Spanish viticulture possessed great genetic resources which were in danger of extinction, but nowadays they are being recovered and studied through several research programmes. During previous studies carried out in Rioja appellation (MARTÍNEZ DE TODA et al. 2004 ), 76 vine accessions were collected and planted in a germplasm bank in the farm of Rioja's Government, called "La Grajera". 'Tempranillo' is the red variety with higher number of hectares grown in the Iberican Peninsula, in Spain and in Rioja appellation. In the germplasm bank of "La Grajera" there are 14 accessions whose local name includes 'Tempranillo': 'Tempranillo', 'Tempranillo Blanco', 'Tempranillo Royo', 'Tempranillo del Barón' and 'Tempranillo Temprano'. The objective of this work is to identify all these accessions containing the word 'Tempranillo' in the local name. ; Peer Reviewed
Cuyo y Chile central constituyen, desde el siglo XVIII hasta hoy, el principal polo vitivinícola de América Latina y uno de los con mayor desarrollo del mundo. Su producción de vinos y aguardientes ha tenido fuertes implicancias sociales, económicas, políticas y culturales en la región. En la base de este proceso se encuentra el cultivo de la vid, trabajo agrícola intensivo y especializado, en el cual los vidueños tienen una relevancia central. Este artículo examina las variedades cultivadas en la región a partir de documentos originales inéditos, sobre todo de fondos notariales y judiciales de archivos de Santiago, Mendoza y San Juan. Sobre esta base se conformó un corpus documental de 3,5 millones de plantas, con vistas a identificar el proceso de ingreso, adaptación y propagación de las variedades de vid, desde la llegada de los españoles hasta el ingreso de las cepas francesas a mediados del siglo XIX. Particular atención se presta al inicio de la coexistencia entre la uva País y la uva de Italia (moscatel de Alejandría), situación que generó las condiciones para el surgimiento del torrontés, única variedad criolla de alto valor enológico y actual cepa emblemática de los vinos blancos argentinos. ; From the eighteenth century until today Cuyo and central Chile have been the main viticulture centers in Latin America and one of the most developed in the world. Their wine and spirits making have had important social, economic, politic and cultural implications in the region. Behind this, there has been viticulture, intensive and specialized farm-working, and viticulturists, who have had key roles. This article, based on originals and unpublished documents from Santiago, Mendoza, and San Juan notaries and court archives, examines varieties cultivated in the region. At the end, a document corpus was generated with 3.5 million plants in order to identify time of entry, adaptation, and propagation of grape varieties from Spanish colonization until French strains entered the region during mid nineteenth century. In particular, coexistence of Pais grape and Italia grape (muscat of Alexandria) is examined, which had direct influence over the appearance of the Torrontes variety. The latest is the only high value wine-making Creole variety that prevails until today and is the most important in white-wine-making in Argentina. ; Centro de Estudios Históricos Rurales
Cuyo y Chile central constituyen, desde el siglo XVIII hasta hoy, el principal polo vitivinícola de América Latina y uno de los con mayor desarrollo del mundo. Su producción de vinos y aguardientes ha tenido fuertes implicancias sociales, económicas, políticas y culturales en la región. En la base de este proceso se encuentra el cultivo de la vid, trabajo agrícola intensivo y especializado, en el cual los vidueños tienen una relevancia central. Este artículo examina las variedades cultivadas en la región a partir de documentos originales inéditos, sobre todo de fondos notariales y judiciales de archivos de Santiago, Mendoza y San Juan. Sobre esta base se conformó un corpus documental de 3,5 millones de plantas, con vistas a identificar el proceso de ingreso, adaptación y propagación de las variedades de vid, desde la llegada de los españoles hasta el ingreso de las cepas francesas a mediados del siglo XIX. Particular atención se presta al inicio de la coexistencia entre la uva País y la uva de Italia (moscatel de Alejandría), situación que generó las condiciones para el surgimiento del torrontés, única variedad criolla de alto valor enológico y actual cepa emblemática de los vinos blancos argentinos ; From the eighteenth century until today Cuyo and central Chile have been the main viticulture centers in Latin America and one of the most developed in the world. Their wine and spirits making have had important social, economic, politic and cultural implications in the region. Behind this, there has been viticulture, intensive and specialized farm-working, and viticulturists, who have had key roles. This article, based on originals and unpublished documents from Santiago, Mendoza, and San Juan notaries and court archives, examines varieties cultivated in the region. At the end, a document corpus was generated with 3.5 million plants in order to identify time of entry, adaptation, and propagation of grape varieties from Spanish colonization until French strains entered the region during mid nineteenth century. In particular, coexistence of Pais grape and Italia grape (muscat of Alexandria) is examined, which had direct influence over the appearance of the Torrontes variety. The latest is the only high value wine-making Creole variety that prevails until today and is the most important in white-wine-making in Argentina.
