Suchergebnisse

Since the revival of gold mining in the early 2000s in Burkina Faso, the number of illegal gold panning sites has continued to increase despite the government's attempts to formalize it. As of december 31, 2019, the number of legal gold panning sites was 36 out of several hundred. The illegality that characterizes this mining sub-sector favors the development of speeches by political actors and the media stigmatizing artisanal miners. According to several reports, artisanal gold mining, through unsuitable techniques, is the cause of environmental degradation. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate, using the example of the commune of Kampti (southwest of Burkina Faso), that beyond these techniques of gold extraction and processing, other political and social factors are at the origin of the observed environmental degradations. Based on the Political Ecology approach, this work is part of the search for analytical links between power relations, institutions, environmental regulation and ecological dynamics ( Peel and Watts, 2002). The methodology adopted combines documentary research and field surveys carried out between 2017 and 2019. Landsal images from 2001, 2011 and 2018 with a resolution of 30m were studied to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the plant cover at the Kampti commune scale. The analysis of these images was accompanied by transects along which the types of vegetation cover, the type of activity and the techniques of gold mining were observed. Individual and group interviews were carried out with 298 people. The actors's speeches were collected from these interviews and newspaper articles. The main international (Conventions) and national (mining and environmental codes) texts organizing the environmental regulation of gold mining were studied. These interviews show that in Kampti commune, the vegetation cover is shrinking in favor of human activities such as agriculture, the timber trade and gold mining. International and national environmental protection policies have ...

Since the revival of gold mining in the early 2000s in Burkina Faso, the number of illegal gold panning sites has continued to increase despite the government's attempts to formalize it. As of december 31, 2019, the number of legal gold panning sites was 36 out of several hundred. The illegality that characterizes this mining sub-sector favors the development of speeches by political actors and the media stigmatizing artisanal miners. According to several reports, artisanal gold mining, through unsuitable techniques, is the cause of environmental degradation. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate, using the example of the commune of Kampti (southwest of Burkina Faso), that beyond these techniques of gold extraction and processing, other political and social factors are at the origin of the observed environmental degradations. Based on the Political Ecology approach, this work is part of the search for analytical links between power relations, institutions, environmental regulation and ecological dynamics ( Peel and Watts, 2002). The methodology adopted combines documentary research and field surveys carried out between 2017 and 2019. Landsal images from 2001, 2011 and 2018 with a resolution of 30m were studied to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the plant cover at the Kampti commune scale. The analysis of these images was accompanied by transects along which the types of vegetation cover, the type of activity and the techniques of gold mining were observed. Individual and group interviews were carried out with 298 people. The actors's speeches were collected from these interviews and newspaper articles. The main international (Conventions) and national (mining and environmental codes) texts organizing the environmental regulation of gold mining were studied. These interviews show that in Kampti commune, the vegetation cover is shrinking in favor of human activities such as agriculture, the timber trade and gold mining. International and national environmental protection policies have ...

Since the revival of gold mining in the early 2000s in Burkina Faso, the number of illegal gold panning sites has continued to increase despite the government's attempts to formalize it. As of december 31, 2019, the number of legal gold panning sites was 36 out of several hundred. The illegality that characterizes this mining sub-sector favors the development of speeches by political actors and the media stigmatizing artisanal miners. According to several reports, artisanal gold mining, through unsuitable techniques, is the cause of environmental degradation. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate, using the example of the commune of Kampti (southwest of Burkina Faso), that beyond these techniques of gold extraction and processing, other political and social factors are at the origin of the observed environmental degradations. Based on the Political Ecology approach, this work is part of the search for analytical links between power relations, institutions, environmental regulation and ecological dynamics ( Peel and Watts, 2002). The methodology adopted combines documentary research and field surveys carried out between 2017 and 2019. Landsal images from 2001, 2011 and 2018 with a resolution of 30m were studied to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the plant cover at the Kampti commune scale. The analysis of these images was accompanied by transects along which the types of vegetation cover, the type of activity and the techniques of gold mining were observed. Individual and group interviews were carried out with 298 people. The actors's speeches were collected from these interviews and newspaper articles. The main international (Conventions) and national (mining and environmental codes) texts organizing the environmental regulation of gold mining were studied. These interviews show that in Kampti commune, the vegetation cover is shrinking in favor of human activities such as agriculture, the timber trade and gold mining. International and national environmental protection policies have ...

