ArchiteXt Mining: Spanish modern architecture through its texts (1939–1975) istraživački je projekt koji je financirala Vlada Španjolske putem poziva za "projekte izvrsnosti" Ministarstva gospodarstva i konkurentnosti 2015. godine. Projekt ima za cilj istražiti novo gledište i razmotriti posebnosti suvremene španjolske arhitekture. Unatoč sve većem uspjehu primjene analize podataka kao alata u nizu disciplina, istraživanja na području teorije arhitekture nikada se nisu najefikasnije koristila ovim tehnologijama. Španjolske i međunarodne okolnosti razvoja moderne arhitekture pomno su razmatrane kvalitativnim istraživanjem, koje je uspostavilo opće teorijske osnove. Sada je vrijeme za započinjanje novoga dubinskog istraživanja na temelju objektivnih podataka. Da bismo odgovorili na ovaj izazov, predlažemo primjenu tehnika "rudarenja teksta" (engl. text mining) kako bi se iskoristili najbolji izvori podataka na ovom području: arhitektonska periodika. Svrha je stvoriti snažnu bazu podataka koja će biti javno dostupna znanstvenoj zajednici na internetu. Dakle, ovaj projekt ispunjava nekoliko ciljeva e-istraživanja: olakšati informatizaciju istraživanja podataka, podržati svaku fazu prikupljanja podataka i upravljati analizama velikih podataka uz pomoć posebnih alata. ; ArchiteXt Mining: Spanish Modern Architecture through Its Texts (1939–1975) is a research project funded by the Government of Spain through the 2015 Call for "Excellence Projects" of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. This project aims to explore a new viewpoint and look into the special features of Spanish modern architecture. Despite the increasing success of using data analysis as a tool in a variety of disciplines, research on architectural theory has never made the most efficient use of these technologies. The Spanish and international circumstances of modern architecture development have been scrutinized through qualitative research, which has established a shared theoretical ground. It is now time to start a new in-depth research based on objective data. To address this challenge, we propose the application of text mining techniques to take advantage of the best data source in the field: architectural periodicals. The purpose is to create a powerful database hosted on a public website for the scientific community. Thus, this project fulfils several e-Research objectives: to facilitate the computerization of data research, to support every stageof data collection, and to manage big data analyses with thehelp of specific tools.
Sve je uobičajenije za web aplikacije i poslužitelje za pohranu podataka rukovanje putem programskog rješenja u oblaku; stoga je sve veći broj ljudi koji svoje privatne podatke stavljaju na internet, motivirajući istraživanje mogućnosti programskog rješenja u oblaku, sigurnosti baza podataka i kodiranih nadležnosti. U procjeni Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)-a, ubacivanje SQL-a jedan je od najopasnijih napadnih vektora na sigurnost interneta. Imajući to u vidu, uveli smo sustav nazvan sustav za probijanje sigurnosti web mjesta, koji pokreće algoritam za pretraživanje weba kako bi analizirao propuste na zaštiti URL-a i adresa e-pošte ispitivanjem crnih kutija web mjesta 20 poznatih sveučilišta. Na temelju naših podataka, održavatelji akademskih web mjesta mogu saznati kakvoj su opasnosti izloženi, kojim URL-ovima prijeti veća opasnost i što učiniti kako bi uredili web stranicu za zaštitu od ranjivosti i sprijećili napade na akademske resurse. Nadamo se da će se u budućnosti veća pažnja posvetiti sigurnosti informacija na akademskim mrežama, kako se to danas čini s komercijalnim i vladinim mrežama. ; It is becoming increasingly common for web application and data storage services to be handled by cloud computing; therefore, more and more people are putting their private information on the internet, motivating research into cloud computing, database security and authority encryption. In the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) assessment, SQL injection is one of the most dangerous attack vectors in internet security. With this in mind, we have implemented a system named the website security mining system, which leverages a web crawling algorithm to analyze web URL and e-mail address leaks through black-box testing of 20 well-known universities' websites. Based on our data, academic website maintainers can be clearly informed about what kind of danger they are exposed to, which URLs are highly in danger, and the need to patch the website to protect against vulnerabilities and prevent academic resources from attacks. We hope that in the future, academic networks will gain more attention in the information security community, just like commercial and government networks today.
