Suchergebnisse

原著者N. N. V. Gogol ; 譯述者沈佩秋. ; Colophon title. ; Translation of English ed.: Government inspector; original version in Russian (transliterated): Revizor. ; yuan zhu zhe N. N. V. Gogol ; yi shu zhe Shen Peiqiu.

戈果理著 ; 唯明譯註. ; 譯自: Revizor. ; 英汉對照. ; Guogeli zhu ; Wei Ming yi zhu. ; Detailed notes in vernacular field only. ; Detailed notes in vernacular field only.

Since 2005, the government funding of basic and applied research in Russia has been growing at different rates. However, no impressive results have been reached so far in high-tech production. It's share in total export volume hasn't signiicantly grow. The economy of Russia heavily depends on high-tech imports. Decreasing of the state budget in terms of economic instability and low oil prices leads to new risks and the need to ind new ways of R&D expenditures management in order to increase their effectiveness. The aim is to analyze government spending on applied research in the total research spending, in the context of government programs and codes of budget classiication and to make recommendations for improving the quality of state funding applied research. The methodology is based on analysis of budget expenditures in the context of government programs. The study has focus on the dynamics of changes in public spending on applied research in comparison with the dynamics of change in the total expenditure on science. It has revealed the changes in the amounts of applied research funding under government programs in 2014–2015. Expenditures on applied research are presented with a breakdown as per budget classiication codes. The government expenditures on applied research in the context of government programs of industrial production are analyzed. Recommendations are given how to improve the quality of budgetary spending on applied science.

The self-government today is a qualitatively new phenomenon, which preserved just the old name in the new conditions of privatization of property and privatization of enterprises, the rapid development of its private form, as relevant part of measures for transition to market relations. Self-government as a phenomenon of social life has always been, what stages of development the society was. Externally, self-governing relations were presented in different forms, which suggest that in the differences in the forms it is necessary to see the uniformity of nature. In different nations in different countries, and in the same nation in different historical periods, there were different social roles of subjects and objects of management and government, and their social, ethical and legal status, and, therefore, relations with state authorities and management. ; Самоуправление сегодня представляет собой качественно новое явление, сохранившее, по существу, лишь старое название в новых условиях разгосударствления собственности и приватизации предприятий, стремительного развития его частных форм, как релевантной части мер по переходу к рыночным отношениям. Самоуправление как явление социальной жизни было всегда, на каких бы этапах развития не находилось общество. Внешне самоуправленческие отношения представлялись разными формами, это означает, что за различием форм надо видеть единообразие сути. У разных народов в разных странах, да и одного и того же народа в разные исторические периоды, различными были общественные роли субъектов и объектов, как управления, так и самоуправления, их социальный, морально-этический и правовой статус, а, значит, и отношения с органами государственной власти и управления.

УДК 34The article highlights the main stages in the development of local government and self-gov-ernment in Russia. It shows the specifics of each stage. The formation of the Russian state was accompanied by the synthesis of the princely power and the community self-government. The genesis autocracy was accompanied by a struggle with the self-government institutions. The creation of rural and urban self-government in the second half of the XIX century was accom-panied by a debate on the social and public origin of these institutions.The Soviet state was based on the unity of the Soviet system. It concluded the discrete de-velopment of local self-government in Russia. There is no historical strong tradition of local government in this system.Objective of the article is to identify and characterize the main stages of development of local government and self-government in Russia. Show the discrete nature of the develop-ment of local self-government in Russia.The formation of the Russian state was accompanied by the synthesis of princely power and community self-government. Genesis autocracy was accompanied by a struggle with self-government institutions. The absence of territorial self-government in Russia was offset by the presence of social class municipality for a long time. Caste traditions tradition had a negative impact after the establishment of rural and urban self-government in the second half of the XIX century.During the preparation of the reforms and their implementation were discussions of the rela-tionship between the state and the community began in management. As a result, there is the inclusion of local authorities in the sphere of active state regulation. The desire of the county public to the political activity was suppressed by autocracy. The Provisional Government at-tempt to rely on the local self-government to create new authorities ended in failure.The Soviet state was based on a single management system. Certain powers was delegated at the local level. The local authorities have been transferred some resources to implement it. So the system of local budgets was build. The most successful period of the local govern-ment activity accounts for 1920s. The city and district are considered as the territorial foundation of local government. Scientific field formed that studies the feature of local govern-ment in the Soviet conditions.In the 1930s, there is centralization of government. The development of the city is subject to problems of industrialization and development of the rural areas is subject to problems of collectivization. The state policy does not consider the interests of local communities.The liberalization of the political regime in the late 1950s has led to a revival of the idea of decentralization. But decentralization of government is considered solely as an economic rather than a social and political problem. This understanding persisted until the end of the Soviet period.The lack of stable historical tradition of local government negatively affects the municipal development of the Russian Federation. ; УДК 34В статье выделяются основные этапы развития местного управления и самоуправления в России. Показана специфика каждого этапа: формирование российского государства сопровождалось синтезом княжеской власти и общинного самоуправления; генезис самодержавия сопровождался борьбой с институтами самоуправления; создание земского и городского самоуправления во второй половине XIX в. сопровождалось дискуссиями о социальной и государственной природе этих учреждений; советское государство строилось на единстве системы cоветов.Сделан вывод о дискретном развитии местного самоуправления в России и отсутствии исторической устойчивой традиции деятельности органов местного самоуправления.

