space, globalization and identity and the relations between these categories.

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie japońskiego soft power, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kultury jako jednego z czynników soft power. Japońska dyplomacja kulturalna wykorzystująca kulturę popularną jest przykładem zręcznie prowadzonej polityki międzynarodowej. Promowanie pozytywnego wizerunku państwa poprzez soft power na arenie międzynarodowej wzmacnia ekonomiczne oraz polityczne znaczenie państwa. Artykuł skupia się na dwóch kwestiach: historii japońskiego soft power oraz jego praktycznemu zastosowaniu. W podsumowaniu sugeruje się, że japoński soft power nie będzie tak znaczący z racji wzrastającego potencjału Chin.

The aim of this paper is to present the Frankfurt School's critique of mass culture. The authors particularly seek to demonstrate that critical theory provides a specific interpretation of Marxist philosophy, reinterprets some of its central economic and political notions such as production, distribution, fetishization, consumption and also attempts to illuminate the place and the role of culture industry within global culture. As a conclusion it is argued that the Frankfurt School's approach, while it is still useful to social science programs, tends to be overlooked by social theorists.

The subject of this study is the transformation of the organizational structures, as well as in the political thought in the Western European anarchist movement during the period of rapid globalization. The research period runs from 1991-2010. Material for the research was provided by printed matter as well as Internet news and articles, documents and the author's correspondence with the representatives of the European anarchist movement. The main method/technique of the survey involved the analysis of source texts. The author also employed his own research experience and observations of anarchism. Contemporary globalization processes are characterized by contradictory directions of development. They are expressed in the unification of the terrorist movement on one hand, and the diversification of its forms on the other. The goals of the anarchist movement and its main trends of thought are changing and dispersing. The achievement of full freedom, however, remains the primary goal of anarchists, while all other goals are secondary.

Considerations included in the article by Robert Pyka concern tensions between a national country losing influence and still developing logic of the government of the globalised world. The crux of the matter is notions such as Pierr Rosanvalon's "counter‑democracy". The author asks about a contemporary sense of representative democracy, pointing to the contracting role of the country in the light of growing expectations of the citizens. Showing dangers coming from a global market, the sense of being lost in an abruptly changing reality, as well as alienation and the lack of understanding of actions of selected government representatives threaten with the arrival of post‑democracy in which the citizens stop treating a democratic system seriously and, in consequence, leave it. Critical considerations are confirmed by the author who quotes the studies pointing to the fall of election frequency among teenagers and a small engagement of the members of party organizations. An increase in a neutral or a negative attitude to institutionalized forms of representative democracy is accompanied by simultaneous searching for direct and more effective forms of political participation. In the end of the article Pyka admits that "democratic movements" are right believing that they will motivate the citizens to efficient actions shaping a new and better democracy in the 21st century.

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication ; This paper will deal with the aspects of the question of the role of German to provide more leadership – and of Poland to be more present – in the global development context in the future. It gives a short summary of the German and Polish policy towards developing countries. Relevant topics include the German and Polish development policy guidelines, partner countries, and higher offi - cial development assistance (ODA) expenditure. The analysis take look at forthcoming global and development challenges and the role of both countries particular in addressing these challenges.

Artykuł koncentruje się w ujęciu syntetycznym oraz problemowym na ukazaniu implikacji wzrostu międzynarodowej roli Niemiec dla współpracy z Rosją i Polską w dobie globalizacji oraz kryzysów UE. W pierwszej części przedstawia teoretyczne i praktyczne aspekty kształtowania koncepcji nowej roli międzynarodowej Niemiec, tzw. koncepcji współkształtowania (Gestaltungskonzept) polityki zagranicznej i bezpieczeństwa. Druga część podejmuje ogólną ocenę roli Niemiec w próbach rozwiązywania wybranych kryzysów UE – zadłużenia strefy euro od 2010 r., konfliktu rosyjsko-ukraińskioego od 2014 r. oraz masowego napływu nielegalnych migrantów do UE od przełomu sierpnia/września 2015 r. Trzecia część koncentruje się na analizie implikacji nowej roli międzynarodowej Niemiec dla współpracy z Rosją i Polską. Konkluzja artykułu brzmi – wzrost roli międzynarodowej Niemiec od początku od drugiej dekady XXI w. miał pozytywne i negatywne następstwa dla współpracy Niemiec z Rosją i Polską. ; The paper focuses on synthetic and comprehensive presentation of the implications of the increasing international role of Germany for cooperation between Poland and Russia, in times of globalization and EU's crises. The first part of the paper showcases the theoretical and practical aspects of the concept formation of Germany's new international role, the so-called design concept (Gestaltungskonzept) of the foreign and security policies. The second part provides an overall assessment of Germany's role in the attempts to resolve chosen EU's crises – the European debt crisis of 2010, the Russian-Ukrainian conflict of 2014 as well as the large influx of illegal immigrants to the EU ever since the turn of August and September 2015. The third part concentrates on the analysis of the implications of the new role in the international arena assumed by Germany for the Polish and Russian cooperation. The conclusion of the paper is following: the growing international role of Germany in the second decade of the 21st century has had both positive and negative impact on the cooperation between Poland and Russia.

This paper discusses the main notions of the theory of organization and operation of a social movement that has been termed the anti-, and alter-globalization movement since the late 1990s. Its beginnings can be found in the protests of the populations of both Americas, mainly those of Mexico and the US, against a free-trade zone and agreements of states with international organizations. Attention should be paid to the structures the movement has built in European Union states, most closely related to globalization processes. Here both formal structures are encountered, such as the non-government organization Attac, and informal organizations operating on the principles of direct democracy. Formal organizations formulate legal and legitimate statutes and attempt to discuss the issues of globalization at the level of public debate. This is the path chosen by the parties of the so-called 'new politics' – prophetic, left-wing and libertarian parties. Informal organizations usually operate along principles of direct action and dialogue inside the movement itself. The key role in the shaping of the organizational structures of the anti-, and alter-globalization movements in Europe is played by the international European Social Forum, which is the venue for annual meetings and debates of different ideological currents.