Industrial heritage plays an important role in the economical, historical, and cultural identity of contemporary European society. A significant part of the industrial heritage consists of historical buildings which have remained after mining and petroleum exploitation. Moreover, industrial heritage can be also nurtured in countries in which mining and petroleum activities are not fully developed. It is inevitably associated with geological heritage. Furthermore, geological heritage is essential for a better understanding of nature, its wider appreciation and better protection. Mining has always played a significant industrial role, but it has recently lost its significance due to increasing environmental requirements regarding the European green deal and transforming the economy for a sustainable future. However, old mining and petroleum heritage sites can become attractions and they can contribute to the development of tourism and the community itself. A new term "geotechnological heritage", presented in this paper, is related to mining, geological and petroleum heritage due to their significant interaction. This paper presents the used and unused touristic potential of heritage on selected sites in the Republic of Croatia. In addition, an analysis of the Croatian undervalued geotechnological heritage has been performed after the exploitation of stone and other nonmetallics, coal, metals, and petroleum. Unlike Croatia, the potential of geotechnological heritage has been recognized and exploited in most European countries. Therefore, Croatia has a great opportunity to develop heritage based on the experience of more successful members of the European Union. ; Industrijska baština važan je segment u ekonomskome, povijesnome i kulturnome identitetu suvremenoga europskog društva. Znatan dio industrijske baštine čine objekti koji su ostali nakon rudarenja mineralnih sirovina ili eksploatacije nafte. Štoviše, zemlje koje nemaju jako razvijenu rudarsku i naftnu djelatnost ipak njeguju tu vrstu industrijske baštine. Geološka baština bitna je za razumijevanje naravi prirode, njezina većeg vrednovanja te njezine bolje zaštite. Rudarska je djelatnost uvijek imala važnu gospodarsku ulogu, ali njezina se percepcija u modernome društvu promijenila zbog sve većih zahtjeva za očuvanjem okoliša vezanih za europski zeleni plan i prilagodbu europske ekonomije održivoj budućnosti. Međutim, rudarska baština ne mora biti negativno prihvaćena u javnosti, ona danas itekako može postati atrakcija koja pridonosi razvoju turizma te na taj način čuva tu vrstu nasljeđa za dobrobit cjelokupne zajednice. U ovome se radu pojašnjava prvi put korišten pojam "geotehnološka baština" kao novi pojam koji spaja rudarsku, geološku i naftnu baštinu zbog njihove prirodne međusobne povezanosti i isprepletenosti. Pored toga, dan je pregled nedovoljno cijenjene hrvatske geotehnološke baštine u eksploataciji kamena i drugih nemetalnih mineralnih sirovina, ugljena, mineralnih sirovina za proizvodnju kovina i u eksploataciji nafte. Za razliku od Hrvatske potencijal geotehnološke baštine prepoznat je i iskorišten u većemu dijelu Europe. S obzirom na to Hrvatska ima dobru priliku za razvoj toga tipa baštine na temelju iskustva uspješnijih članica Europske unije.
