Suchergebnisse

This article explores whether and under what conditions functional sectoral cooperation between the EU and the countries of the European Neighbourhood Policy promotes democratic governance. In an analysis of four countries (Jordan, Moldova, Morocco, and Ukraine) and three fields of cooperation (competition, environment and migration policy), we show that country properties such as the degree of political liberalization, membership aspirations, and geographic region do not explain differences in democratic governance. Rather, sectoral conditions such as the codification of democratic governance rules, the institutionalization of functional cooperation, interdependence, and adoption costs matter most for the success of democratic governance promotion. We further reveal a notable discrepancy between adoption and application of democratic governance in the selected ENP countries that has not been remedied in the first five years of the ENP.

In the sprawling megalopolis of Metro Manila, the failure or inability of centralized public and privatized water service utilities to connect outlying and poor communities within their service areas led to the emergence of community-owned water providers run by cooperatives and neighborhood associations, often led and initiated by women. Born out of necessity and daily struggles to provide water for their households, communities organize themselves as water service cooperatives or associative water systems that assume the traditional role of the state as duty-bearers in ensuring universal access and human rights to water. Employing long-term ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation, key informant interviews and literature review, this paper critically examines urban poor communities' experimentations of water service provisioning whereby women have taken on the cudgels to effectively deliver water to their own people and in the process, practice self-governance and autonomy. Using neo-institutionalist (Ostrom and Cox, 2010) and critical socio-institutionalist frameworks (Cleaver, 2002), we critically interrogate the praxes of women-led associative water systems, a model whereby water consumers both control and own the service in their capacity as consumers, using the cases of Bagong Silang and Recomville Two water service cooperatives located in Caloocan City. By illustrating on-the-ground experiences, we stress the crucial role that waterless citizens and communities play in bridging the gap in the country's water service provision, thereby expanding the private/public dichotomies that often dominate water governance debates. Through these case studies, we argue that associative water systems were borne out of collective desire to have safe, clean, and affordable water to flow to waterless communities. As Metro Manila remains under a privatized water set up, these community-owned initiatives are legitimate expressions of social transformation. We problematize how these women-led associative water systems progress in the face of neoliberal governance marked by hegemonic power of private and public actors. We also investigate how democracy is exercised —or not— within these systems as well as surface the various contestations they face. This paper therefore scrutinizes the principles and pitfalls of, the ups and downs and lessons learnt from associative water systems in providing piped connections to waterless communities. Our aim is to shed light on the reconstruction of public services anchored on collective action. We find that the political possibility for collective self-organization and bottom-up social governance are facilitated or constrained by a combination of political, socioeconomic factors such as access to technical inputs and financing, social acceptability and legitimacy of the cooperative, sustained social organizing, and understanding of micro-politics and power in the community. Afterall, community-led initiatives operate in a highly contentious local politics marked by clientelism and heterogeneity. We posit that the successes of associative water systems lie on their ability to practice democracy, transparency, and accountability as well as mobilize social capital, trust, and cooperation. However, the experiences of urban poor communities in Caloocan City reveal a more complicated picture in which water service cooperatives are plagued by multiple governance issues, internal corruption, power struggles, and affordability issues. The process of building cooperatives is tension-laden, revealing the challenges of creating the commons through sociopolitical and institutional arrangements on the ground. The paper further reveals how state and market institutions successfully managed to define the terms of engagement with the urban poor communities that constrain the latter's capability to expand water service in their areas, on one hand. On the other, private and public actors have distanced themselves from the people and obscured their objectives and economic interests from the communities they are supposed to serve. This generated a situation where dissatisfaction and capitalistic exploitation are directed toward cooperatives, instead, further redefining social relations within communities (Cheng, 2014; Chng, 2008). The paper is organized into six sections. The first parts provide a short introduction of the topic as well as a brief overview of the history and socio-political underpinnings of Metro Manila's water privatization and neoliberal undercurrents that gave way to the rise of associative water systems. The second