Cuyo y Chile central constituyen, desde el siglo XVIII hasta hoy, el principal polo vitivinícola de América Latina y uno de los con mayor desarrollo del mundo. Su producción de vinos y aguardientes ha tenido fuertes implicancias sociales, económicas, políticas y culturales en la región. En la base de este proceso se encuentra el cultivo de la vid, trabajo agrícola intensivo y especializado, en el cual los vidueños tienen una relevancia central. Este artículo examina las variedades cultivadas en la región a partir de documentos originales inéditos, sobre todo de fondos notariales y judiciales de archivos de Santiago, Mendoza y San Juan. Sobre esta base se conformó un corpus documental de 3,5 millones de plantas, con vistas a identificar el proceso de ingreso, adaptación y propagación de las variedades de vid, desde la llegada de los españoles hasta el ingreso de las cepas francesas a mediados del siglo XIX. Particular atención se presta al inicio de la coexistencia entre la uva País y la uva de Italia (moscatel de Alejandría), situación que generó las condiciones para el surgimiento del torrontés, única variedad criolla de alto valor enológico y actual cepa emblemática de los vinos blancos argentinos ; From the eighteenth century until today Cuyo and central Chile have been the main viticulture centers in Latin America and one of the most developed in the world. Their wine and spirits making have had important social, economic, politic and cultural implications in the region. Behind this, there has been viticulture, intensive and specialized farm-working, and viticulturists, who have had key roles. This article, based on originals and unpublished documents from Santiago, Mendoza, and San Juan notaries and court archives, examines varieties cultivated in the region. At the end, a document corpus was generated with 3.5 million plants in order to identify time of entry, adaptation, and propagation of grape varieties from Spanish colonization until French strains entered the region during mid nineteenth century. In particular, coexistence of Pais grape and Italia grape (muscat of Alexandria) is examined, which had direct influence over the appearance of the Torrontes variety. The latest is the only high value wine-making Creole variety that prevails until today and is the most important in white-wine-making in Argentina.