Industrijska baština važan je segment u ekonomskome, povijesnome i kulturnome identitetu suvremenoga europskog društva. Znatan dio industrijske baštine čine objekti koji su ostali nakon rudarenja mineralnih sirovina ili eksploatacije nafte. Štoviše, zemlje koje nemaju jako razvijenu rudarsku i naftnu djelatnost ipak njeguju tu vrstu industrijske baštine. Geološka baština bitna je za razumijevanje naravi prirode, njezina većeg vrednovanja te njezine bolje zaštite. Rudarska je djelatnost uvijek imala važnu gospodarsku ulogu, ali njezina se percepcija u modernome društvu promijenila zbog sve većih zahtjeva za očuvanjem okoliša vezanih za europski zeleni plan i prilagodbu europske ekonomije održivoj budućnosti. Međutim, rudarska baština ne mora biti negativno prihvaćena u javnosti, ona danas itekako može postati atrakcija koja pridonosi razvoju turizma te na taj način čuva tu vrstu nasljeđa za dobrobit cjelokupne zajednice. U ovome se radu pojašnjava prvi put korišten pojam "geotehnološka baština" kao novi pojam koji spaja rudarsku, geološku i naftnu baštinu zbog njihove prirodne međusobne povezanosti i isprepletenosti. Pored toga, dan je pregled nedovoljno cijenjene hrvatske geotehnološke baštine u eksploataciji kamena i drugih nemetalnih mineralnih sirovina, ugljena, mineralnih sirovina za proizvodnju kovina i u eksploataciji nafte. Za razliku od Hrvatske potencijal geotehnološke baštine prepoznat je i iskorišten u većemu dijelu Europe. S obzirom na to Hrvatska ima dobru priliku za razvoj toga tipa baštine na temelju iskustva uspješnijih članica Europske unije. ; Industrial heritage plays an important role in the economical, historical, and cultural identity of contemporary European society. A significant part of the industrial heritage consists of historical buildings which have remained after mining and petroleum exploitation. Moreover, industrial heritage can be also nurtured in countries in which mining and petroleum activities are not fully developed. It is inevitably associated with geological heritage. Furthermore, geological heritage is essential for a better understanding of nature, its wider appreciation and better protection. Mining has always played a significant industrial role, but it has recently lost its significance due to increasing environmental requirements regarding the European green deal and transforming the economy for a sustainable future. However, old mining and petroleum heritage sites can become attractions and they can contribute to the development of tourism and the community itself. A new term "geotechnological heritage", presented in this paper, is related to mining, geological and petroleum heritage due to their significant interaction. This paper presents the used and unused touristic potential of heritage on selected sites in the Republic of Croatia. In addition, an analysis of the Croatian undervalued geotechnological heritage has been performed after the exploitation of stone and other nonmetallics, coal, metals, and petroleum. Unlike Croatia, the potential of geotechnological heritage has been recognized and exploited in most European countries. Therefore, Croatia has a great opportunity to develop heritage based on the experience of more successful members of the European Union.
Tijekom prošlog stoljeća tržišta energenata sve više dobivaju na važnosti što je posljedica sve veće potrošnje energije. Razvoj tih tržišta posebno se vezuje uz zapadne države koje, osim na vlastitom području, razvijaju tržište energenata i u nerazvijenim državama. Stoga se krajem prošlog stoljeća unutar Europske unije sve više naglašava potreba jačanja energetskog tržišta i stvaranja jedinstvenih propisa koji će se jednako primjenjivati na sve članice Europske unije. Kao rezultat potrebe jačanja tržišta energenata unutar Europske unije osnovana je i Agencija za suradnju energetskih regulatora (ACER) čija je zadaća praćenje i analiziranje stanja na tržištu energenata, stvaranje konkurentske prednosti i razvijanje infrastrukture utemeljene na suvremenim tehnološkim rješenjima. U pregovorima za pristupanje Europskoj uniji Hrvatska se obvezala uskladiti zakonske regulative vezane uz energente sa zakonskim regulativama Europske unije te su donijeti zakoni, pravilnici i strategije koje su utemeljene na pravnim osnovama Europske unije. U ovom diplomskom radu bit će prikazane funkcije energetskog regulatora i zadaće Agencije za suradnju energetskih regulatornih tijela. ; During the last century, the energy market has become increasingly important as a result of the rise in energy consumption. The growth of these markets is associated with Western countries, which, in addition to cultivating the energy market in their own territories, improve the energy market in developing countries. Therefore, the end of the last century in the European Union saw an increasing need to strengthen the energy market and to create uniform rules that will apply equally to all EU members. As a result of the need to fortify the energy market within the European Union, the Agency for Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) was founded. Its task is to monitor and analyze the situation in the energy market, creating competitive advantage and developing the infrastructure, based on modern technological solutions. During the negotiations, which ...