Since the revival of gold mining in the early 2000s in Burkina Faso, the number of illegal gold panning sites has continued to increase despite the government's attempts to formalize it. As of december 31, 2019, the number of legal gold panning sites was 36 out of several hundred. The illegality that characterizes this mining sub-sector favors the development of speeches by political actors and the media stigmatizing artisanal miners. According to several reports, artisanal gold mining, through unsuitable techniques, is the cause of environmental degradation. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate, using the example of the commune of Kampti (southwest of Burkina Faso), that beyond these techniques of gold extraction and processing, other political and social factors are at the origin of the observed environmental degradations. Based on the Political Ecology approach, this work is part of the search for analytical links between power relations, institutions, environmental regulation and ecological dynamics ( Peel and Watts, 2002). The methodology adopted combines documentary research and field surveys carried out between 2017 and 2019. Landsal images from 2001, 2011 and 2018 with a resolution of 30m were studied to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the plant cover at the Kampti commune scale. The analysis of these images was accompanied by transects along which the types of vegetation cover, the type of activity and the techniques of gold mining were observed. Individual and group interviews were carried out with 298 people. The actors's speeches were collected from these interviews and newspaper articles. The main international (Conventions) and national (mining and environmental codes) texts organizing the environmental regulation of gold mining were studied. These interviews show that in Kampti commune, the vegetation cover is shrinking in favor of human activities such as agriculture, the timber trade and gold mining. International and national environmental protection policies have ...

Since the revival of gold mining in the early 2000s in Burkina Faso, the number of illegal gold panning sites has continued to increase despite the government's attempts to formalize it. As of december 31, 2019, the number of legal gold panning sites was 36 out of several hundred. The illegality that characterizes this mining sub-sector favors the development of speeches by political actors and the media stigmatizing artisanal miners. According to several reports, artisanal gold mining, through unsuitable techniques, is the cause of environmental degradation. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate, using the example of the commune of Kampti (southwest of Burkina Faso), that beyond these techniques of gold extraction and processing, other political and social factors are at the origin of the observed environmental degradations. Based on the Political Ecology approach, this work is part of the search for analytical links between power relations, institutions, environmental regulation and ecological dynamics ( Peel and Watts, 2002). The methodology adopted combines documentary research and field surveys carried out between 2017 and 2019. Landsal images from 2001, 2011 and 2018 with a resolution of 30m were studied to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the plant cover at the Kampti commune scale. The analysis of these images was accompanied by transects along which the types of vegetation cover, the type of activity and the techniques of gold mining were observed. Individual and group interviews were carried out with 298 people. The actors's speeches were collected from these interviews and newspaper articles. The main international (Conventions) and national (mining and environmental codes) texts organizing the environmental regulation of gold mining were studied. These interviews show that in Kampti commune, the vegetation cover is shrinking in favor of human activities such as agriculture, the timber trade and gold mining. International and national environmental protection policies have ...

Since the revival of gold mining in the early 2000s in Burkina Faso, the number of illegal gold panning sites has continued to increase despite the government's attempts to formalize it. As of december 31, 2019, the number of legal gold panning sites was 36 out of several hundred. The illegality that characterizes this mining sub-sector favors the development of speeches by political actors and the media stigmatizing artisanal miners. According to several reports, artisanal gold mining, through unsuitable techniques, is the cause of environmental degradation. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate, using the example of the commune of Kampti (southwest of Burkina Faso), that beyond these techniques of gold extraction and processing, other political and social factors are at the origin of the observed environmental degradations. Based on the Political Ecology approach, this work is part of the search for analytical links between power relations, institutions, environmental regulation and ecological dynamics ( Peel and Watts, 2002). The methodology adopted combines documentary research and field surveys carried out between 2017 and 2019. Landsal images from 2001, 2011 and 2018 with a resolution of 30m were studied to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the plant cover at the Kampti commune scale. The analysis of these images was accompanied by transects along which the types of vegetation cover, the type of activity and the techniques of gold mining were observed. Individual and group interviews were carried out with 298 people. The actors's speeches were collected from these interviews and newspaper articles. The main international (Conventions) and national (mining and environmental codes) texts organizing the environmental regulation of gold mining were studied. These interviews show that in Kampti commune, the vegetation cover is shrinking in favor of human activities such as agriculture, the timber trade and gold mining. International and national environmental protection policies have ...

