Suchergebnisse

Identifying and analyzing the causes and consequences that generate the high consumption of mercury in gold mining activities is an internacional priority. In Colombia, eighty-seven percent of the country's gold mines have no mining title and only 3% posses environmental lawlessness, the failures of formalization programs and the inadequacy of importation controls on the supply are the cause of the high consumption of mercury in Colombian mining. To diagnose the country's gold mining activities and the excessive use of mercury in them, we used six information sources (semi-structured interviews, 2011 Census on Mining Activities), nine dependent and 21 independent variables. The study evidenced the miners' partiality in favor of the use of mercury in the procurement of gold; the process is easy, quick and inexpensive. Mercury concentrations were found to be above tolerable levels. In response, government has opted for a policy of persecution of the activity rather than the promotion of their formalization.

This paper inquires about the discourse of extractive development, which is facilitated by juridical frameworks of illegality. This discourse collides with views and practices of local development in the Remanso Chorrobocon Indigenous Mining Area. The theoretical framework intersects critical development studies, political ecology and legal pluralism. And the methodology complements media coverage, norms review, primary and secondary literature review, participant observation, and field work in Inirida and the Indigenous Mining Area. ; Este artículo cuestiona el discurso de desarrollo extractivista facilitado por marcos jurídicos de ilegalidad, discurso que colisiona con visiones y prácticas de desarrollo local en la Zona Minera Indígena Remanso Chorrobocón. El marco conceptual intersecta estudios críticos del desarrollo, ecología política y pluralismo legal, y la metodología complementa la revisión de cubrimiento de medios, marcos normativos, literatura primaria y secundaria, observación participante, y una visita de campo a Inírida y a la Zona Minera Indígena.

The article uses a descriptive, analytical research methodology, based on a bibliographic review with the aim of analyzing the relationship between sustainable water management and large-scale gold mining in Peru. The objectives are to analyze the main problems, their proposals for solutions in the socio-environmental conflicts with the gold mining activity, which are presented in the water management carried out by local governments. As results, it was found that among the main problems observed we have, affectation of lagoons, mining activity in the headwaters of the basin, affectation to the quality of the water used in influence. And as solutions there are, sanitary inspection of water systems, drinking water supply with tanker trucks. By way of conclusion, this reflects that mining activity can be established in some areas, endangering the supply of quality water and in adequate volume for human consumption, and the solution proposals are raised a posteriori, after the damage is already present. In fact, without there being a clear regulatory order and with the capacity to adequately exercise the rule of law, to the detriment of the populations. ; El artículo utiliza una metodología de investigación de tipo descriptivo, analítico, en base a una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de analizar la relación entre la gestión sostenible del agua y la gran minería del oro en Perú. Se plantea como objetivos analizar los principales problemas, sus propuestas de solución en los conflictos socio ambientales con la actividad minera del oro, que se presentan en la gestión del agua que realizan los gobiernos locales. Como resultados se encontró que entre los principales problemas que se observan tenemos, afectación de lagunas, actividad minera en cabeceras de cuenca, afectación en la calidad de agua que se usa en la zona de dominios. Y como soluciones se tiene, inspección sanitaria a los sistemas de agua, abastecimiento de agua potable con camiones cisterna. A modo de conclusión, ello refleja que la actividad minera ...

Este artículo tiene como objetivo la caracterización del conflicto ambiental que tiene lugar en los municipios de Segovia y Remedios -pertenecientes al Nordeste antioqueño colombiano- pues allí se desarrollan, de forma paralela, proyectos mineros de gran escala (fomentada por el Gobierno Nacional) y explotaciones auríferas de pequeña escala (que se han dado de forma tradicional en la región). La convergencia de estas dos apuestas extractivas ha exacerbado conflictos sociales entre actores locales, privados, institucionales y armados ilegales, propiciando procesos violentos de acumulación por desposesión, persecución política, y violación sistemática de derechos humanos; así como problemáticas asociadas a un déficit en salud, educación, inversión social y empleo, que se agudizan paralelamente al deterioro de los ecosistemas locales. ; The objective of this article is to characterize the environmental conflict that takes place in the municipalities of Segovia and Remedios -located in Northeast Antioquia, Colombia- since there are simultaneously large-scale mining projects (promoted by the national government), and small-scale gold-mining operations (which have traditionally occurred). The convergence of these extractivist models has exacerbated social conflicts between local, private, institutional and illegal armed actors; it fosters violent processes of accumulation by dispossession, political persecution, and systematic violation of human rights; as well as problems associated with a deficit in health, education, social investment, and employment, which are enhanced in parallel with the deterioration of local ecosystems.

