Suchergebnisse

The Federal Republic of Germany has developed a model of integration and assimilation of refugees and economic migrants, which for decades was a model for other European countries and the European Union (EU ). This was possible thanks to the consensus between the main political forces in the country, which, despite the natural alternation of power, do not undermine the main objectives of both foreign policy as well as internal, including the approach to immigrants. The situation changed after 2011 and the events in North Africa, known as the Arab Spring, the consequence of which was a massive influx of refugees and immigrants to Germany. This article examines the position of the main political parties in relation to the refugee crisis. ; Republika Federalna Niemiec (RFN) wypracowała model integracji i asymilacji uchodźców i imigrantów zarobkowych, który przez dziesięciolecia stanowił wzór dla innych państw europejskich i Unii Europejskiej (UE ). Było to możliwe dzięki konsensusowi pomiędzy głównymi siłami politycznymi w kraju, które, mimo naturalnej alternacji władzy, nie podważały głównych założeń zarówno polityki zagranicznej, jak też wewnętrznej, w tym kwestii podejścia do imigrantów. Sytuacja uległa zmianie po 2011 r. i wydarzeniach w Afryce Północnej, zwanych arabską wiosną, których konsekwencją stał się masowy napływ uchodźców i imigrantów do Niemiec. W artykule przeanalizowane zostaną stanowiska głównych partii politycznych w odniesieniu do kryzysu uchodźczego.

The aim of this article is to look at the political reality of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the perspective of borderlands understood as a result of political action, an area in which they are expressed, but at the same time are the driving force of these processes. Identities of borderlands play a significant role in shaping political reality in the UK. Their diversity, the strength of their interests' articulation, participation in political rivalry, although it was not the only factor, have determined the current political system of the state to a large extent. At the same time the impact of political transformations on changes in the identities is noticeable. More and more of them, in addition to their own national/regional identification, also indicates the relationship with the United Kingdom as a whole, which suggests that devolution rather strengthens the state, than leads towards disintegration, although such a risk exists in reality. ; Celem artykułu jest spojrzenie na rzeczywistość polityczną Zjednoczonego Królestwa Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej z perspektywy pogranicza. Jest ono rezultatem działań politycznych, obszarem, w którym znajdują one swój wyraz, ale i na zasadzie sprzężenia zwrotnego są siłą napędową tych procesów. Tożsamości pogranicza w Wielkiej Brytanii odgrywają znaczącą rolę w kształtowaniu rzeczywistości politycznej. Ich zróżnicowanie, siła artykulacji interesów, uczestnictwo w rywalizacji politycznej, w dużej mierze, choć nie był to czynnik jedyny, przesądziły o obecnym kształcie ustrojowym państwa. Jednocześnie zauważalny jest, subtelny na razie, wpływ przeobrażeń ustrojowych na zmiany tożsamości. Coraz więcej mieszkańców, obok identyfikacji narodowej /regionalnej, wskazuje także na związki z Wielką Brytanią jako całością, co świadczy o tym, że Zjednoczone Królestwo, dzieląc się władzą raczej umacnia państwo niż prowadzi je ku rozpadowi, choć takie ryzyko przy dewolucji w brytyjskich warunkach istnieje.

Artykuł dotyczy rozwoju polityki bezpieczeństwa Unii Europejskiej, od chwili jej powstania do 2014 r. W ramach tej polityki próbowano także pozyskać zdolności wojskowe, niezbędne do zbudowania systemu reagowania kryzysowego. Dokonywało się to na zasadzie pełnej dobrowolności, a w związku z tym wszystkie Państwa Członkowskie UE kierowały się głównie interesami narodowymi. W ramach Europejskiej Polityki Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony, przemianowanej w Traktacie lizbońskim na Wspólną Politykę Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony Unii Europejskiej, zrealizowano dwa tzw. Cele Zasadnicze/Operacyjne. Pierwszy z nich został ogłoszony w grudniu 1999 r. w Helsinkach i zrealizowany do końca 2003. Europejski Cel Zasadniczy/Operacyjny 2010 miał na celu doskonalenie zdolności wojskowych, w tym zbudowanie sił szybkiego reagowania pod nazwą Grup Bojowych UE. Zorganizowano i przeszkolono ok. 15 takich jednostek, ale dotychczas żadna z nich nie została skierowana do działań w rejonie kryzysu. Polska należy do aktywnych uczestników WPBiO UE i dotychczas zorganizowała trzy grupy bojowe o składzie wielonarodowym. Dwie spośród nich pełniły dyżury 2010 r. i 2013 r. Kolejna grupa pod polskim dowództwem jest przewidziana w harmonogramie dyżurów na rok 2016 r., ale mało prawdopodobne jest wykorzystanie jej do realnych działań. Temat zdolności wojskowych nie należy do priorytetowych zadań Unii Europejskiej. ; The paper concerns the development of the European Union's security policy, from its beginnings to 2014. The framework of this policy also served the purpose of developing the military capacities that are necessary to establish an emergency response system. The principle of totally voluntary participation has always operated in this respect, therefore all EU member states have mainly been concerned with their national interests. Under the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDF), renamed in the Lisbon Treaty as the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) for the European Union, two Headline Goals have been achieved. One was announced in Helsinki, in 1999, and achieved by the end of 2003. The European Headline Goal 2010 involved the improvement of military capability, including rapid response forces, named EU Battle Groups. Around fifteen units have been organised and trained, none of which, however, has been deployed in a crisis region so far. Poland is among the active participants of the CSDP and has organised three multinational battle groups. Two of them were on duty in 2010 and 2013. Another group under Polish command is scheduled to be on duty in 2016, but it is not likely to participate in real action. The issue of military capability is not a priority for the European Union. ; 8 ; 105 ; 120 ; 8 ; Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej

