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The aims of this article are to describe the fundamental connection between State government, counties and municipalities and to expose peculiarities of interaction of State government subjects and Local Self-government institutions. The survey method is grounded on the systemic research and analysis of the Lithuanian legal acts: Law on the Local Self-government, Law on the Governing of the County and Law on the Regional Development. The main conclusions of the article are following: a) the objects, functions and responsibility of Regional institutions and Counties are separated by legal acts, but in fact Regional institutions and Counties are indivisible unit; b) in reality municipalities become subordinate to the State government and restraint from Self-government institutions appreciable by limited liberty of decision making and finance resources, and intensive state inspection of procedures; c) there is not fully realized principle of decentralization. In the future State government system and Local Self-government reforms could take the way of self-governmental regions making and the power, functions and decision making competence of municipalities could be extended

The aims of this article are to describe the fundamental connection between State government, counties and municipalities and to expose peculiarities of interaction of State government subjects and Local Self-government institutions. The survey method is grounded on the systemic research and analysis of the Lithuanian legal acts: Law on the Local Self-government, Law on the Governing of the County and Law on the Regional Development. The main conclusions of the article are following: a) the objects, functions and responsibility of Regional institutions and Counties are separated by legal acts, but in fact Regional institutions and Counties are indivisible unit; b) in reality municipalities become subordinate to the State government and restraint from Self-government institutions appreciable by limited liberty of decision making and finance resources, and intensive state inspection of procedures; c) there is not fully realized principle of decentralization. In the future State government system and Local Self-government reforms could take the way of self-governmental regions making and the power, functions and decision making competence of municipalities could be extended

The aims of this article are to describe the fundamental connection between State government, counties and municipalities and to expose peculiarities of interaction of State government subjects and Local Self-government institutions. The survey method is grounded on the systemic research and analysis of the Lithuanian legal acts: Law on the Local Self-government, Law on the Governing of the County and Law on the Regional Development. The main conclusions of the article are following: a) the objects, functions and responsibility of Regional institutions and Counties are separated by legal acts, but in fact Regional institutions and Counties are indivisible unit; b) in reality municipalities become subordinate to the State government and restraint from Self-government institutions appreciable by limited liberty of decision making and finance resources, and intensive state inspection of procedures; c) there is not fully realized principle of decentralization. In the future State government system and Local Self-government reforms could take the way of self-governmental regions making and the power, functions and decision making competence of municipalities could be extended. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjami centrinių valstybės valdymo subjektų ir savivaldybių sąveikos ypatumai, regioninės valstybės politikos ir vietos savivaldos santykis, apskričių sąsajos su savivaldybėmis bei vietos gyventojais. Išanalizavus Lietuvos Respublikos vietos savivaldos, Regioninės plėtros ir Apskrities valdymo įstatymus, teigiama, jog santykiai tarp valstybės valdymo subjektų ir savivaldybių yra grįsti įvairialype ir detalia kontrole, varžančia savivaldos plėtojimą; regionai ir apskritys institucijų požiūriu egzistuoja kaip nedalomas vienetas, todėl tarp valstybės valdymo ir savivaldos sistemų egzistuoja Konstitucijoje nenumatyti pavaldumo ryšiai; pažeidžiamas subsidiarumo principas: Apskrities valdymo įstatymas nustato konkrečius santykius su pavieniais gyventojais ne jų pačių, bet valstybės iniciatyva. Straipsnyje pateiktas teorinis sisteminis valstybės valdymo modelis. Jame patobulinti valstybės institucijų bei savivaldybių ryšiai, supaprastinti gyventojų bei valdžios institucijų santykiai.

The Joint Committee of Government and Local Self-Government has been operating for over 25 years. It is an institution that was conceived as having an advisory capacity, as a unique instrument of dialogue between the government authority and local self-government. However, experience over the last four years has shown that the central authority has marginalized the role of the Joint Committee, ignoring it completely in the legislative process – the vast majority of changes in the powers of the self-government authorities were introduced through member bills, which do not require an opinion from the Joint Committee. In this article, the authors propose extensive reforms to empower local self-government through the empowerment of the Joint Committee. Its fundamental recommendations are to furnish the Joint Committee with the right of legislative initiative, the right to file a motion with the Constitutional Tribunal, and the introduction of a group legislative initiative to the governing authorities of local self-government units. ; Komisja Wspólna Rządu i Samorządu Terytorialnego funkcjonuje już od ponad 25 lat. Jest to instytucja, która z założenia miała mieć charakter opiniodawczo-doradczy, stanowiąc swoisty instrument dialogu między władzą rządową a samorządem terytorialnym. Praktyka ostatnich czterech lat pokazuje jednak, że władza centralna zmarginalizowała rolę Komisji Wspólnej, pomijając ją zupełnie w procesie legislacyjnym – zdecydowana większość zmian dotyczących kompetencji władz samorządowych była wprowadzano poprzez projekty poselskie, które nie wymagają opinii Komisji Wspólnej. W prezentowanym artykule autorzy proponują szeroko zakrojoną reformę mającą na celu upodmiotowienie samorządu terytorialnego poprzez upodmiotowienie Komisji Wspólnej. Podstawowymi jej postulatami są: wyposażenie Komisji Wspólnej w prawo inicjatywy ustawodawczej, prawo do występowania z wnioskiem do Trybunału Konstytucyjnego oraz wprowadzenie grupowej inicjatywy ustawodawczej dla organów stanowiących jednostek samorządu terytorialnego.