Cuyo y Chile central constituyen, desde el siglo XVIII hasta hoy, el principal polo vitivinícola de América Latina y uno de los con mayor desarrollo del mundo. Su producción de vinos y aguardientes ha tenido fuertes implicancias sociales, económicas, políticas y culturales en la región. En la base de este proceso se encuentra el cultivo de la vid, trabajo agrícola intensivo y especializado, en el cual los vidueños tienen una relevancia central. Este artículo examina las variedades cultivadas en la región a partir de documentos originales inéditos, sobre todo de fondos notariales y judiciales de archivos de Santiago, Mendoza y San Juan. Sobre esta base se conformó un corpus documental de 3,5 millones de plantas, con vistas a identificar el proceso de ingreso, adaptación y propagación de las variedades de vid, desde la llegada de los españoles hasta el ingreso de las cepas francesas a mediados del siglo XIX. Particular atención se presta al inicio de la coexistencia entre la uva País y la uva de Italia (moscatel de Alejandría), situación que generó las condiciones para el surgimiento del torrontés, única variedad criolla de alto valor enológico y actual cepa emblemática de los vinos blancos argentinos ; From the eighteenth century until today Cuyo and central Chile have been the main viticulture centers in Latin America and one of the most developed in the world. Their wine and spirits making have had important social, economic, politic and cultural implications in the region. Behind this, there has been viticulture, intensive and specialized farm-working, and viticulturists, who have had key roles. This article, based on originals and unpublished documents from Santiago, Mendoza, and San Juan notaries and court archives, examines varieties cultivated in the region. At the end, a document corpus was generated with 3.5 million plants in order to identify time of entry, adaptation, and propagation of grape varieties from Spanish colonization until French strains entered the region during mid nineteenth century. In particular, coexistence of Pais grape and Italia grape (muscat of Alexandria) is examined, which had direct influence over the appearance of the Torrontes variety. The latest is the only high value wine-making Creole variety that prevails until today and is the most important in white-wine-making in Argentina.
From the eighteenth century until today Cuyo and central Chile have been the main viticulture centers in Latin America and one of the most developed in the world. Their wine and spirits making have had important social, economic, politic and cultural implications in the region. Behind this, there has been viticulture, intensive and specialized farm-working, and viticulturists, who have had key roles. This article, based on originals and unpublished documents from Santiago, Mendoza, and San Juan notaries and court archives, examines varieties cultivated in the region. At the end, a document corpus was generated with 3.5 million plants in order to identify time of entry, adaptation, and propagation of grape varieties from Spanish colonization until French strains entered the region during mid nineteenth century. In particular, coexistence of Pais grape and Italia grape (muscat of Alexandria) is examined, which had direct influence over the appearance of the Torrontes variety. The latest is the only high value wine-making Creole variety that prevails until today and is the most important in white-wine-making in Argentina. ; Cuyo y Chile central constituyen, desde el siglo XVIII hasta hoy, el principal polo vitivinícola de América Latina y uno de los con mayor desarrollo del mundo. Su producción de vinos y aguardientes ha tenido fuertes implicancias sociales, económicas, políticas y culturales en la región. En la base de este proceso se encuentra el cultivo de la vid, trabajo agrícola intensivo y especializado, en el cual los vidueños tienen una relevancia central. Este artículo examina las variedades cultivadas en la región a partir de documentos originales inéditos, sobre todo de fondos notariales y judiciales de archivos de Santiago, Mendoza y San Juan. Sobre esta base se conformó un corpus documental de 3,5 millones de plantas, con vistas a identificar el proceso de ingreso, adaptación y propagación de las variedades de vid, desde la llegada de los españoles hasta el ingreso de las cepas francesas a mediados ...