The activization of political parties, stimulated both by the authorities and opposition, and the use of 'new' methods that had not been used before, were an inseparable element of the events of the so-called 'Tulip Revolution'. This time, the political games of the salon were supplemented by the activity aimed at establishing connections with the electorate. The establishment of youth organizations, working with people and active presence in the media and the Internet became an element of political practice. The ultimate success of the opposition parties was that they broke political apathy and stimulated the belief that changes can be achieved via the (passive or active) involvement of the entire community in political events. Yet this was virtually the only success which turned out to be only temporary and did not significantly outlive the 'Tulip Revolution'

"Praca jest nowa, oryginalna i pionierska nie tylko w literalnie rozumianym zakresie tematyczno-problemowym (jako studium o językach i tożsamościach w regionie lubuskim), ale także w szerszym aspekcie uczciwego, aideologicznego spojrzenia na tzw. nowe dialekty mieszane na tzw. Ziemiach Zachodnich i Północnych" (z recenzji prof. Bogdana Walczaka). "Anna Zielińska w badaniach nad kontaktami językowymi na pograniczach dopracowała się własnej, oryginalnej metodologii, łącząc elementy socjolingwistyczne, dialektologiczne i kulturologiczne. W monografii przedstawiła spójny opis rzeczywistych sposobów komunikowania się na terenie wielojęzycznym, z różnorodną, napływową ludnością, o zróżnicowanej hierarchii prestiżowej różnych języków i ich odmian. Takie podejście badawcze nie było dotychczas stosowane dla regionu lubuskiego, w którym starano się raczej wymodelować idealny stan zintegrowanej polszczyzny" (z recenzji prof. Ewy Wolnicz-Pawłowskiej). "Książka Anny Zielińskiej dekonstruuje polskie stereotypy narosłe wokół tzw. Ziem Odzyskanych wskutek uwarunkowań politycznych i ideologicznych ostatniego półwiecza. Jej znakomicie uargumentowany materiałowo i teoretycznie wywód nie tylko łączy w sposób nowatorski klasyczne podejście socjolingwistyczne z perspektywą antropologiczną, ale także prowokuje do dociekań nad mechanizmami nacjonalizmu w polskim dyskursie naukowym dotyczącym tego obszaru" (z recenzji dr hab. Anny Engelking). ; "The work is novel, original and pioneering not only in terms of its narrowly understood subject matter (a study of languages and identities in the Lubusz region) but likewise in wider terms as a sincere, aeideological look at so-called new mixed dialects in so-called Western and Northern Territories" (Professor Bogdan Walczak). "In her studies on language contact in the borderlands, Anna Zielińska has developed her own original methodology, combining elements of sociolinguistics, dialectology and cultural studies. In the monograph she present a comprehensive description of ways of communication actually at play in multilingual territories with diverse immigrant populations and a multifaceted hierarchy of languages and their varieties. Approach of this kind has hitherto not been applied to the Lubusz region, with existing studies usually attempting to model an ideal state of integrated Polish" (Professor Ewa Wolnicz-Pawłowska). "Anna Zielińska's book deconstructs the stereotypes which have accrued in Poland about the so-called Recovered Territories due to the political and ideological conditions of the last half century. This study, brilliantly underpinned in terms of material and theory, is a pioneering combination of classic sociolinguistic approach with an anthropological perspective which inspires deliberations about the nationalistic mechanisms in Polish scholarly discourse concerning this area" (Professor Anna Engelking). ; Praca naukowa finansowana ze środków budżetowych na naukę w latach 2010-2013 jako projekt badawczy nr N N104 079739