Tijekom prošlog stoljeća tržišta energenata sve više dobivaju na važnosti što je posljedica sve veće potrošnje energije. Razvoj tih tržišta posebno se vezuje uz zapadne države koje, osim na vlastitom području, razvijaju tržište energenata i u nerazvijenim državama. Stoga se krajem prošlog stoljeća unutar Europske unije sve više naglašava potreba jačanja energetskog tržišta i stvaranja jedinstvenih propisa koji će se jednako primjenjivati na sve članice Europske unije. Kao rezultat potrebe jačanja tržišta energenata unutar Europske unije osnovana je i Agencija za suradnju energetskih regulatora (ACER) čija je zadaća praćenje i analiziranje stanja na tržištu energenata, stvaranje konkurentske prednosti i razvijanje infrastrukture utemeljene na suvremenim tehnološkim rješenjima. U pregovorima za pristupanje Europskoj uniji Hrvatska se obvezala uskladiti zakonske regulative vezane uz energente sa zakonskim regulativama Europske unije te su donijeti zakoni, pravilnici i strategije koje su utemeljene na pravnim osnovama Europske unije. U ovom diplomskom radu bit će prikazane funkcije energetskog regulatora i zadaće Agencije za suradnju energetskih regulatornih tijela. ; During the last century, the energy market has become increasingly important as a result of the rise in energy consumption. The growth of these markets is associated with Western countries, which, in addition to cultivating the energy market in their own territories, improve the energy market in developing countries. Therefore, the end of the last century in the European Union saw an increasing need to strengthen the energy market and to create uniform rules that will apply equally to all EU members. As a result of the need to fortify the energy market within the European Union, the Agency for Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) was founded. Its task is to monitor and analyze the situation in the energy market, creating competitive advantage and developing the infrastructure, based on modern technological solutions. During the negotiations, which preceeded the Croatian entry into the European Union, Croatia has pledged to harmonize legislation relating to the energy market with the legal regulations of the European Union and pass laws, regulations and strategies that are based on the laws of the European Union. In this Master's Thesis the functions of energy regulator and the tasks of the Agency for Cooperation of Energy Regulators will be explained.
Die Waffensammlung des Kunsthistorischen Museums in Wien besitzt das Schwert des Rektors der Republik Ragusa, welches nach der österreichischen Eroberung Ragusas im J. 1814, in die kaiserliche Weltliche Schatzkammer in Wien eingegliedert wurde (1826). Um 1871 gelangte es als »Waffe« in die kaiserliche Ambraser Sammlung und 1889 in die Hofwaffensammlung. Das Schwert wurde zuerst von Vendelin Böheim (Album hervorragender Gegenstände aus der Waffensammlung, Bd. II, Wien 1896, Taf. VI, Abb. 1, Text S. 3) später von A. Gross und B. Thomas (Katalog der Waffensammlung in der Neuen Burg, Wien, 1936, S. 31, Saal I, Vitrine 40, No 2) und neulich von Ortwin Gamber) Jahrbuch der Kunsthistorischen Sammlungen in Wien, Bd. 57, 1961, Abb. 21 S. 28) veröffentlich. Gamber macht auf ähnliche flämische Schwerter um 1470 aufmarksam. Nach den historischen Angaben kann man dieses Schwert mit jenem, welches der Gesandte der Republik Ragusa im J. 1466 als Geschenk des ungarisch-kroatischen Königs Matthias Corvinus dem Rektor der Republik Ragusa gebracht hatte (Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum meridionalium, XXV, Zagreb, 1893, S. 376) identifizieren. Das Schwert tor von Ragusa im J. 1466 verlieh, in Zusammenhang gebracht werden. Am 2. Juli 1466 gestattete Matthias dem Rektor und seinen Nachfolgern auf dem Gebiete der Stadt das Schwert als Zeichen militärischen Ranges und als Symbol der Gerechtigkeit und der Justiz vor sich tragen lassen. Der Rektor von Ragusa wurde schon vom König Sigismund im J. 1396 zum Ritter des Goldenen Spornes ernannt. Die Sporen hatte ihm damals der Conte von Zara befestigt, und es gehörten zu diesen Insignia auch ein Kollane und ein Schwert. Nach der Entscheidung des Senats der Republik Ragusa durfte aber der Rektor diese Insignia nie Tragen, ebenso wie es ihm verboten wurde den Titel Archirektor (von König Vladislaus im J. 1456 ihm verliehen) zu tragen. Gieichfalls durfte er nie das Privileg des Königs Matthias benützen. Die Insignia des Ritters des Goldenen Spornes wurden nur auf die Leiche des Rektors gelegen, wenn er in jenem Monate als er die Rektorswürde trug, gestorben wäre. Der letzte auf dem diese Insignia gelegen wurden, war Orsat Vladislaus Gozze im Juni 1798. Das Schwert in Wien kann nur mit dem Geschenk und dem Privilegium des Königs Matthias Corvinus in Zusammenhang gebracht werden. Es bleibt den weiteren Forschungen vorbehalten das Schicksal der Insignia des Rektors von Ragusa als Ritter des Goldenen Spornes zu erklären. Der Vf. dankt der Direktion der Waffensammlung in Wien und dem Kustos des Städtischen Museums in Dubrovnik Herrn Dr. Božo Glavić, die ihm durch ihre Mitteilungen in seiner Arbeit wesentlich geholfen haben.