While carrying out its tasks, the Polish customs administration collaborates with many entities – government administration authorities, local government as well as economic self-government. Constant cooperation takes place mainly with authorities and institutions whose tasks are associated with tasks which are being realized by the customs administration. Cooperation with local and state administration bodies and the local government takes place to a lesser extent. This cooperation is of supportive character. Another type of cooperation is the cooperation with local governments. Its character is intensive. The result of this cooperation is the implementation of a number of facilities for entrepreneurs dealing with foreign commodity trading. ; Polska administracja celna realizując swoje zadania współpracuje z wieloma podmiotami – z organami administracji państwowej, samorządowej, jak i samorządem gospodarczym. Stała współpraca prowadzona jest przede wszystkim z organami i instytucjami, których zadania wiążą się z zadaniami realizowanymi przez administrację celną. Współpraca z terenowymi organami administracji państwowej oraz organami samorządu terytorialnego odbywa się w mniejszym zakresie. Ma ona charakter pomocniczy, wspierający. Innego rodzaju współpracą jest z kolei współpraca z samorządem gospodarczym. Jest ona intensywna. Efektem tej współpracy jest wprowadzenie szeregu ułatwień dla przedsiębiorców dokonujących obrotu towarowego z zagranicą.

While carrying out its tasks, the Polish customs administration collaborates with many entities – government administration authorities, local government as well as economic self-government. Constant cooperation takes place mainly with authorities and institutions whose tasks are associated with tasks which are being realized by the customs administration. Cooperation with local and state administration bodies and the local government takes place to a lesser extent. This cooperation is of supportive character. Another type of cooperation is the cooperation with local governments. Its character is intensive. The result of this cooperation is the implementation of a number of facilities for entrepreneurs dealing with foreign commodity trading. ; Polska administracja celna realizując swoje zadania współpracuje z wieloma podmiotami – z organami administracji państwowej, samorządowej, jak i samorządem gospodarczym. Stała współpraca prowadzona jest przede wszystkim z organami i instytucjami, których zadania wiążą się z zadaniami realizowanymi przez administrację celną. Współpraca z terenowymi organami administracji państwowej oraz organami samorządu terytorialnego odbywa się w mniejszym zakresie. Ma ona charakter pomocniczy, wspierający. Innego rodzaju współpracą jest z kolei współpraca z samorządem gospodarczym. Jest ona intensywna. Efektem tej współpracy jest wprowadzenie szeregu ułatwień dla przedsiębiorców dokonujących obrotu towarowego z zagranicą.

In this article a presently existing public administration system in Lithuania as well as the position of municipalities (subjects of local self–government) in that system are described, the features of the "real" local self–government are being formulated, potentially possible groups of problems of local self–government are distinguished and currently main problems of municipalities of Lithuania are indicated. The author of the article notes that in Lithuania up till now the concept of the "real" local self–government has not been clearly and unambiguously defined yet. That makes the formulation of target goals, tasks and means as well as their implementation developing the system of local self–government more difficult. Seeking at least partly to fill the existing gap, the author of the article formulates eight features of the "real" local self–government. Having defined the problem of local self–government as a deviation from the "normal" conditions for the functioning of the local self–government system that cause negative changes in the system, the author of the article shows the relationship between the "normal" conditions for the functioning of local self–government and the formulated features of the "real" local self–government. According to this relationship the author of the article indicates eight potentially possible groups of problems of local self–government. On the basis of the accumulated knowledge and acquired experience the author of the article points out five groups of currently particularly important problems for local self–government of Lithuania, which are conditionally named as follows: 1) suppressed independence; 2) insufficient constructiveness of the relationship among different levels of government; 3) economic problems of municipalities; 4) not involving community members in managing local affairs; 5) inertness of municipalities.