section outlines methodological considerations that detail our general approach in gathering empirical material. The third part offers a conceptual and literature review of associative water systems in theory and practice, outlining the positive and promising principles as well as the pitfalls of the model as commons or bottom-up social governance. Examples from Bolivia and the Philippines are mentioned that offered inspiration for urban poor communities in Caloocan City to embark on their own cooperative-building and water service provisioning. The fourth part narrates the dynamics, history, and experiences of Bagong Silang and Recomville Two water service cooperatives, underlining the similarities in the contexts where they operate as well as the various tensions and challenges they faced in the process of creating cooperatives and delivering quality and safe water to the urban poor households. We pay special attention to the role of women as leaders and changemakers amid a generally masculinized culture. The part played by two NGOs as wayfinders and supporters that accompanied the cooperatives accentuate the importance of having allies and partners in the process. We also detail how the uneven and inequitable relationship between Maynilad and the cooperatives produced a culture of payment for water which partially contributed to strained social relationships in the community. This culture restructured the roles and responsibilities among community, state, and market actors. The fifth part sketches the lessons learnt from these experiences, underlining the communities' struggle for self-governance and autonomy to remake public services through collective action and participation in water service provision and stressing the crucial role that women played in the process. This section also identifies three challenges around issues of non-participation, power, and outcomes/impacts, underscoring the dangers of fetishizing communities (Cleaver, 2002) as homogenous, idealized forms or sources of social innovation. Divided along the lines of gender and class, women empowerment facilitated by the cooperative through trainings and skills enhancement did not sit well with some men in the communities. Further, the capacity to pay for water of the urban poor that is greatly tied to precarity of work and informality affects the operations and management of the system. We conclude by reiterating the pivotal role played by communities in enabling water to flow to their homes. But associative water systems are far from perfect. As on-going works-in-progress, the urban poor's desired water services can only be discovered and constructed through daily —democratic— political struggles, collective action, and contestations. The praxes of associative water systems accentuate what Dahl and Soss (2012, as mentioned in McDonald, 2016) argue that "democratic conceptions of the common good will always be partial and provisional, never universal or static" (p. 4). ; En la megalópolis en expansión de Metro Manila, el fracaso o la incapacidad de los servicios públicos centralizados y privatizados de los servicios de agua para conectar a las comunidades pobres y periféricas dentro de sus áreas de servicio llevó al surgimiento de proveedores de agua de propiedad comunitaria administrados por cooperativas y asociaciones de vecinos, lo que entendemos como sistemas de agua asociados, que a menudo son dirigidos e iniciados por mujeres. A través de un trabajo de campo etnográfico, la observación participante, entrevistas con sujetos clave y mediante una revisión de la literatura, nuestro artículo investiga críticamente las prácticas de los sistemas de agua asociativos dirigidos por mujeres, anclados en la acción colectiva, entendidos como alternativa a las fallas del estado y del mercado. Utilizando marcos neoinstitucionalistas y socioinstitucionalistas críticos, enfocamos nuestro trabajo en dos comunidades sin agua ubicadas en la ciudad de Caloocan y subrayamos sus luchas diarias por el autogobierno y el compromiso crítico con los límites de la publicidad. Encontramos que la posibilidad política de autoorganización colectiva y de gobernanza social bottom-up, se ve facilitada o restringida por una combinación de factores políticos y socioeconómicos, tales como: el acceso a insumos técnicos y financiación, aceptación y legitimidad social de la cooperativa, sostenibilidad en el tiempo, así como la confrontación de micropolíticas y relaciones de poder dentro de la comunidad. Las iniciativas lideradas por la comunidad operan en una política local altamente polémica marcada por el clientelismo, la heterogeneidad, así como por las dinámicas de clase y género. El documento también demuestra el papel fundamental de las mujeres —a menudo desatendidas tanto en la vida como en la política de la comunidad—, como vanguardistas en la realización del derecho humano al agua de las comunidades. Las cooperativas entendidas como vehículos de empoderamiento para las mujeres ayudaron a la promoción de su movilidad social y de su reconocimiento como miembros importantes, reconstruyeron sus identidades y relaciones tanto dentro de la comunidad, como de la familia, a través de expresiones diferenciadas de agencia humana y acción colectiva. Por último, los casos estudiados, ofrecen lecciones y desafíos importantes sobre la (re)creación de servicios públicos, implorando a los profesionales, los responsables políticos y los activistas que analicen los beneficios y los límites de tales formas en el contexto de la gobernabilidad neoliberal y las desigualdades continuas.

