Suchergebnisse

Industrial & commercial development, the increasing intervention of the State, the great econ crisis have provoked the creation of groups in defense of soc, econ & intellectual interests, which seek to influence PO & officials to get changes in legislation & institutions. These groups have very diff characters according to the soc strata they represent. They are more effective the richer they are; this inequality in the means of the protection of interests constitutes the primary disadvantage of the system of pressure groups. Another disadvantage consists in the fact that the totality of the special interests is not to be identified with the general interest. Financiers, economists, officials, & men of sci who stand for the general interest are made suspect in the eyes of the public by the propaganda of those who denounce them as dangerous technocrats. It is not a question of suppressing these pressure groups. But the public should be enligbtened about their activities, & their propaganda should be combatted by the dissemination of technical information. It is also possible that their resources should be made public, or at least their expenses. Tr & Modified from IPSA.

In the course of their history, trade unions have had a choice between two types of ideologies. The 1st, characteristic of US trade unionism, accepts the existing pol'al & econ order, & directs its efforts toward assuring a n eutral attitude on the part of the gov which would permit them to obtain within the existing framework a higher standard of living for labor. The adoption of this `economic' conception implies, sooner or later, the abandonment of the individualistic conception of the body politic: the state is forced to recognize the existence of diff interest groups, sometimes directly opposed to each other, by virtue of the pressures they exert. European trade unionism, on the other hand, has generally chosen a `political' conception of its role, though the positions adopted vary considerably from one country to another & from Cath to Communist trade unions. (Translated by Z. Dana from IPSA).

Hundreds of intergov'al org's have been formed since 1815, & since 1945 non-gov'al internat org's have multiplied. Most of these have exercised or are exercising a marked influence upon politics. The United Nations itself fosters the development & the strengthening of pressure groups by maintaining connections with non-gov'al org's thru the Econ & Soc Council & by receiving petitions from various groups from dependent territories through the Council on Protectorates. UNESCO presupposes the formation of nat commissions representing educ, sci & cultural activities. Finally, a pressure group may be an individual who is playing a part in internat politics. The exact effects of pressure groups are difficult to analyze without a precise definition of such groups & some technique for measuring their influence. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

More & more individual interests are playing a part internat life. The study of pressure groups (PG) which defend these interests, encounters many difficulties. Among the various PG some possess an internat character while others are nat. The internat ones operate on the internat org's or upon the nations. Their methods of operation differ from those of internal pressure groups. If the group is not a profit making org, it can have an official, recognized function within the internat org. On the other hand, the private interests may be represented in the same way as nations, or these private groups may be consulted by the internat org. Despite everything, pressure groups have less influence at the internat level than they do at the nat level. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

Biological attraction, religious, linguistic, cultural & pol'al affinities lead men to congregate into groups. Politicians can stimulate such cohesiveness by developing existing affinities; but undertakings are difficult to the extent to which they tend to provoke conflict. The main instruments of unity are ideologies around which pol'al groups tend to rally, followed by pol'al parties which do not always succeed in bringing about permanent groupings. Over-anxiety for unification is one form of soc danger. The success of pol'al effort depends mainly upon the cooperation of minority & majority powers. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

Bohdan Chudoba, Spain and the Empire, 1519-163-t. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1952, 299 págs. La interpretación de la Historia está sujeta a cambios de acuerdo con la moda y las fluctuaciones y revisiones, tanto o más, quizá, que otras actividades humanas. Durante muchos siglos los países del Occidente europeo contemplaban la historia de España como una serie interminable de equivocaciones causadas por el fanatismo, las fuerzas retrógadas y la ineficiencia, dando el alerta a otras naciones para que no tuviesen en cuenta el ejemplo español, si querían evitar la suerte de aquel infortunado país.

v. 1.South America.--v. 2.Panama, Central America, Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republican. ; Mode of access: Internet.

[EN] After some brief considerations about the possibility and convenience to settle different prices for the various qualities of coals produced in Spain, a commercial classification into six groups is proposed in the paper, each one defined by the volatile matter and the crucible swelling number. It is made a distribution in the six groups: proposed for the Spanish production of coals on the year 1955, and next, the general lines on which is based a proposed scale of prices for the fines 1-10 mm of the six groups, are also exposed. Starting from the present prices, fixed by the Government and equal for all qualities of coals, it is proposed a series of formulas which give the base prices and premiums for qualities of the different calibrated sizes produced in the provinces of Oviedo, Le6n y Palencia. Finally, these formulas are applied to three different cases. ; [ES] Tras unas breves consideraciones sobre la posibilidad y conveniencia de fijar precios diferentes a las distintas calidades de hullas que se producen en España, se propone una clasificación comercial en seis grupos, definidos por las materias volátiles y el índice de hinchamiento al crisol. Se hace la distribución de los seis grupos propuestos de la producción española de hullas del año 1955, ya continuación se exponen las ideas generales en que se apoya una propuesta de escala de precios para los menudos de hullas de los seis grupos. Partiendo de los actuales precios de tasa, iguales para todas las calidades de hullas, se proponen unas fórmulas que, en función de un parámetro, dan los precios base y las primas por calidades de los granos, menudos, finos y schlamms de hulla producidos en las provincias de Oviedo, León y Palencia. Finalmente, se aplican estas fórmulas a tres valores del parámetro.