U ovom se članku istražuje kako birači i političari putem društvenih medija komuniciraju o važnim temama u situacijama koje mobiliziraju veći broj ljudi, kao što su izbori i prosvjedi. U radu se analizira slučaj predsjedničkih izbora u Rumunjskoj 2014. godine, kada su birači imali aktivnu ulogu u promoviranju tema koje kandidati u početku nisu spominjali u svojim kampanjama. Dvije su teme proizišle kao osobito važne iz perspektive birača: sustavna korupcija i optužbe da vlada namjerno ometa proces glasovanja u zajednicama rumunjske dijaspore. Automatska i ručna analiza sadržaja korisničkih komentara i materijala iz kampanje u društvenim medijima otkriva, iako je teško precizno dokazati kauzalnu povezanost, da su zahtjevi birača koji se tiču spomenutih tema imali aktivnu ulogu u promjeni strategija kampanja kandidata. ; This article examines how voters and politicians interact through social media to communicate salient issues in highly mobilising contexts, such as elections and protests. It analyses the case of Romania's 2014 presidential elections, where voters played an active role in promoting themes that candidates had not initially addressed in their campaigns. Two topics emerged as particularly important from the voters' perspective: systemic corruption and accusations of the government deliberately hindering the voting process in Romanian diaspora communities. A mixed approach of automated and manual content analysis of user comments and campaign materials on social media reveals that, while it is difficult to make precise causal claims, voter demands with regards to these topics had an active role in influencing changes in candidates' campaign strategies.
U Malom Mošunju u Bosni i Hercegovini nađen je prije tridesetak i više godina zlatni okov ukrašen kloazoniranjem za koji se kasnije utvrdilo da pripada koricama mača. Materijali upotrijebljeni u njegovoj izradbi skupocjeni su i dostupni malobrojnima, a tehnika izradbe upućuje na rad specijalizirane zlatarske radionice opremljene i obučene za rad sa zlatom, almandinima i bjelokosti(?). Rijetka komparativna arheološka građa svrstava ga među skupocjene okove usta korica mača kakav je o pojasu mogao nositi jedino neki visoko pozicionirani pripadnik kasnorimskodobne vojne elite službujuće u Dalmaciji u vrijeme "dalmatinske dinastije" Marcelina i Julija Nepota ili kasnije, za vladavine Odoakara, tj. u posljednjoj trećini ili posljednjoj četvrtini 5. stoljeća. U dodatku ovog rada analizirani su i podaci koji se odnose na kloazoni- ranje na okovima usta korica s devetnaest ranomerovinških nalazišta obuhvaćenih tipom Beauvais-Planig (tip 2), za koje je ovdje predložena klasifikacija na podtipove 2a do 2d. ; Some thirty or more years ago, a gold fitting decorated with cloisonné-work was found in Mali Mošunj in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Subsequently, it was identified as part of the scabbard of a sword. The materials used in its making are expensive and available to few, and its construction suggests it was manufactured in a specialised goldsmith's workshop equipped and trained to work with gold, garnets and ivory(?). Rare comparative archaeological evidence classifies it among precious scabbard mouthpiece fittings, which could only have been worn by a high-ranking member of the late Roman military elite serving in Dalmatia during the "Dalmatian dynasty" of Marcellinus and Julius Nepos, or later, during the reign of Odoacer. i.e. in the last third or quarter of the fifth century. The appendix to this paper analyses data related to cloisonné on scabbard mouthpiece fittings from nineteen early Merovingian sites covered by the Beauvais-Planig type (type 2), for which a classification into subtypes 2a to 2d is proposed here.