Colombian gold mining is a complex system characterized by interactions between individuals, organizations and other variables, which are involved in the system behavior. The gold mining system integrates the exploration, extraction, dressing and commercialization processes. There are exogenous issues that affect the system performance and its productivity, and increase the complexity. These issues are of social, environmental, political, economical, technological and organizational types. In order to analyze this complexity, we develop a system dynamics model that allows characterizing the system and evaluating policies to improve productivity of a Colombian gold mining process. We simulate different scenarios of the model in which we can observe that sustainable investment policies increase the productivity of the gold mining system in Colombia. Increases of social capital promotion activities and physical infrastructure in the region of influence affect positively the multifactorial productivity of the Colombian gold mining process. ; El sistema minero aurífero es un sistema complejo caracterizado por las interacciones entre individuos, organizaciones y otras variables que intervienen en su comportamiento. Tal sistema está integrado por los procesos de exploración, extracción, beneficio y comercialización. En el caso colombiano, factores exógenos de tipo social, ambiental, político, económico, tecnológico y organizacional intervienen en el desarrollo y la productividad de dichos procesos, agregándole una mayor complejidad al sistema. Para analizar tal complejidad, se desarrolla un modelo de dinámica de sistemas (DS) que permite la caracterización del sistema y la evaluación de políticas para el mejoramiento de la productividad de un proceso minero aurífero en Colombia. Se presentan simulaciones de diferentes escenarios, donde se observa que políticas de inversión sostenibles incrementan la productividad de dicho proceso. Finalmente, cambios positivos en las actividades generadoras de capital social y la infraestructura física de la región de influencia tienen un impacto positivo sobre la productividad multifactorial del proceso minero aurífero colombiano.

This paper is intended to develop the construction of an alternative approach regarding the reality of mining in Colombia. In contrast to its stigmatization, this article highlights the existing potential of inhabitants of the mining territories. In order to do this, the starting point is the study of trust as a trigger for social change. Then, the generalities of the political economy of gold mining are described and the problem of the supplying of gold to jewelers is addressed, in order to propose cooperative solutions with economic and social benefits for the mining community. ; Este texto pretende avanzar en la construcción de un enfoque alternativo para mirar la realidad minera colombiana. En contraposición a la estigmatización, aquí se destaca el potencial que existe en los pobladores de territorios mineros. Para ello se toma como punto de partida el estudio de la confianza como factor desencadenante de cambios sociales, luego se describen generalidades de la economía política de la minería aurífera y también se aborda el problema del abastecimiento de oro a los joyeros para proponer soluciones cooperativas con beneficios económicos y sociales para la comunidad minera.

En la Guayana venezolana existen minerales que se han explotado desde hace centenares de años. En el caso del oro se puede hacer explotación de varias formas: artesanal, monitores hidráulicos, balsas, galerías pequeñas, galerías industriales y excavación superficial industrial. El material aurífero se procesa con mercurio o cianuro para extraer el oro puro. Algunas de estas modalidades se realizan sin ningún control del Estado, y generan impactos ambientales que no están siendo controlados. En otros casos si existe una minería ordenada, con prácticas exitosas de tratamiento del agua y restauración ecológica en los terrenos afectados. Las experiencias reportadas en este trabajo indican que se podría optar por una minería que cumpla con la legislación ambiental, al igual que otras actividades industriales que actualmente se están ejecutando en Venezuela. Pero la propuesta del Arco Minero es inaceptable porque no hay institucionalidad que haga cumplir la normativa ambiental. ; In Guayana, Venezuela, there are minerals that have been exploited for hundreds of years. In the case of gold mining, exploitation can be performed in several ways: Artisanal Mining, Hidraulic Mining, Dredging, Small-Scale Mining, Placer Mining, and Industrial Superficial Excavation. The gold-bearing material is processed with mercury or cyanide to extract the gold. Some of these procedures are performed without any control from the government, and generate environmental consequences that produce serious impacts. There have been cases where legal gold mining is applied and results in successful practices of water treatment and ecological restoration in the affected land. The experiences reported in this paper show that mining exploitation may comply with environmental legislation, under the same conditions of other industrial activities currently performed in Venezuela. However, the Orinoco Mining Arch, a government project, is unacceptable because there are no institutions trained for controlling environmental regulations. ; 464-483 ; jolozada@ula.ve ; semestral