From the eighteenth century until today Cuyo and central Chile have been the main viticulture centers in Latin America and one of the most developed in the world. Their wine and spirits making have had important social, economic, politic and cultural implications in the region. Behind this, there has been viticulture, intensive and specialized farm-working, and viticulturists, who have had key roles. This article, based on originals and unpublished documents from Santiago, Mendoza, and San Juan notaries and court archives, examines varieties cultivated in the region. At the end, a document corpus was generated with 3.5 million plants in order to identify time of entry, adaptation, and propagation of grape varieties from Spanish colonization until French strains entered the region during mid nineteenth century. In particular, coexistence of Pais grape and Italia grape (muscat of Alexandria) is examined, which had direct influence over the appearance of the Torrontes variety. The latest is the only high value wine-making Creole variety that prevails until today and is the most important in white-wine-making in Argentina. ; Cuyo y Chile central constituyen, desde el siglo XVIII hasta hoy, el principal polo vitivinícola de América Latina y uno de los con mayor desarrollo del mundo. Su producción de vinos y aguardientes ha tenido fuertes implicancias sociales, económicas, políticas y culturales en la región. En la base de este proceso se encuentra el cultivo de la vid, trabajo agrícola intensivo y especializado, en el cual los vidueños tienen una relevancia central. Este artículo examina las variedades cultivadas en la región a partir de documentos originales inéditos, sobre todo de fondos notariales y judiciales de archivos de Santiago, Mendoza y San Juan. Sobre esta base se conformó un corpus documental de 3,5 millones de plantas, con vistas a identificar el proceso de ingreso, adaptación y propagación de las variedades de vid, desde la llegada de los españoles hasta el ingreso de las cepas francesas a mediados del siglo XIX. Particular atención se presta al inicio de la coexistencia entre la uva País y la uva de Italia (moscatel de Alejandría), situación que generó las condiciones para el surgimiento del torrontés, única variedad criolla de alto valor enológico y actual cepa emblemática de los vinos blancos argentinos
Grape seeds represent a high percentage (20% to 26%) of the grape marc obtained as a byproduct from white winemaking and keep a vast proportion of grape polyphenols. In this study, seeds obtained from 11 monovarietal white grape marcs cultivated in Northwestern Spain have been analyzed in order to characterize their polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity. Seeds of native (Albariño, Caiño, Godello, Loureiro, Torrontés, and Treixadura) and non-native (Chardonnay, Gewurtzträminer, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, and Riesling) grape varieties have been considered. Low weight phenolics have been extracted by means of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and further analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The results showed that PLE extracts, whatever the grape variety of origin, contained large amounts of polyphenols and high antioxidant activity. Differences in the varietal polyphenolic profiles were found, so a selective exploitation of seeds might be possible ; This research was supported by European Regional Development Fund 2007-2013 (FEDER), and project GPC2014/035 (Consolidated Research Groups Program of Galician Government Xunta de Galicia) ; SI
Grape stems are a by‐product from the wine industry that has been underused to date despite having great potential for the agro‐food and cosmetic industries. The aim of the present work was to characterize grape stem extracts obtained from different grape varieties from two vintages (2016 and 2018). Both spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods were used for sample characterization. The results showed that there exist significant differences in antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TF) among grape stems from different varieties in each vintage and from different vintage for the same variety. Catechin was the most abundant phenolic compound in all extracts from both vintages. In general, Mazuelo presented higher concentration values of the different phenolic compounds than Garnacha and Tempranillo. It was observed than extreme temperatures and accumulated precipitations, which were higher in the 2016 vintage, had an impact on the polyphenol synthesis. Therefore, grape stems from the 2018 vintage presented higher TPC and TF values than their counterparts from the 2016 vintage. In addition, the statistical analysis revealed that the influence of environmental factor such as light, temperature and precipitations have different impact on the synthesis of polyphenols depending on the family of the specific compound. ; This research was founded by the Government of Navarra, grant numbers VARASVI PI022 and PI038.