Austrougarski car i kralj Franjo Josip I. preminuo je 21. studenoga 1916. u 86. godini života te u 68. godini vladavine. Budući da nije imao bližih potomaka naslijedio ga je pranećak Karlo I. Austrijski ili Karlo IV. Ugarsko-Hrvatski. Dvadesetdevetogodišnji car okrunjen je 30. prosinca 1916. Njegova vladavina trajala je praktično do konca Prvoga svjetskog rata, odnosno do raspada Austro-Ugarske Monarhije 31. listopada 1918. Od početka vladavine Karla I. prošlo je nešto više od sto godina, što je prigoda da se osvrnemo na njegov doprinos odlikovanjima Austro-Ugarske Monarhije. Kao car i kralj Austro-Ugarske Monarhije Karlo I. (IV.) preuzeo je suverenitet nad svim postojećim državnim odlikovanjima. Visoka odlikovanja – redove - osnovali su već njegovi prethodnici: Red zlatnog runa (1430.), Vojni red Marije Terezije (1757.), Kraljevski ugarski red Sv. Stjepana (1764.), Red Leopolda (1808.), Red željezne krune (1816.), Red Franje Josipa (1849.) i Red Elizabete (1898.). Odlikovanja niže klase – križevi i medalje – također su već bili osnovani u velikom broju i Karlo I. nije imao mnogo mogućnosti za inovacije. On je tek zasjeo na prijestolje i nije imao priliku steći reputaciju svog dugovječnog prethodnika Franje Josipa I. Društvo je pritiskivala ratna zbilja, štedjelo se i odricalo koliko je bilo moguće. No, on je ipak unio neke novosti koje valja zabilježiti. Ugarski viteški red zlatne ostruge osnovali su u 14. stoljeću kralj Karlo I. Robert (1301.- 1342.) ili njegov sin Ludovik I. (1342.-1382.).Vitezovi su dobivali diplome, bez ordenskih znakova jer su vitezovi već bili prepoznatljivi po tome što su na čizmama nosili zlatne ostruge. Karlo je u Budimpešti (30. prosinca 1916.) okrunjen krunom Sv. Stjepana. Tom prigodom proglasio je dvadeset trojicu uglednika vitezovima Reda zlatne ostruge i predao im novo kreirane ordenske znakove. Statut Reda zlatne ostruge objavljen je 21. travnja 1918. u Službenom listu Austro-Ugarske Monarhije. Karlov četni križ novo je odlikovanje cara Karla I. (osnovano je 13. prosinca 1916.), a dodjeljivao se pripadnicima oružanih snaga. Medalju za hrabrost osnovao je još car Josip II. (1789.), a dodjeljivala se samo u ratu, za hrabre pothvate i iznimnu smjelost. Na medalji su se izmjenjivali likovi vladara pa je 4. travnja 1917. iskovana nova Medalja za hrabrost s likom mladog cara Karla I. Dana 28. travnja 1917. car Karlo I. odredio je otkov novih Vojnih medalja za zasluge te je i na toj medalji likom cara Karla I. zamijenjen lik cara Franje Josipa I. Ranjenička medalja također je novo austrougarsko odlikovanje za časnike, dočasnike i vojnike oboljele i ranjene na bojištu. ; The Emperor and King of Austria-Hungary Franz Joseph I died on 21 November 1916 at the age of 86, in the 68th year of his reign. Since he had no immediate heirs, his grand-nephew Charles I of Austria and Charles IV of Hungary-Croatia inherited the throne. The twenty-nine year old emperor was crowned on 30 December 1916. His rule lasted until the end of WWI, that is, until the disintegration of Austria-Hungary on 31 October 1918. Just over one hundred years have passed since the beginning of Charles I's reign, which is an opportunity to look at his contribution to the institution of decorations in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. As Emperor and King of Austria-Hungary, Charles I(IV) took sovereignty over all existing state decorations. The high decorations – orders – had already been founded by his predecessors: Order of the Golden Fleece (1430), Order of Leopold (1808), Order of the Iron Crown (1816), Order of Franz Joseph (1849) and Order of Elisabeth (1898). Lower-class decorations – crosses and medals – had also already been founded in large numbers and Charles I did not have much space for innovation. He had only just ascended the throne and did not have the chance to gain the reputation of his long-lived predecessor Franz Joseph I. The country was oppressed by living under war circumstances; people had to save whatever they could and there was a lot they had to go without. Still, Charles I did introduce some novelties that should be recorded. The Hungarian Knightly Order of the Golden Spur (Ungarischer Ritterorden