En este artículo se aborda el tema de la minería en zonas excluibles, por medio de una revisión bibliográfica de la legislación vigente, y se ejemplifican dos casos icono que se han presentado en Colombia en relación con la minería de oro en áreas de protección: el Parque Nacional Yaigojé-Apaporis y el Páramo de Santurbán. En ambos casos se evidencia la falta de coordinación entre las autoridades mineras y ambientales, y el vacío legislativo especialmente en la fase exploratoria, que, además de causar serios impactos ambientales y vulnerar los derechos de minorías étnicas y la población en general, crea inseguridad normativa y grandes costos a las empresas mineras. En un primer momento se describe el panorama jurídico que rige la explotación minera en Colombia, seguido de un contexto técnico del ciclo minero y de las implicaciones desde el punto de vista jurídico de este tipo de explotaciones en áreas protegidas. Luego, se presenta una cronología de los estudios de caso de la minería en un área protegida del sistema de Parques Nacionales y otra de carácter regional, concluyendo que la falta de coordinación entre instituciones deja al sector en un limbo jurídico. ; This article addresses the subject of mining in excludable zones by means of a bibliographic revision of the current legislation, and two iconic cases that have occurred in Colombia are exemplified with regard to gold mining in protected areas: the Yaigojé-Apaporis National Park and the Santurbán paramo. Both cases demonstrate the lack of coordination among the mining and environmental authorities and the legislative gap especially in the exploratory stage that, besides causing serious environmental impacts and violating the rights of both ethnic minorities and the general population, creates regulatory insecurity and generates considerable costs for the mining companies. First, the juridical outlook that governs the mining exploitation in Colombia is described. Then, the article provides a technical context of the mining cycle and the implications from the juridical standpoint of this type of exploitations in protected zones. Finally, the articles presents a chronological line of the case studies on mining activities in a protected zone of the National Parks system and another one in a regional context, concluding that the lack of coordination among the institutions leaves the sector in a juridical limbo.

The purpose of this article is to characterize the continuity of Andean religiosity in small-scale gold mining areas in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Miners and their families are characterized as a floating population and as organized crime, and governments do not have a cultural understanding of their future. However, they have religious experiences that are interrelated and juxtaposed as part of Andean culture. I argue that Andean animism, where pachamama is the reproductive field of life and death, has its counterpart in mining areas with a vein of gold. Ethnohistory indicates that a vein of gold was like a huaca and the miner, a pilgrim who symbolically sought the tears of the sun. Five hundred years after ethnohistorical sources, contemporary ethnography understands the presence of the Gringa as a spirit that has a strong impact on natural phenomena, riches, infatuations, beatitudes and punishments for miners in their daily life, as well as ritual evocation of mining as a pilgrimage to gather the tears of the sun. ; El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar la continuidad de la religiosidad andina en espacios de minería de oro de pequeña escala en Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Los mineros y sus familias son caracterizados como población flotante y como crimen organizado, y los gobiernos no tienen una comprensión cultural sobre su devenir. Sin embargo, ellos tienen experiencias religiosas que se interrelacionan y yuxtaponen como parte de la cultura andina. Sostengo que el animismo andino, donde la pachamama es ámbito reproductivo de la vida y de la muerte, tiene su correlato en los espacios mineros con una veta de oro. La etnohistoria señala que una veta de oro era considerada como una huaca y, el minero, un peregrino que buscaba simbólicamente las lágrimas del sol. Quinientos años después de las fuentes etnohistóricas, la etnografía contemporánea sostiene la presencia de la Gringa (nombre atribuido a la veta de oro) como un espíritu que tiene fuerte incidencia sobre fenómenos naturales, riquezas, enamoramientos, bienaventuranzas y castigos para los mineros en su vida cotidiana, así como la evocación ritual a la minería como un peregrinaje al reunir las lágrimas del sol.