Introduction: Although official data show a global decrease of malaria in French Guiana, this disease often affects illegal gold miners working in the deep Amazonian forest. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the malaria prevalence in this population. The secondary objectives were to evaluate and map the proportion of Plasmodium species, to assess behavior, attitudes and practices regarding malaria in this population, to measure the artemisinin resistance level in parasites and to evaluate their general health. Material and methods: Inclusions took place at the gold miners' resting sites, spread along the Maroni river. After recording their informed consent, a malaria rapid test was performed, as well as a questionnaire, a clinical exam and a blood sample for microscopy, PCR and resistance test (RSA and PfK13 genotyping for P. falciparum positive samples). Results: From January to June 2015, 421 gold miners were included, mainly men (sex ratio 2.4), Brazilian nationals (93.8%), with a median age of 37 years. Plasmodium prevalence using PCR was 22.3% (CI95%: 18.3 - 26.3), of whom 84% were asymptomatic. During the last malaria attack, 52.4% selfmedicated with artemisinin derivatives (93.8%) and a poor treatment adherence (37.8%). Being in French Guiana when the malaria attack occurred was strongly associated with selfmedication (AOR=22.1). One sample showed a survival rate higher than 1% in RSA test but PfK13 genotyping did not reveal any mutation in P. falciparum. Discussion: This high prevalence of asymptomatic carriers constitutes a huge reservoir for malaria transmission in the region. Massive use of artemisinin derivatives associated with poor treatment adherence are factors that may contribute to the emergence of artemisinin resistance. That would have huge sanitary and economical consequences. With political will, actions are possible to limit this risk, as the distribution of kits for self diagnosis and self-treatment with training on resting sites. ; Introduction : Bien que les données ...

Introduction: Although official data show a global decrease of malaria in French Guiana, this disease often affects illegal gold miners working in the deep Amazonian forest. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the malaria prevalence in this population. The secondary objectives were to evaluate and map the proportion of Plasmodium species, to assess behavior, attitudes and practices regarding malaria in this population, to measure the artemisinin resistance level in parasites and to evaluate their general health. Material and methods: Inclusions took place at the gold miners' resting sites, spread along the Maroni river. After recording their informed consent, a malaria rapid test was performed, as well as a questionnaire, a clinical exam and a blood sample for microscopy, PCR and resistance test (RSA and PfK13 genotyping for P. falciparum positive samples). Results: From January to June 2015, 421 gold miners were included, mainly men (sex ratio 2.4), Brazilian nationals (93.8%), with a median age of 37 years. Plasmodium prevalence using PCR was 22.3% (CI95%: 18.3 - 26.3), of whom 84% were asymptomatic. During the last malaria attack, 52.4% selfmedicated with artemisinin derivatives (93.8%) and a poor treatment adherence (37.8%). Being in French Guiana when the malaria attack occurred was strongly associated with selfmedication (AOR=22.1). One sample showed a survival rate higher than 1% in RSA test but PfK13 genotyping did not reveal any mutation in P. falciparum. Discussion: This high prevalence of asymptomatic carriers constitutes a huge reservoir for malaria transmission in the region. Massive use of artemisinin derivatives associated with poor treatment adherence are factors that may contribute to the emergence of artemisinin resistance. That would have huge sanitary and economical consequences. With political will, actions are possible to limit this risk, as the distribution of kits for self diagnosis and self-treatment with training on resting sites. ; Introduction : Bien que les données ...