This work focuses on the assessment of the development perspectives of the new grape varieties, resistant to fungal diseases, promoting therefore the reduction or the suppression of phytosanitary treatments. Based on a direct survey with researchers, stakeholders, a synthesis of the scientific literature and edited research programs, we propose an overview of the current state of the art of the supply of technology, and a presentation of the main stakeholders strategy involved in the innovation chain, a synthesis of the current scientific and technical controversies, and an analysis of the undertaking of the institutions and of the legislation. Further, we provide an evaluation of the previous research program on new grape varieties of the French National Institute for Research in Agronomy (INRA) and the results of the diffusion achieved in Languedoc-Roussillon. This analysis will allow us to discuss the conditions for the success of this innovation as a competitiveness factor. Obtaining a new grape variety is a long term process that can last up to 20 or 30 years. According to the evolutionary approach (Nelson and Winter, 1982), it is the technological paradigm of the research programs intending to improve the proprieties of the plant that defines the technological trajectory. In relation with this delay for the obtaining new grape varieties, the success of the diffusion of the new varieties faces three main difficulties: (1) Professionals need to agree on the relevance of the paradigm, In other words on the characteristics of the research program; (2) A gap appears between the characteristics of new varieties proposed for diffusion and the new perception of the needs of those professionals or their market, broadly different 25 years later, and (3) the rhythm of the diffusion of these innovations, approximately 2.5%/year, related to the life-cycle of the vine plant. In France, the awareness of obtaining grape varieties resistant to diseases emerged quite late, except in the case of the work of one research director from INRA, starting the improvement of the varieties in that direction in the 1980s. His work was merely recently resumed. Since World War II, those working in Europe on the new grape varieties have been mainly public researchers. However, the contractual relationships with stakeholders in charge of spreading those varieties – the nurseries -vary considerably according to the countries, the size and the strategy of the grape nurseries. The issues related to licenses and royalties are an essential matter. The industry is therefore characterized by the presence of various resistant grape varieties created in several countries in Europe by researchers or grape nurseries. In each country where the new varieties were created, new varieties were registered in every national catalogue, but registration of those foreign varieties were not, until today, extended to the French national catalogue. Therefore, it excludes those varieties from potential CAP subsidies. Some innovative grape growers anticipated the social demand and adopted those resistant varieties without the support of public subsidies. In addition, those grape growers processed the grapes and established a label to highlight this environmental advantage. A scientific controversy adds to the environmental and social issues, which deals with the 'stability of the resistance' over time. In short, the first varieties obtained featured a 'monogenic' resistance, considered by some researchers as easily circumvented. These researchers block or try to slow down the availability of new resistant varieties, waiting for the registration at the French national catalogue of a 'new wave' of grape varieties whose resistance would be 'polygenic'. This scientific controversy creates uncertainty for public officers and a standby position criticized by those wishing a faster diffusion of those innovations in the wine chain. Further, the wine production in Europe is traditionally characterized by quality designations of origin - PGI and PDO – which base their reputation on the main traditional grape varieties and therefore exclude new grape varieties. In France, those quality designations account for approximately 85 percent of the wine production and create most of the value in the wine chain. This exclusion inhibits significant extension. Finally, the issues allowing the rapid diffusion of resistant grape varieties excluding pesticides might include: fostering the rate of renewing vineyards, the register of new European grape varieties in the French national catalogue, the full or partial acceptation of the new grape varieties in PDO areas, the increase of the political pressure from ecologists and the civil society about the reduction of phytosanitary inputs, the integration of those varieties in the national endowment of the wine CMO for the restructuring of vineyards or, finally, the insertion of resistance genes in traditional varieties through faster means than classic genetics. However, the strategy consisting in the creation of new varieties through GMO methods seems not adapted to the Society, including at the research level.
This work focuses on the assessment of the development perspectives of the new grape varieties, resistant to fungal diseases, promoting therefore the reduction or the suppression of phytosanitary treatments. Based on a direct survey with researchers, stakeholders, a synthesis of the scientific literature and edited research programs, we propose an overview of the current state of the art of the supply of technology, and a presentation of the main stakeholders strategy involved in the innovation chain, a synthesis of the current scientific and technical controversies, and an analysis of the undertaking of the institutions and of the legislation. Further, we provide an evaluation of the previous research program on new grape varieties of the French National Institute for Research in Agronomy (INRA) and the results of the diffusion achieved in Languedoc-Roussillon. This analysis will allow us to discuss the conditions