In this article a presently existing public administration system in Lithuania as well as the position of municipalities (subjects of local self–government) in that system are described, the features of the "real" local self–government are being formulated, potentially possible groups of problems of local self–government are distinguished and currently main problems of municipalities of Lithuania are indicated. The author of the article notes that in Lithuania up till now the concept of the "real" local self–government has not been clearly and unambiguously defined yet. That makes the formulation of target goals, tasks and means as well as their implementation developing the system of local self–government more difficult. Seeking at least partly to fill the existing gap, the author of the article formulates eight features of the "real" local self–government. Having defined the problem of local self–government as a deviation from the "normal" conditions for the functioning of the local self–government system that cause negative changes in the system, the author of the article shows the relationship between the "normal" conditions for the functioning of local self–government and the formulated features of the "real" local self–government. According to this relationship the author of the article indicates eight potentially possible groups of problems of local self–government. On the basis of the accumulated knowledge and acquired experience the author of the article points out five groups of currently particularly important problems for local self–government of Lithuania, which are conditionally named as follows: 1) suppressed independence; 2) insufficient constructiveness of the relationship among different levels of government; 3) economic problems of municipalities; 4) not involving community members in managing local affairs; 5) inertness of municipalities.

Rok 2020, rok pandemii, stał się symbolem nagłych zagrożeń zmieniających zasadniczo życie społeczne i gospodarcze. Jest on jednak tylko przykładem nowych nawarstwiających się niepewności, takich jak zmiany klimatyczne, które silnie wpływają na system administracji publicznej. Przedmiotem opracowania jest odpowiedź na pytanie, jaki ustrój administracji publicznej i jakie prawne formy działania będą sprzyjać zwiększeniu odporności państwa na wstrząsy i większej elastyczności działania jego administracji. Możemy tu ukazać trzy sposoby ujęcia posiadające swoich zwolenników również w nauce prawa, a więc: scentralizowanego państwa rozbudowującego wobec zagrożeń tylko struktury eksperckie i doradcze; państwa minimalnego, w którym wzmacnia się głównie sieć współdziałania z obywatelami, podmiotami gospodarczymi i administracją, takiego, które prowadzi ograniczone działania zarządzania kryzysowego, i trzeciej koncepcji współpracującego systemu modułów administracji rządowej i samorządowej przy dużej niezależności samorządu, dobrej koordynacji i otwarciu na innowacji społeczne. Autorka wypowiada się za wyborem trzeciego modelu dla stworzenia elastycznego, odpornego na wstrząsy państwa, ukazując zalety takiego rozwiązania oraz słabości modelu pierwszego, ku któremu dąży postępująca obecnie recentralizacja. ; The year 2020, the year of the COVID-19 pandemic, has become a symbol of sudden threats that fundamentally change social and economic life. However, the pandemic is only one example of the new accumulating uncertainties, such as climate change, which are strongly affecting the public administration system. The aim of the study is to answer the question of what kind of public administration system and what legal forms of action will contribute to increasing the resistance of the State to shocks, and fostering greater flexibility of its administration. Three approaches will be presented that have their supporters in the legal sciences, namely: a centralized state that only expands expert and advisory structures in order to counter threats; a minimal state, in which the network of interaction with citizens, business entities and the administration is mainly strengthened, being one that conducts limited crisis management activities; and, lastly, the concept of a cooperative system of central and local government administration modules, with local self-government having a high level of independence, good coordination, and openness to social innovation. The author advocates the choice of the third model to create a flexible, shock-resistant state, showing the advantages of such a solution and the weaknesses of the first model, towards which the current recentralization is striving.

Financial determinants related to the budgetary situation of territorial self-government units play the most important role among all the factors affecting the undertaking and conducting of investments by territorial units. Finances are a key element in functioning of territorial self-government units as well as the primary determinant of viability and success of any investment. The objective of this article is to present financial determinants associated with the budgetary situation of territorial self-government units in Poland and their effects on investment execution by these entities. Consequently, investment expenditure, own income, and budgetary result with particular attention to operating surplus have been characterized.