Проблемные вопросы развития существующих правовых форм самоорганизации муниципалитетов как органов самоуправления и их взаимодействия с органами государственной власти в лице органов управления, в том числе и действующих на низовом уровне, представляют собой давний объект научного исследования ученых. В статье рассматриваются направления взаимодействия органов местного управления и самоуправления Республики Беларусь, анализируется законодательство в этой сфере; различные виды форм взаимоотношений между органами власти в лице органов управления, действующих в том числе в сфере реализации права граждан на формирование органов власти посредством выборов, и органами местного самоуправления. На современном этапе развития Республики Беларусь все большую роль играет уровень демократии, характеризующийся степенью взаимодействия органов управления с органами местного самоуправления, и влияние органов местного самоуправления как института гражданского общества на процесс формирования публичной власти. Это обусловлено тем, что местное самоуправление является наиболее приближенным к населению уровнем публичной власти и тем самым осуществляет реализацию конституционного права на участие граждан в управлении государством. По результатам исследования предлагается перечень отдельных видов форм взаимодействия обозначенных субъектов властно-распорядительных отношений. Изложенные в работе теоретические выводы могут стать основой для совершенствования механизма взаимодействия органов государственной власти в лице органов местного управления с органами местного самоуправления. ; The study of problematic issues of development of existing legal forms of selforganization of municipalities as self-governing bodies, and their interaction with public authorities in the form of governing bodies, including those operating at the grassroots level, is a long-standing object of scientific research of scientists. The article considers the directions of interaction between local authorities and selfgovernment of the Republic of Belarus, analyzes the legislation in this area. The author analyzes different types of relations between the authorities in the form of governing bodies, including those operating in the sphere of realization of the right of citizens to form authorities through elections, and local governments. At the present stage of development of the Republic of Belarus, the level of democracy plays an increasingly important role, which is characterized, among other things, by the degree of interaction between government bodies and local self-government bodies, and the influence of local self-government bodies, as an institution of civil society, on the process of formation of public power. This is due to the fact that local self-government is the closest to the population level of public authority, and thereby implements the constitutional right to participate in the governance of state. According to the results of the research the list of separate types of forms of interaction of designated subjects of power and administrative relations is offered. The theoretical conclusions presented in the paper can become the basis for improving the mechanism of interaction of public authorities in the face of local government bodies with local authorities.

The aim of this study is the analysis and development of proposals for realizing the potential of the government-commissioned research projects as a tool for goal setting and budget inancing of research and development. The authors analyze the structure of public funding for fundamental and applied research in the forms of government-commissioned projects and Federal programs. The article provides analytical review of these two instruments of budget inancing of scientiic research, including their comparability in terms of size. The article presents an analysis of the managerial capacity of the government-commissioned projects in science and technology, and the ways of their implementation. It is concluded that both in fundamental and in applied science it is possible to expand the use of the government-commissioned projects to improve the eiciency of research. The authors show that improvement of inancing and management tools along with the enhancing of research eiciency are the ways to unleash the potential of the government-commissioned research. The authors discuss the concrete steps to unlock the potential of the government-commissioned research, including expanding the range of entities eligible to bid for government-commissioned research projects, implementation of coordinated interagency and interdisciplinary government-commissioned research projects, introduction of the new operation model for the research infrastructure facilities, improving coordination of ongoing research. Recommendations for amendments to legal acts regulating scientiic-technical sphere are presented. These recommendations will help to realize the potential of government-commissioned research.

This is an attempt to give a strictly formal and semantically motivated definition of the syntactic concepts of government, agreement, and adjunction. Government and adjunction are related to the strength of the syntactic connection, which, in its turn, is determined by the comparison of the syntactic representation – the tree – with the semantic one – the graph. If the semantic valency confirms the syntactic dependency the connection is regarded as strong. Government is always a strong connection, whereas adjunction is weak. Both are, however, in conformity with the syntactic tree. Agreement relations may or may not conform to the tree structure and in the former case they can be either strong or weak. A distinction is also made between word and its ending; a syntactic dependency arrow can be directed to or from either of these. Government is primarily a relation from word to ending, secondarily from word to word. Adjunction is directed exclusively from word to word. One type of agreement, the flectional one, is directed from ending to ending, the other type, the semi-flectional, from word to ending. Semiflectional gender agreement is further divided into lexical and referential agreement. As a result of syntactic transformations certain transitions between these connection types can be observed.