for the success of this innovation as a competitiveness factor. Obtaining a new grape variety is a long term process that can last up to 20 or 30 years. According to the evolutionary approach (Nelson and Winter, 1982), it is the technological paradigm of the research programs intending to improve the proprieties of the plant that defines the technological trajectory. In relation with this delay for the obtaining new grape varieties, the success of the diffusion of the new varieties faces three main difficulties: (1) Professionals need to agree on the relevance of the paradigm, In other words on the characteristics of the research program; (2) A gap appears between the characteristics of new varieties proposed for diffusion and the new perception of the needs of those professionals or their market, broadly different 25 years later, and (3) the rhythm of the diffusion of these innovations, approximately 2.5%/year, related to the life-cycle of the vine plant. In France, the awareness of obtaining grape varieties resistant to diseases emerged quite late, except in the case of the work of one research director from INRA, starting the improvement of the varieties in that direction in the 1980s. His work was merely recently resumed. Since World War II, those working in Europe on the new grape varieties have been mainly public researchers. However, the contractual relationships with stakeholders in charge of spreading those varieties – the nurseries -vary considerably according to the countries, the size and the strategy of the grape nurseries. The issues related to licenses and royalties are an essential matter. The industry is therefore characterized by the presence of various resistant grape varieties created in several countries in Europe by researchers or grape nurseries. In each country where the new varieties were created, new varieties were registered in every national catalogue, but registration of those foreign varieties were not, until today, extended to the French national catalogue. Therefore, it excludes those varieties from potential CAP subsidies. Some innovative grape growers anticipated the social demand and adopted those resistant varieties without the support of public subsidies. In addition, those grape growers processed the grapes and established a label to highlight this environmental advantage. A scientific controversy adds to the environmental and social issues, which deals with the 'stability of the resistance' over time. In short, the first varieties obtained featured a 'monogenic' resistance, considered by some researchers as easily circumvented. These researchers block or try to slow down the availability of new resistant varieties, waiting for the registration at the French national catalogue of a 'new wave' of grape varieties whose resistance would be 'polygenic'. This scientific controversy creates uncertainty for public officers and a standby position criticized by those wishing a faster diffusion of those innovations in the wine chain. Further, the wine production in Europe is traditionally characterized by quality designations of origin - PGI and PDO – which base their reputation on the main traditional grape varieties and therefore exclude new grape varieties. In France, those quality designations account for approximately 85 percent of the wine production and create most of the value in the wine chain. This exclusion inhibits significant extension. Finally, the issues allowing the rapid diffusion of resistant grape varieties excluding pesticides might include: fostering the rate of renewing vineyards, the register of new European grape varieties in the French national catalogue, the full or partial acceptation of the new grape varieties in PDO areas, the increase of the political pressure from ecologists and the civil society about the reduction of phytosanitary inputs, the integration of those varieties in the national endowment of the wine CMO for the restructuring of vineyards or, finally, the insertion of resistance genes in traditional varieties through faster means than classic genetics. However, the strategy consisting in the creation of new varieties through GMO methods seems not adapted to the Society, including at the research level.
Grapes and wine production on the Balkan Peninsula dated back to the ancient times due to the favorable natural conditions for vine-growing. Despite its small territory, with its geographic location Bulgaria has an extremely varied relief and climate. On the basis of the diverse terroir the country was divided into 5 wine-growing regions where along with the common, globally known vine varieties, some local ones, characteristic and typical of each region, are also grown. Over the past two decades, the development of the wine sector in the country and the legislation had been in line with the requirements and arrangements with the European Union. From 2002 to 2010 there was a significant decline in the cultivated area of vineyards and the wine export. Full control has been introduced on the planting of wine grape varieties. During the years following the accession of Bulgaria to the EU, there has been a gradual expansion of the cultivated areas with wine and table grape varieties, although the process of setting up new plantations is extremely slow. The preservation and expansion of the vineyards of traditional Bulgarian varieties has been encouraged. Wine varieties dominate in the structure of vineyards and occupy 95 of the vineyards and the table grapes ndash3B about 5. The red wine varieties are predominant, as they are about 58 of the area of the vineyards and white wine varieties are 42. During the last decade, the interest in bio and organic produce has grown strongly and the areas for organic grape production are constantly growing. Over the past 100 years, viticulture and wine-making development in Bulgaria had marked times of rise and times of severe crises however it had always preserved its place as a subsector determining the structure of Bulgarian agriculture, being of great importance for the countrys economy.