der Goldenen Sporn) was founded in the 14th century by King Charles I Robert (1301-1342) or his son Ludovik I (1342-1382). The knights received charters but no insignia, because they were recognised by wearing golden spurs on their boots. Charles was crowned with the Crown of St Stephen in Budapest (30 December 1916). On that occasion he bestowed the Order of the Golden Spur on twenty-three distinguished men and presented them with newly-created insignia of the order. The Statute of the Order of the Golden Spur was proclaimed on 21 April 1918 in the Official Gazette of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The Karl Troop Cross (Karl-Truppendreuz) was a new decoration instituted by Emperor Charles I (founded on 13 December 1916), and it was awarded to members of the armed forces. The Medal for Courage (Tapferkeitsmedaille) had been founded by Emperor Joseph II (1789) and was awarded for courageous acts and outstanding bravery only in wartime. The medal showed the figures of successive rulers so a new Medal of Courage with the figure of the young Emperor Charles I was minted on 4 April. On 28 April 1917 Emperor Charles I ordered the minting of new Military Medals of Merit (Militärverdienstmedaille) and on the new medal the figure of Emperor Charles I replaced the figure of Emperor Franz Joseph I. The Wound Medal (Verwundetenmedaille) was also a new Austro-Hungarian decoration for commissioned and non-commissioned officers and soldiers who fell ill or were wounded on the battlefield. After the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Charles I did not abdicate and formally continued to be emperor. This uncertain state of affairs lasted until 24 March 1919, when Charles and his family were forced to leave Austria and went to Switzerland. On 3 April 1919 the Austrian Parliament passed a law prohibiting the return to Austria of Charles and his wife Zita of Bourbon-Parma. Encouraged by Hungarian royalists, in 1921 Charles twice tried to assume the Hungarian throne, but both times without success. The royal couple was interned on 1 November 1921 and after a long trip transferred to Madeira Island in Portugal. Karl died there on 1 April 1922 at the age of only 34.
Predmet rada je novac koji je u drugoj polovici 8. i u prvoj polovici 9. stoljeća dotjecao na područje ranosrednjovjekovne Hrvatske. Ponajviše je to zlatni bizantski novac, ali i rijetki primjerci karolinškog i arapskog novca. Riječ je o dragocjenim numizmatičkim izvorima koji, stavljeni u političko-gospodarski kontekst, u velikoj mjeri pridonose rasvjetljavanju razdoblja hrvatske povijesti u kojem se dogodio mirovni sporazum u Aachenu. ; The topic of this paper is coinage flowing into the area of early mediaeval Croatia in the second half of the eighth and the first half of the ninth century. The bulk concerns gold Byzantine coins, as well as some rare specimens of Carolingian and Arabian coins. They are valuable numismatic sources, which, put in the political-economic context, greatly contribute to a better understanding of the period of Croatian history at the time of the Aachen peace treaty.
Taking into consideration all the benefits & pitfalls of its political, economic, military, & cultural legacies, the People's Republic of China has adopted a policy of reliance on rapid economic growth & improvement of the standard of living conducive to political & social stability of Chinese society & state. This goal has been accomplished only temporarily & partially, while the final result depends primarily on the ability of the Chinese leadership to find the golden mean between the two opposites: the closed political system & the need to maintain an open economy. In its search for a place in today's world, China is faced with the central choice of equitable participation in the global community: full acceptance of its mechanisms & principles (beginning with the UN) & international trade norms, the protection of human rights, armament control, environmental protection, etc. However, the Chinese see in this a threat of the erosion of Chinese independence & the possibility of choice & political independence of the Chinese state. Adapted from the source document.