Since 2002, French armed forces are involved in operations against illegal gold mining in French Guiana. Despite a properly dimensioned prevention program against malaria conducted, a drastic increase of malaria incidence has been observed among military personnel. The first part of this thesis aimed to describe the determinants of malaria in French Guiana forest, including human, vector and parasite features. We have established the link between malaria among military personnel and illegal gold mining sites. A study conducted among gold miners' population has shown hyperendemic malaria foci in the rain forest, mainly due to P. falciparum, and highlighted a real risk for emergence of artemisinin resistance. Entomologic investigations supported that Anopheles darlingi is the main vector for malaria in rain forest. In addition, we have demonstrated the existence of daytime biting activity by An. darlingi in the forest, which might play a key role in malaria epidemic outbreaks among military personnel. Other sylvatic vectors were identified, as An. nuneztovari and An. triannulatus, but especially An. ininii and An. marajoara. The second part of the thesis, focused on a prospective cohort study conducted among French military population, highlighted real malaria exposure using serological tools. Serological evidences of Plasmodium infection (SEI) were more frequent for P. falciparum than P. vivax, in agreement with our findings in illegal gold miners' population. SEI incidence rates were high, around 40 per 100 person-years for P. falciparum and P. vivax. Only complete compliance to malaria chemoprophylaxis using daily 100 mg doxycycline protected against malaria infection. ; Les militaires français sont engagés depuis 2002 dans des opérations de lutte contre l'orpaillage illégal en Guyane. Malgré un programme de prévention du paludisme dimensionné et organisé, ces opérations se sont accompagnées d'une augmentation de l'incidence du paludisme. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'identifier les déterminants humains, ...

Since 2002, French armed forces are involved in operations against illegal gold mining in French Guiana. Despite a properly dimensioned prevention program against malaria conducted, a drastic increase of malaria incidence has been observed among military personnel. The first part of this thesis aimed to describe the determinants of malaria in French Guiana forest, including human, vector and parasite features. We have established the link between malaria among military personnel and illegal gold mining sites. A study conducted among gold miners' population has shown hyperendemic malaria foci in the rain forest, mainly due to P. falciparum, and highlighted a real risk for emergence of artemisinin resistance. Entomologic investigations supported that Anopheles darlingi is the main vector for malaria in rain forest. In addition, we have demonstrated the existence of daytime biting activity by An. darlingi in the forest, which might play a key role in malaria epidemic outbreaks among military personnel. Other sylvatic vectors were identified, as An. nuneztovari and An. triannulatus, but especially An. ininii and An. marajoara. The second part of the thesis, focused on a prospective cohort study conducted among French military population, highlighted real malaria exposure using serological tools. Serological evidences of Plasmodium infection (SEI) were more frequent for P. falciparum than P. vivax, in agreement with our findings in illegal gold miners' population. SEI incidence rates were high, around 40 per 100 person-years for P. falciparum and P. vivax. Only complete compliance to malaria chemoprophylaxis using daily 100 mg doxycycline protected against malaria infection. ; Les militaires français sont engagés depuis 2002 dans des opérations de lutte contre l'orpaillage illégal en Guyane. Malgré un programme de prévention du paludisme dimensionné et organisé, ces opérations se sont accompagnées d'une augmentation de l'incidence du paludisme. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'identifier les déterminants humains, ...