This article addresses the subject of mining in excludable zones by means of a bibliographic revision of the current legislation, and two iconic cases that have occurred in Colombia are exemplified with regard to gold mining in protected areas: the Yaigojé-Apaporis National Park and the Santurbán paramo. Both cases demonstrate the lack of coordination among the mining and environmental authorities and the legislative gap especially in the exploratory stage that, besides causing serious environmental impacts and violating the rights of both ethnic minorities and the general population, creates regulatory insecurity and generates considerable costs for the mining companies. First, the juridical outlook that governs the mining exploitation in Colombia is described. Then, the article provides a technical context of the mining cycle and the implications from the juridical standpoint of this type of exploitations in protected zones. Finally, the articles presents a chronological line of the case studies on mining activities in a protected zone of the National Parks system and another one in a regional context, concluding that the lack of coordination among the institutions leaves the sector in a juridical limbo. ; En este artículo se aborda el tema de la minería en zonas excluibles, por medio de una revisión bibliográfica de la legislación vigente, y se ejemplifican dos casos icono que se han presentado en Colombia en relación con la minería de oro en áreas de protección: el Parque Nacional Yaigojé-Apaporis y el Páramo de Santurbán. En ambos casos se evidencia la falta de coordinación entre las autoridades mineras y ambientales, y el vacío legislativo especialmente en la fase exploratoria, que, además de causar serios impactos ambientales y vulnerar los derechos de minorías étnicas y la población en general, crea inseguridad normativa y grandes costos a las empresas mineras. En un primer momento se describe el panorama jurídico que rige la explotación minera en Colombia, seguido de un contexto técnico del ciclo minero y de las implicaciones desde el punto de vista jurídico de este tipo de explotaciones en áreas protegidas. Luego, se presenta una cronología de los estudios de caso de la minería en un área protegida del sistema de Parques Nacionales y otra de carácter regional, concluyendo que la falta de coordinación entre instituciones deja al sector en un limbo jurídico.

Since the revival of gold mining in the early 2000s in Burkina Faso, the number of illegal gold panning sites has continued to increase despite the government's attempts to formalize it. As of december 31, 2019, the number of legal gold panning sites was 36 out of several hundred. The illegality that characterizes this mining sub-sector favors the development of speeches by political actors and the media stigmatizing artisanal miners. According to several reports, artisanal gold mining, through unsuitable techniques, is the cause of environmental degradation. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate, using the example of the commune of Kampti (southwest of Burkina Faso), that beyond these techniques of gold extraction and processing, other political and social factors are at the origin of the observed environmental degradations. Based on the Political Ecology approach, this work is part of the search for analytical links between power relations, institutions, environmental regulation and ecological dynamics ( Peel and Watts, 2002). The methodology adopted combines documentary research and field surveys carried out between 2017 and 2019. Landsal images from 2001, 2011 and 2018 with a resolution of 30m were studied to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the plant cover at the Kampti commune scale. The analysis of these images was accompanied by transects along which the types of vegetation cover, the type of activity and the techniques of gold mining were observed. Individual and group interviews were carried out with 298 people. The actors's speeches were collected from these interviews and newspaper articles. The main international (Conventions) and national (mining and environmental codes) texts organizing the environmental regulation of gold mining were studied. These interviews show that in Kampti commune, the vegetation cover is shrinking in favor of human activities such as agriculture, the timber trade and gold mining. International and national environmental protection policies have ...

Since the revival of gold mining in the early 2000s in Burkina Faso, the number of illegal gold panning sites has continued to increase despite the government's attempts to formalize it. As of december 31, 2019, the number of legal gold panning sites was 36 out of several hundred. The illegality that characterizes this mining sub-sector favors the development of speeches by political actors and the media stigmatizing artisanal miners. According to several reports, artisanal gold mining, through unsuitable techniques, is the cause of environmental degradation. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate, using the example of the commune of Kampti (southwest of Burkina Faso), that beyond these techniques of gold extraction and processing, other political and social factors are at the origin of the observed environmental degradations. Based on the Political Ecology approach, this work is part of the search for analytical links between power relations, institutions, environmental regulation and ecological dynamics ( Peel and Watts, 2002). The methodology adopted combines documentary research and field surveys carried out between 2017 and 2019. Landsal images from 2001, 2011 and 2018 with a resolution of 30m were studied to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the plant cover at the Kampti commune scale. The analysis of these images was accompanied by transects along which the types of vegetation cover, the type of activity and the techniques of gold mining were observed. Individual and group interviews were carried out with 298 people. The actors's speeches were collected from these interviews and newspaper articles. The main international (Conventions) and national (mining and environmental codes) texts organizing the environmental regulation of gold mining were studied. These interviews show that in Kampti commune, the vegetation cover is shrinking in favor of human activities such as agriculture, the timber trade and gold mining. International and national environmental protection policies have ...