Autorica u članku analizira položaj Dubrovnika u prvoj fazi protudvorskog pokreta (1384. – 1390.). Razmatra odnos između Dubrovnika, ugarskog vladara i krune Sv. Stjepana u vremenu dinastičkih borbi i velikaških ambicija, a osobito obrađuje problem stupanja Sigismunda Luksemburškog (1387. – 1437.) na ugarski tron. ; The period of rule of the Hungarian-Croatian king Louis Anjou (1342-1382) is considered by the historiography as a golden age of Croatian medieval history. Croatia and Slavonia regained connection with the Dalmatian towns and Dubrovnik for the first time became part of the Hungarian kingdom. The whole kingdom and especially towns on the eastern Adriatic coast went through a period of positive economic growth. After the death of the king Louis Anjou the situation in Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia changed. The question of legitimacy of king's rule appeared and dynastic and other political struggles intensified. In such situation it is interesting to follow the position of Dubrovnik as king's stronghold at the southernmost end of the kingdom. Dubrovnik led a balanced policy. It proclaimed its loyalty to the crown and then to the king with the legitimate right to carry St Stephen's crown. Leading circles in Dubrovnik were well aware of the positive side of king's supreme protection and they used this circumstance to widen town's autonomy, enlarge the territory under its control and achieve economic prosperity. Such relation toward the ruler later became part of the Dubrovnik's political ideology.
In the 1960s, the golden age of development in Europe came to an end, the socialist economies failed to adapt to the new situation and began to reform their economic system. The Yugoslav federal leadership announced economic reforms in 1961 and 1965, considered to be the best programme of economic reform and modernization during the institutional development of the Second socialist Yugoslavia. The self management system was based on the premises that the state control of the economy and planning should be replaced by contractual bargains among socially-owned enterprises, indicative planning and market mechanism. Kraigher's reform (1965) strengthened the developmental principles and the position of industry as the leading economic activity on the one hand and stabilisation programme on the other. However, the stabilisation policy failed to live up to expectations, and its restrictive measures created new imbalances. Kraigher's reform deepened the economic volatility, economic growth declined, while inflation and foreign debt swelled rapidly. The federal government made no particular efforts to remedy the situation and resolve the problems. In the late 1960s, the Yugoslav economic miracle came to an end. The communist authorities were preparing the grounds for constitutional ammendments, and enforced the adoption where federal communist leadership disciplined the proponents of economic reform and liberal market policies. The socialist economies, like modern EU states (Great Recession 2008-2013), failed to respond to the crisis immediately and with resolute action. This was a key reason for the disintegration of the Second Yugoslavia and could be the new form of balkanisation of EU. Adapted from the source document.
Članak prikazuje recentne studije o novcu kao pravnom fenomenu, putem čijeg kreiranja različiti "stakeholderi" uređuju raspodjelu resursa i odnose između pojedinih dijelova društva. U ovoj koncepciji novac formira tržište, a ne obratno. Na primjeru "slobodnog kovanja" karakterističnog za Englesku od 12. do 14. stoljeća analizira se dilema nominalizam – metalizam, te tri ograničenja robnog novca u kojima se očituje Greshamov zakon, odnosno kontroverza likvidnosti. U članku se ne analizira na koje proturječnosti nailazi nominalistička politika novca. Pokazuje se da se ni u suvremenoj koncepciji robnog novca, eksplicitnoj u Hayekovoj studiji The Denationalization of Money, zbog proturječja likvidnosti ne može – u kreiranju i održanju novčanog sustava – izbjeći uloga društvenih, izvantržišnih faktora, uz ostalo i prava. Kako mnogi autori zaključuju da je i zajednička europska valuta koncipirana po uzoru na zlatni standard (robni novac), slijedi da i uspjeh njezina dizajna i funkcioniranja ne može biti prepušten samo tržišnom mehanizmu, nego ovisi o društvenoj, političkoj i pravnoj potpori. ; The paper describes money as a legal phenomenon, which means that stakeholders use money to allocate resources and manage social relations. In this understanding money creates markets and not vice versa. The system of money creation called free minting, which was common in England from the 12th to the 14th century, is described. Three constraints of commodity money are explained and the nominalism – metalism dilemma is analysed. The focus of the analysis is on Gresham's law and the problem of liquidity of commodity money. The similarity between medieval commodity money and a modern concept of commodity money in the book The Denationalization of Money by Friedrich von Hayek is shown. The conclusion is that the market mechanism cannot solve the problem of liquidity without social agents not included in the market exchange. Since the common European currency is to some degree similar to the gold standard, the same conclusion works for the euro.