As regulation boomed as an instrument of public policy, from the 1980s, so it has also become a major field for scholarly research which draws on a remarkably wide range of disciplines, including accounting, anthropology, criminology, economics, geography, law, political science and sociology. Regulatory governance today has its own major conferences and journals (notably Regulation & Governance), titled professorships and thriving graduate programmes. In Governing Through Regulation: Public Policy, Regulation and Law, Eric Windholz argues that much of the scholarly literature is insufficiently engaged with and accessible to practitioners. A key objective of this volume is to engage the burgeoning practice community with the central ideas of contemporary regulatory governance scholarship. Windholz's readership is 'persons who find themselves working with regulation …' recognising that the practitioner is increasingly likely to be a postgraduate student of regulation. ; Update citation detail during checkdate report - AC

Beginning with a brief review of the governance literature, a definition of governance in the National Health Service of England and Wales (NHS) is offered. This introduces an analysis of NHS reform, as presented in the recent policy literature. Using narrative theory, I critique this literature with reference to three key actors: the new organizational form of the 'Foundation Trust', NHS staff, and NHS patients. For each actor, a motif is identified and examined: 'freedom' for Foundation Trusts, 'clinical governance' for staff, and 'choice' for patients. Each of these motifs is instrumental in the narrative on NHS reform, whose main themes are emancipation, progress and duty. These are common to other political projects. This critique makes the rhetoric underpinning the recent policy literature more explicit, and underlines the created, contingent nature of New Labour's account of NHS reform.

Although the concept of policy transfer attracts growing attention in political science, its application to the European Union remains underdeveloped. This article offers a comprehensive conceptual account of EU policy transfer. It starts from the institutionalist premise that transfer processes & outcomes will vary between differently constituted governance regimes. Three forms of EU governance are identified; hierarchy, negotiation & 'facilitated unilateralism'. The article develops hypotheses about the linkages between institutional variables & transfer outcomes, assessed on a scale from emulation to influence. Hypotheses are set against empirical evidence drawn from a variety of policy areas. We find evidence to support the general hypothesis that stronger forms of policy transfer occur in more highly institutionalized governance regimes. The evidence also points to micro-institutional variables shaping transfer outcomes: the powers accruing to supra-national institutions; decision rules; & the density of exchange between national actors. 1 Table. Adapted from the source document.

In recent years, governance has become well established in research regarding European integration. Governance theory goes beyond classical assumptions of international political theory, expanding the focus of intergovernmentalism by including supranational & private players in their analysis & expanding neofunctionalistic assumptions by acknowledging that subnational public players take part in political development. While this use of the approach is most widespread in political areas of the common market & regional policies, external relationships generally remain in the hands of traditional integration theory. This article reports on the "EU Governance & External Relations" conference, attended by scientists throughout Europe & the US who are occupied with various aspects of foreign administration in the EU. In various fields, but particularly expansion & neighbor policies, a characteristic EU policy can be described & analyzed as "foreign administration," although the present contributions show that there is no uniform or unbroken trend. 3 References. L. Kehl