Факультет журналистики ; Частный бизнес в Республике Беларусь развивается, расширяет сферу своего влияния, что способствует увеличению значимости такой целевой аудитории, как государственные органы. Государство всегда выступало в качестве одной из приоритетных целевых аудиторий для бизнес-организаций, однако не всегда государство и бизнес рассматривают друг друга в качестве равноправных партнеров. Крупный бизнес сегодня уже имеет богатый опыт выстраивания стратегического взаимодействия с государственными органами, малый и средний бизнес только приходит к этому. В статье рассматриваются вопросы оптимизации взаимодействия малого и среднего бизнеса с представителями государственной власти.

в данной статье автором рассматривается вопрос принципов государственного управления. В работе представлены основные подходы к формированию принципов государственного управления ; основные принципы государственного управления ; а также некоторые более специфические принципы государственного управления.

в статье рассмотрены проблемы современного игорного бизнеса в Российской Федерации ; политико-правовые ; гражданские и экономические аспекты процесса формирования государственной политики в сфере регулирования деятельности. Анализируются Федеральный Закон ; регулирующий деятельность игорного бизнеса. Разработаны предложения по развитию игорного бизнеса в Российской Федерации с целью увеличения доходов в бюджеты регионов ; увеличения привлекательности российских курортов ; увеличения количества рабочих мест ; искоренения безработицы. ; the article deals with the problems of modern gambling business in the Russian Federation ; political and legal ; civil and economic aspects of state politics development in the field of activities regulation. The Federal Law regulating the activity of gambling business has been analyzed. The author has offered some developments of gambling business in the Russian Federation in order to increase the revenues to the budgets of the regions ; to increase the attractiveness of the Russian resorts ; to create more job opportunities and to eradicate unemployment.

Mode of access: Internet. ; Issued by the Statisticheskiǐ komitet of the Government of Kovno.

The article addresses the issues of the government policy for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The main focus is on the practical aspects of implementation of the government-funded SubProgramme for SMEs development of the Government Programme of the Russian Federation for Economic Development and Innovative Economy. The key goals, tools and results of the SubProgramme are presented. The authors discuss the opportunities provided by the Program, as well as the barriers faced by enterprises striving to develop their innovation capacity with assistance of the Program. The case of a small manufacturing company with high innovation potential is described to highlight the contradictions of the regulatory framework for SMEs support. The procedure of conirmation of SME status has been simpliied. However, some of legal entities, which fall within the deinition of a Small Enterprise provided by the Federal Law On the development of small and medium-size businesses in the Russian Federation, lost the opportunity to conirm their status as a result of these changes. The need to disseminate the government support to a broader category of companies is articulated in the article. The case of a small manufacturing company with high innovation potential is described to highlight the contradictions of the regulatory framework for SMEs support. It is argued that poor business environment and unavailability of inancial sources have the most signiicant negative impact on SMEs performance. Currently applied terms of lending turn to be unacceptable even for the SMEs participating in the government-funded program. It is demonstrated that the government is trying to solve the problem of low market demand for the products of SMEs in ''manual mode'' – by putting pressure on large companies. It is concluded that the main focus of the government should be to set up a favorable economic and legal environment for SMEs development.

The round table discussion was devoted to the development problems facing such scientiic infrastructure facilities of the Russian Federation as the Centers of Shared Multi-Access to Research Equipment (hereinafter CKP) and Unique Research Facilities (hereinafter UNU). The round table participants included representatives of CKP, UNU and the relevant back-up organizations with a long history of successful management of their Centers and Facilities. The Keynote report sought to frame the major problems of CKP and UNU development, indicated the causes of these problems, identiied guidelines to their solution through the strengthening of governmental support to scientiic infrastructure. According to the author of the report, the most challenging issues of CKP and UNU development include: – inadequate capacity building rates and modest performance of the core centers and facilities due to low research activity of potential R&D customers; – conlict of interest between CKP/UNU and their back-up organizations, which are primarily interested to use their centers and facilities for internal research with whatever resources remain to meet orders of external users;76 Круглый стол – reluctance of CKP and UNU staff to provide services, which may not include a research component; – unreasonable indicators of CKP/UNU capacity and performance, which relect performance of back-up organizations instead. To remedy the speciied problems, the speaker suggests: – to speed up the process of legal recognition for CKP and UNU status criteria and to perform conformance inspection of these items of scientiic infrastructure and eliminate those CKP and UNU, which were established just to get access to public funds; – to expand CKP status beyond the scope of research institutions for independent legal units with competitive research equipment and highly skilled research staff; – to include CKP/UNU performance indicators into the list of performance indicators of back-up organizations in an attempt to promote CKP and UNU activities ...

в статье речь идет о специфике исторического развития атлантического побережья Никарагуа ; политике «испанизации» ; этнических меньшинствах Атлантического побережья Никарагуа и государственной политике. Рассматривается развитие культуры мискито и решение об автономии Москитии. ; the article describes the specifics of historical development of the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua ; policy of "Hispanicization" ; ethnic minorities of the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua and the state policy. Development of miskito culture and the decision of Moskito autonomy are analyzed.