Since 2002, French armed forces are involved in operations against illegal gold mining in French Guiana. Despite a properly dimensioned prevention program against malaria conducted, a drastic increase of malaria incidence has been observed among military personnel. The first part of this thesis aimed to describe the determinants of malaria in French Guiana forest, including human, vector and parasite features. We have established the link between malaria among military personnel and illegal gold mining sites. A study conducted among gold miners' population has shown hyperendemic malaria foci in the rain forest, mainly due to P. falciparum, and highlighted a real risk for emergence of artemisinin resistance. Entomologic investigations supported that Anopheles darlingi is the main vector for malaria in rain forest. In addition, we have demonstrated the existence of daytime biting activity by An. darlingi in the forest, which might play a key role in malaria epidemic outbreaks among military personnel. Other sylvatic vectors were identified, as An. nuneztovari and An. triannulatus, but especially An. ininii and An. marajoara. The second part of the thesis, focused on a prospective cohort study conducted among French military population, highlighted real malaria exposure using serological tools. Serological evidences of Plasmodium infection (SEI) were more frequent for P. falciparum than P. vivax, in agreement with our findings in illegal gold miners' population. SEI incidence rates were high, around 40 per 100 person-years for P. falciparum and P. vivax. Only complete compliance to malaria chemoprophylaxis using daily 100 mg doxycycline protected against malaria infection. ; Les militaires français sont engagés depuis 2002 dans des opérations de lutte contre l'orpaillage illégal en Guyane. Malgré un programme de prévention du paludisme dimensionné et organisé, ces opérations se sont accompagnées d'une augmentation de l'incidence du paludisme. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'identifier les déterminants humains, vectoriels et parasitaires du paludisme en Guyane. La première partie de cette thèse permet de mieux décrire le faciès épidémiologique du paludisme en forêt guyanaise. Nous avons clairement établi le lien entre paludisme et orpaillage illégal. Une étude, menée en milieu orpailleur a démontré l'existence de foyers de paludisme hyperendémiques, avec une prédominance de P. falciparum et un risque d'émergence de résistance aux traitements combinés à base d'artémisinine. Les investigations entomologiques ont permis de confirmer le rôle d'Anopheles darlingi comme vecteur majeur du paludisme en forêt mais aussi l'existence d'une activité de piqûre diurne sous la canopée. Elles ont permis en outre de mieux identifier les autres vecteurs secondaires en forêt : An. nuneztovari et An. triannulatus, mais surtout An. ininii et An. marajoara. En seconde partie, une étude de cohorte en population militaire a permis d'estimer l'exposition au paludisme par l'utilisation d'outils sérologiques. La distribution des preuves sérologiques d'une infection palustre était en faveur d'une exposition plus fréquente à P. falciparum. Les taux d'incidence des infections étaient de 40 pour 100 personnes années que ce soit pour P. falciparum ou P. vivax. Le seul facteur protecteur était l'observance parfaite de la chimioprophylaxie par doxycycline.

Since 2002, French armed forces are involved in operations against illegal gold mining in French Guiana. Despite a properly dimensioned prevention program against malaria conducted, a drastic increase of malaria incidence has been observed among military personnel. The first part of this thesis aimed to describe the determinants of malaria in French Guiana forest, including human, vector and parasite features. We have established the link between malaria among military personnel and illegal gold mining sites. A study conducted among gold miners' population has shown hyperendemic malaria foci in the rain forest, mainly due to P. falciparum, and highlighted a real risk for emergence of artemisinin resistance. Entomologic investigations supported that Anopheles darlingi is the main vector for malaria in rain forest. In addition, we have demonstrated the existence of daytime biting activity by An. darlingi in the forest, which might play a key role in malaria epidemic outbreaks among military personnel. Other sylvatic vectors were identified, as An. nuneztovari and An. triannulatus, but especially An. ininii and An. marajoara. The second part of the thesis, focused on a prospective cohort study conducted among French military population, highlighted real malaria exposure using serological tools. Serological evidences of Plasmodium infection (SEI) were more frequent for P. falciparum than P. vivax, in agreement with our findings in illegal gold miners' population. SEI incidence rates were high, around 40 per 100 person-years for P. falciparum and P. vivax. Only complete compliance to malaria chemoprophylaxis using daily 100 mg doxycycline protected against malaria infection. ; Les militaires français sont engagés depuis 2002 dans des opérations de lutte contre l'orpaillage illégal en Guyane. Malgré un programme de prévention du paludisme dimensionné et organisé, ces opérations se sont accompagnées d'une augmentation de l'incidence du paludisme. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'identifier les déterminants humains, vectoriels et parasitaires du paludisme en Guyane. La première partie de cette thèse permet de mieux décrire le faciès épidémiologique du paludisme en forêt guyanaise. Nous avons clairement établi le lien entre paludisme et orpaillage illégal. Une étude, menée en milieu orpailleur a démontré l'existence de foyers de paludisme hyperendémiques, avec une prédominance de P. falciparum et un risque d'émergence de résistance aux traitements combinés à base d'artémisinine. Les investigations entomologiques ont permis de confirmer le rôle d'Anopheles darlingi comme vecteur majeur du paludisme en forêt mais aussi l'existence d'une activité de piqûre diurne sous la canopée. Elles ont permis en outre de mieux identifier les autres vecteurs secondaires en forêt : An. nuneztovari et An. triannulatus, mais surtout An. ininii et An. marajoara. En seconde partie, une étude de cohorte en population militaire a permis d'estimer l'exposition au paludisme par l'utilisation d'outils sérologiques. La distribution des preuves sérologiques d'une infection palustre était en faveur d'une exposition plus fréquente à P. falciparum. Les taux d'incidence des infections étaient de 40 pour 100 personnes années que ce soit pour P. falciparum ou P. vivax. Le seul facteur protecteur était l'observance parfaite de la chimioprophylaxie par doxycycline.