The conception of local self-government contained in the law of March 8, 1990, refers to the tradition of Polish self-government and yet meets the requirements provided for in the European Local Government Charter. The .atbove makes it possible, on the one hand, to return to the institutions previously known to the Polish law, and, on the other, to compare them with their European counterparts. The re-instatement of self-government has brought back to light the issue of duality of public administration and its division into government and selfgovernment administration. In view of the principle in force in the former political regime namely the principle of "unity of government on the level of a locality, the solution to the problem of duality is far from easy". New legislation creates grounds for a new, structurally diversified model of state administration. At the Województwo level (the highest unit of local organization), there operates a nominated official, Wojewoda, the organ of government administration, whereas at a local level — in gmina — the ,,basic form of organization of public activity" is local self-government. The duality of administration manifests itself in many legislative acts. The most important of them are: the Act on Local Self-Government and the Act on Government Administration; mention should also be made about the Act on division of tasks and powers between various organs representing basically different types of administration, etc. Some issues posed by the model require further amendments. Problems of particular gravity arise in connection with the question of regions as subsidiary units of basic administrative division of the country, created to further the tasks of government administration at a local level, the absence of deep structural reforms at a central government level, the absence of a clear determination of position of government administration vis-a vis self-government, disputable budgetary and financial solutions, etc. All this leads to the conclusion that the legislative conception of duality of state administration is not sufficiently clear. Neverheless, it is beyond doubt that the new structure of administration is presently in its formative period. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

O wyborze problematyki refinansowania zadłużenia samorządowego zadecydowało przeświadczenie o niedostatecznym ujmowaniu tego zagadnienia w literaturze przedmiotu, nierzadko jego bagatelizowaniu w odniesieniu do szczebla regionalnego i lokalnego oraz istnieniu pokaźnych luk na tym polu badawczym. Zasadniczym celem pracy jest usystematyzowanie informacji dotyczących refinansowania długu publicznego, w tym samorządowego, oraz zbadanie skali zjawiska w polskich gminach. Przedstawiono propozycje wzbogacenia mierników oceny kondycji finansowej samorządów o te dotyczące opisywanych zagadnień. Sprecyzowane cele mają więc charakter zarówno teoretyczny, jak i aplikacyjny. W pracy wskazano trudności, jakie związane są z pomiarem zadłużenia publicznego, przybliżono pojęcie refinansowania długu oraz odniesiono je do długu samorządowego. Zasygnalizowano zagadnienia związane z restrukturyzacją zadłużenia, myloną czasem z jego refinansowaniem. Zaprezentowano również dane dotyczące refinansowania polskich gmin w latach 2003-2015 oraz przedstawiono propozycje mierników omawianych zagadnień. Opracowanie kończy podsumowanie zawierające najważniejsze wnioski; zasygnalizowano również problemy wymagające dalszych badań. ; The choice of the subject of this paper: the refinancing of the local government debt, was determined by the conviction that this field of research has not yet been sufficiently explored. Literature downplays this issue at the regional and local level. Thus the main aim of this work is the systematisation of information on the refinancing of public debt, including local government debt, and examination of the scale of this phenomenon existing throughout Polish municipalities. Debt indicators have been proposed to be added to the array of tools used for assessing the financialcondition of local governments so that the objectives defined in the paper had both a theoretical as well as practical application. Problems and difficulties associated with the measurement of public debt have been identified, the concept of debt refinancing explained in more detail and a reference of a public debt to the local government debt has been made. Issues indicated in the article relate to debt restructuring and are sometimes confused with refinancing. The refinancing of Polish municipalities in the years 2003-2015 has been presented, followed by some proposals for measures applicable to the issues under discussion. The paper ends with a summary containing the main findings, and indicates issues that still require further research.

Studies presented in this publication were aimed at provide data necessary for the conducting of local government and citizenship dimension of the enlarged Polish foreign policy in Podlaskie region. The main objective was to investigate the diagnosis, as the local government units, non-governmental organizations, businesses and universities alluded cross-border cooperation with partners in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia (Kaliningrad). The publication indicated areas of the greatest potential, as well as barriers to such cooperation in the region. Particular attention was paid to the cooperation of these entities, combining their potentials and create joint projects.

The methods for change detection and management published in the scientific literature are often of empirical nature and are not suitable for the analysis of the particular situations, whereas local governments are a specific object of analysis. Furthermore, many scholars interpret the content of a strategic change quite differently. This shows that the methodology of strategic change analysis is not fully developed. Therefore, further issues of strategic change management, which would consider the specifics of an organization, are very important. The aim of the article is to discuss the specifics of the strategic changes in local governments (local government institutions), describe their types, and evaluate the operational changes. The paper presents the concept of strategic change and distinguishes the levels of strategic changes according to their importance for the local governments. It describes strategic changes in the local governments and their need on the political, organizational potential development, and action levels. The article evaluates the strategic changes in the local governments at the level of their activities. The local governments can implement the strategic changes on the political and action levels. They are not procedural, but oriented to activity. Organizational potential development and functional changes are more common at the local government institutions. These changes are procedural and can be strategic and operational. It is not possible to. [to full text]