The article presents the results of the research carried out in the El Progreso neighborhood and the Tarragona district of the municipality of Florida in Valle del Cauca with the purpose of identifying the incidence of governance in the territorial development of the aforementioned territories. The exercise is carried out from a qualitative methodology that uses the Analytical Framework of Governance-MAG, which allowed establishing the nodal points from the interaction of its actors and validating the norms or agreements reached between them, and how they contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of the populations; The techniques used were the semi-structured interview with key actors and the documentary analysis of both management reports and policy documents such as municipal development plans and theoretical references. For the information analysis the atlas ti was used. The information triangulation technique was useful when countering the information obtained from different information sources. As part of the findings, it was identified that the interactions between the actors occur as a product of political will, with a high degree of leadership from some of them and in a scenario of social innovation that seeks to solve the problems of the communities, promoting a greater social cohesion and especially, the strengthening of civil society; Their ability to relate is identified as a key factor in terms of closing gaps. ; El artículo presenta los resultados de la investigación realizada en el barrio El Progreso y el corregimiento de Tarragona del municipio de Florida en el Valle del Cauca con el propósito de identificar la incidencia de la gobernanza en el desarrollo territorial de los sitios referidos. El ejercicio se realiza a partir de una metodología de tipo cualitativa que empleo el Marco Analítico de la Gobernanza- MAG, el cual permitió establecer desde la interacción de sus actores los puntos nodales y validar las normas u acuerdos logrados entre estos, y como aportan al mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de las poblaciones; como técnicas fueron utilizadas la entrevista semiestructurada a actores claves y el análisis documental tanto de informes de gestión y de documentos de política como los planes de desarrollo municipal como de referentes teóricos. Para el análisis de la información se utilizó el atlas ti. La técnica de triangulación de información fue útil al momento de contrarrestar la información obtenida de diferentes fuentes de información. Como parte de los hallazgos se identificó que las interacciones entre los actores se dan como producto de la voluntad política, con un alto grado de liderazgo de algunos de ellos y en un escenario de innovación social que busca resolver los problemas de las comunidades, promoviendo una mayor cohesión social y en especial, el fortalecimiento de la sociedad civil; su capacidad de relacionamiento se identifica como factor clave en términos del cierre de brechas.

Blaming the World Health Organization (who) for its failures in the Ebola crisis was a common reaction of the media. However, exclusively denouncing the who for the spread of Ebola falls short as it does not recognize the structural deficits of those recent governance procedures financing global health that lead to a chronic underfunding of the who. Against this background, the article reflects perspectives of a democratic reform of global health funding. It concludes that only the who can provide a leadership on global health matters, but to do so it depends on states willing to rebuild the who's capacities to act. To address the global health crisis properly, the revitalization of who's constitutional mandate is critically necessary. The discussion is based on normative legal theory, which argues that processes of globalization have transformed international law into a global rule of law, placing specific duties on states and international institutions.