Since the revival of gold mining in the early 2000s in Burkina Faso, the number of illegal gold panning sites has continued to increase despite the government's attempts to formalize it. As of december 31, 2019, the number of legal gold panning sites was 36 out of several hundred. The illegality that characterizes this mining sub-sector favors the development of speeches by political actors and the media stigmatizing artisanal miners. According to several reports, artisanal gold mining, through unsuitable techniques, is the cause of environmental degradation. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate, using the example of the commune of Kampti (southwest of Burkina Faso), that beyond these techniques of gold extraction and processing, other political and social factors are at the origin of the observed environmental degradations. Based on the Political Ecology approach, this work is part of the search for analytical links between power relations, institutions, environmental regulation and ecological dynamics ( Peel and Watts, 2002). The methodology adopted combines documentary research and field surveys carried out between 2017 and 2019. Landsal images from 2001, 2011 and 2018 with a resolution of 30m were studied to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the plant cover at the Kampti commune scale. The analysis of these images was accompanied by transects along which the types of vegetation cover, the type of activity and the techniques of gold mining were observed. Individual and group interviews were carried out with 298 people. The actors's speeches were collected from these interviews and newspaper articles. The main international (Conventions) and national (mining and environmental codes) texts organizing the environmental regulation of gold mining were studied. These interviews show that in Kampti commune, the vegetation cover is shrinking in favor of human activities such as agriculture, the timber trade and gold mining. International and national environmental protection policies have ...

Since the revival of gold mining in the early 2000s in Burkina Faso, the number of illegal gold panning sites has continued to increase despite the government's attempts to formalize it. As of december 31, 2019, the number of legal gold panning sites was 36 out of several hundred. The illegality that characterizes this mining sub-sector favors the development of speeches by political actors and the media stigmatizing artisanal miners. According to several reports, artisanal gold mining, through unsuitable techniques, is the cause of environmental degradation. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate, using the example of the commune of Kampti (southwest of Burkina Faso), that beyond these techniques of gold extraction and processing, other political and social factors are at the origin of the observed environmental degradations. Based on the Political Ecology approach, this work is part of the search for analytical links between power relations, institutions, environmental regulation and ecological dynamics ( Peel and Watts, 2002). The methodology adopted combines documentary research and field surveys carried out between 2017 and 2019. Landsal images from 2001, 2011 and 2018 with a resolution of 30m were studied to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the plant cover at the Kampti commune scale. The analysis of these images was accompanied by transects along which the types of vegetation cover, the type of activity and the techniques of gold mining were observed. Individual and group interviews were carried out with 298 people. The actors's speeches were collected from these interviews and newspaper articles. The main international (Conventions) and national (mining and environmental codes) texts organizing the environmental regulation of gold mining were studied. These interviews show that in Kampti commune, the vegetation cover is shrinking in favor of human activities such as agriculture, the timber trade and gold mining. International and national environmental protection policies have ...

Since the revival of gold mining in the early 2000s in Burkina Faso, the number of illegal gold panning sites has continued to increase despite the government's attempts to formalize it. As of december 31, 2019, the number of legal gold panning sites was 36 out of several hundred. The illegality that characterizes this mining sub-sector favors the development of speeches by political actors and the media stigmatizing artisanal miners. According to several reports, artisanal gold mining, through unsuitable techniques, is the cause of environmental degradation. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate, using the example of the commune of Kampti (southwest of Burkina Faso), that beyond these techniques of gold extraction and processing, other political and social factors are at the origin of the observed environmental degradations. Based on the Political Ecology approach, this work is part of the search for analytical links between power relations, institutions, environmental regulation and ecological dynamics ( Peel and Watts, 2002). The methodology adopted combines documentary research and field surveys carried out between 2017 and 2019. Landsal images from 2001, 2011 and 2018 with a resolution of 30m were studied to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the plant cover at the Kampti commune scale. The analysis of these images was accompanied by transects along which the types of vegetation cover, the type of activity and the techniques of gold mining were observed. Individual and group interviews were carried out with 298 people. The actors's speeches were collected from these interviews and newspaper articles. The main international (Conventions) and national (mining and environmental codes) texts organizing the environmental regulation of gold mining were studied. These interviews show that in Kampti commune, the vegetation cover is shrinking in favor of human activities such as agriculture, the timber trade and gold mining. International and national environmental protection policies have ...