Since 2002, French armed forces are involved in operations against illegal gold mining in French Guiana. Despite a properly dimensioned prevention program against malaria conducted, a drastic increase of malaria incidence has been observed among military personnel. The first part of this thesis aimed to describe the determinants of malaria in French Guiana forest, including human, vector and parasite features. We have established the link between malaria among military personnel and illegal gold mining sites. A study conducted among gold miners' population has shown hyperendemic malaria foci in the rain forest, mainly due to P. falciparum, and highlighted a real risk for emergence of artemisinin resistance. Entomologic investigations supported that Anopheles darlingi is the main vector for malaria in rain forest. In addition, we have demonstrated the existence of daytime biting activity by An. darlingi in the forest, which might play a key role in malaria epidemic outbreaks among military personnel. Other sylvatic vectors were identified, as An. nuneztovari and An. triannulatus, but especially An. ininii and An. marajoara. The second part of the thesis, focused on a prospective cohort study conducted among French military population, highlighted real malaria exposure using serological tools. Serological evidences of Plasmodium infection (SEI) were more frequent for P. falciparum than P. vivax, in agreement with our findings in illegal gold miners' population. SEI incidence rates were high, around 40 per 100 person-years for P. falciparum and P. vivax. Only complete compliance to malaria chemoprophylaxis using daily 100 mg doxycycline protected against malaria infection. ; Les militaires français sont engagés depuis 2002 dans des opérations de lutte contre l'orpaillage illégal en Guyane. Malgré un programme de prévention du paludisme dimensionné et organisé, ces opérations se sont accompagnées d'une augmentation de l'incidence du paludisme. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'identifier les déterminants humains, vectoriels et parasitaires du paludisme en Guyane. La première partie de cette thèse permet de mieux décrire le faciès épidémiologique du paludisme en forêt guyanaise. Nous avons clairement établi le lien entre paludisme et orpaillage illégal. Une étude, menée en milieu orpailleur a démontré l'existence de foyers de paludisme hyperendémiques, avec une prédominance de P. falciparum et un risque d'émergence de résistance aux traitements combinés à base d'artémisinine. Les investigations entomologiques ont permis de confirmer le rôle d'Anopheles darlingi comme vecteur majeur du paludisme en forêt mais aussi l'existence d'une activité de piqûre diurne sous la canopée. Elles ont permis en outre de mieux identifier les autres vecteurs secondaires en forêt : An. nuneztovari et An. triannulatus, mais surtout An. ininii et An. marajoara. En seconde partie, une étude de cohorte en population militaire a permis d'estimer l'exposition au paludisme par l'utilisation d'outils sérologiques. La distribution des preuves sérologiques d'une infection palustre était en faveur d'une exposition plus fréquente à P. falciparum. Les taux d'incidence des infections étaient de 40 pour 100 personnes années que ce soit pour P. falciparum ou P. vivax. Le seul facteur protecteur était l'observance parfaite de la chimioprophylaxie par doxycycline.

Secteur minier, décentralisation et pouvoir étatique au Sénégal : un modèle de gouvernance? Cet article analyse l'économie politique du secteur minier et du processus de décentralisation au Sénégal. Dans les deux cas, l'État a confié sa responsabilité en matière de développement aux acteurs locaux, sans leur transférer ni les ressources matérielles ni l'autorité nécessaires. Cette contradiction se résout dans la mise en place de connexions entre espaces locaux et globaux, qui transforment radicalement le rapport de l'État à sa population. Ces reconfigurations du pouvoir d'État sont intimement liées aux changements idéologiques et institutionnels associés à la globalisation néolibérale.