Diese Veröffentlichung stellt eine von sechs Analysen sektorenübergreifender Herausforderungen für Wasser-Governance dar, die als Teil des STEER-Forschungsprojekts durchgeführt wurden und deren Resultate in separaten Analysen und Stellungnahmen vorliegen. Südafrikas Wassergesetzgebung ist international anerkannt für ihre ambitionierte Umsetzung des integrierten Wasserressourcenmanagements (IWRM). IWRM ist ein Konzept, das entwickelt wurde, um komplexe Herausforderungen im Bereich Wasser anzugehen, indem es die Beziehungen zwischen Land und Wasser berücksichtigt und den Wissensstand für andere Wasser nutzende Sektoren und Akteur*innen erweitert. Die Beteiligung von und Koordination zwischen Interessensvertreter*innen, Schlüsselaspekte des IWRM, stehen im Gegensatz zu einem hierarchischen Führungsstil, wie er von den meisten Regierungen praktiziert wird. Wir sehen drei Herausforderungen bei der Umsetzung von IWRM in Südafrika: Erstens, ein duales Governance-System: Die Landschaft der für das Einzugsgebietsmanagement relevanten südafrikanischen Organisationen besteht aus Organisationen des westlichen Governance- und des traditionellen Governance-Systems. Das westliche Governance-System umfasst Organisationen wie das Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS), das mit der Bewirtschaftung der Wasserressourcen beauftragt ist, und das Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, das sich mit der traditionellen Führung in verschiedenen Fragen einschließlich des Landmanagements abstimmt. Gegenwärtig arbeiten diese Organisationen in Land-Wasser-Fragen nicht im erforderlichen Maße zusammen. Zweitens, eine mangelnde Umsetzung der Wassergesetzgebung: Das südafrikanische Wassergesetz von 1998 sieht Behörden für Einzugsgebietsmanagement (Catchment Management Agencies, CMAs) als Netzwerk-Governance-Strukturen vor, die die Einzugsgebiete auf lokaler Ebene bewirtschaften und alle Wassernutzer*innen einbeziehen sollen. Doch nach über 20 Jahren sind diese Strukturen nicht umgesetzt worden. Dies ist auf einen Konflikt von Governance-Stilen zwischen den Stakeholder integrierenden CMAs und dem expertengesteuerten, hierarchischen DWS zurückzuführen. Drittens, Konflikt zwischen Governance-Stilen: In Ermangelung einer CMA haben sich im uMngeni-Einzugsgebiet mehrere informelle oder nicht gesetzlich verankerte Netzwerk-Governance-Strukturen entwickelt (z.B. Foren für Einzugsgebietsmanagement und die uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership). In einigen Fällen befinden sich Repräsentant*innen dieser Strukturen und Regierungsvertreter*innen im Konflikt über unterschiedliche Ansätze des Wissensmanagements und der Entscheidungsfindung; diese Unterschiede wurzeln in ihrem jeweiligen Governance-Stil. In den vergangenen Jahren hat das DWS einen Prozess zur Erarbeitung der formal notwendigen Strategie des Einzugsgebietsmanagements eingeleitet, der von den Stakeholdern verlangt, sich zu beteiligen und ihre Bedürfnisse zu formulieren. Dieser Prozess könnte zu einem vermittelnden Instrument für Konflikte zwischen den Akteur*innen werden. Wir machen folgende Vorschläge: 1. Um IWRM umzusetzen ist die Integration der traditionellen Führungsebene in Planungsprozesse auf kulturell sensible Weise von entscheidender Bedeutung. 2. Netzwerkstrukturen - von der Regierung gestaltet oder selbst organisiert - können das zur Umsetzung von IWRM erforderliche Sozialkapital auf lokaler und regionaler Ebene schaffen. 3. Um zwischen vorhandenem hierarchischen und Netzwerk-Governance-Wissen zu vermitteln, sollten Managementstrategien auf einem hybriden Governance-Stil beruhen.

Comparative education studies examined the roles multilateral organizations and non-governmental organizations play in global governance and international development. Emphasis has been given to their engagements both at policy and practice levels as well as their impacts. Generally, the mechanisms international organizations use to govern education and development seem qualitatively to change over time. The most recent emerging research trajectory explains how international organizations primarily use the power of scientific knowledge for organizational legitimacy, credibility, and impact. This is referred to in the literature as soft governance, epistemic governance, scientization, or scientific multilateralism, as it significantly relies on the authority of scientific knowledge as opposed to hard, financial preconditions, for global governance and development. Our understanding of scientization is still in its 'infancy', partly due to its relatively recent emergence and partly due to the use of varied indicators to assess it across organizational types. To contribute toward further theorization, this study problematizes scientization in international organizations, with a focus on multilateral, intergovernmental organizations. The study is organized around answering this overarching question: What are the conceptual and methodological attributes or features of scientization in international organizations? Using sociological theories and conceptions of policymaking and transfer, it discusses core substantive, methodological, and theoretical issues of scientization having relevance for further research.

1. Growth of Urban America -- 2. Public policy issues and regional governance -- 3. Suburbanization and annexation -- 4. Government centralization responses : consolidation and metropolitan government -- 5. The impact of federal and state government policies on regionalism -- 6. Providing services in the decentralized metropolis -- 7. Providing services in decentralized metropolitan areas through intergovernmental cooperation and contracting -- 8. The county and regional governance -- 9. Unique approaches to regional governance and fiscal regionalism -- 10. Collaborative regional governance -- 11. Regional governance in selected metropolitan areas in other countries -- 12. Future directions for regional governance in a global society.