The article discusses issues of the evolution of agrarian groups in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. These parties played a significant role on the political scene in interwar Europe. The subject of political analysis was Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and two post-Yugoslavian states – Slovenia and Croatia. The references also include the casus of Polish agrarian groups. These parties played a significant role on the political scene in interwar Europe. On the one hand, they expressed the socio-economic and political interests of the rural population, and in the region in question they constituted a significant part of society. On the other – they were an important element of party systems, participating in subsequent local and parliamentary elections and creating government cabinets. Modernization, political and socio-economic changes after 1945, changed the significance of agrarian groups. After the communist regime gained power in these countries, agrarian groups were treated as the most serious rival. As a result, independent people's groups were banned and their leaders – St. Mikołajczyk in Poland – he had to flee the country for fear of arrest, and others – I. Maniu in Romania or N. Petkow in Bulgaria were arrested and convicted in rigged trials. The situation of agrarian groups was formed in two models – satellite agrarian groups centered around the communist monopartite (Poland, Bulgaria) or agrarian groups (Hungary, Romania) were banned. Their activity was continued by some activists in exile. After democratic changes in 1989, it was possible for these groups to resume legal activity. The article discusses various scenarios of organizational and, to a lesser extent, program changes. People's parties competed for seats in local and parliamentary elections under "their own banner" (Poland, Hungary, Slovenia), or chose a strategy to build a broader parliamentary coalition – the case of the Democratic Convention of Romania or the party in Croatia. It is also worth mentioning the unification and disintegration processes in the groupings in question, which resulted in the progressive marginalization of the agrarian movement on political stages. Modernization, political and socio-economic changes after 1945 changed the significance of agrarian groups. ; Artykuł omawia kwestie ewolucji ugrupowań agrarnych w państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej. Przedmiotem analizy politologicznej poczyniono: Bułgarię, Rumunię, Węgry oraz dwa państwa postjugosłowiańskie – Słowenię oraz Chorwację. W odniesieniach pojawia się również casus polskich ugrupowań agrarnych. Partie te odgrywały znaczną rolę na scenie politycznej w międzywojennej Europie. Z jednej strony wyrażały interesy społeczno-gospodarcze oraz polityczne ludności wiejskiej, a w omawianym regionie reprezentowały istotną część społeczeństwa. Z drugiej – stanowiły ważny element systemów partyjnych, uczestnicząc w kolejnych wyborach lokalnych i parlamentarnych oraz tworząc gabinety rządowe. Zmiany modernizacyjne, ustrojowe i społeczno-gospodarcze po 1945 roku zmieniły znaczenie ugrupowań agrarnych. Po zdobyciu władzy w omawianych państwach przez partie komunistyczne ugrupowania agrarne były traktowane jako najpoważniejszy rywal. W rezultacie niezależne ugrupowania ludowe zostały zdelegalizowane, a ich przywódcy – St. Mikołajczyk w Polsce – musiał uciekać z kraju w obawie przed aresztowaniem, a inni – I. Maniu w Rumunii czy N. Petkow w Bułgarii – zostali aresztowani i skazani w sfałszowanych procesach. Sytuacja ugrupowań agrarnych uformowała się w dwóch modelach – zachowano satelickie ugrupowania agrarne skupione wokół monopartii komunistycznej (Polska, Bułgaria) lub zdelegalizowano ugrupowania agrarne (Węgry, Rumunia). Ich działalność była kontynuowana przez część działaczy na emigracji. Po demokratycznych zmianach w 1989 roku zaistniała możliwość wznowienia legalnej działalności przez te ugrupowania. Artykuł omawia zróżnicowane scenariusze zmian organizacyjnych, a w mniejszym stopniu programowych. Partie ludowe ubiegały się o miejsca w wyborach lokalnych i parlamentarnych pod "własnym szyldem" (Polska, Węgry, Słowenia) bądź wybierały strategię budowy szerszej koalicji parlamentarnej – casus Konwencji Demokratycznej Rumunii czy partii w Chorwacji. Należy również wspomnieć o procesach zjednoczeniowych i dezintegracyjnych w omawianych ugrupowaniach, które skutkowały postępującą marginalizacją ruchu agrarnego na scenach politycznych. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы эволюции аграрных групп в странах Центральной и Восточной Европы. Эти партии сыграли значительную роль на политической арене в межвоенной Европе. Предметом политического анализа были Болгария, Румыния, Венгрия и два постюгославских государства – Словения и Хорватия. Статья отсылает также к случаю польских аграрных групп. Эти партии сыграли значительную роль на политической арене в межвоенной Европе. С одной стороны, они выражали социально-экономические и политические интересы сельского населения, а в данном регионе они составляли значительную часть общества. С другой – были важным элементом партийных систем, участвуя в последующих местных и парламентских выборах и создавая правительственные кабинеты. Модернизация, политические и социально-экономические перемены после 1945 года изменили значение аграрных групп. После того, как коммунистический режим пришел к власти в этих странах, аграрные группы стали считаться самым серьезным конкурентом. В результате независимые народные группы были запрещены, а их лидеры – С. Миколайчик в Польше, ему пришлось бежать из страны изза страха ареста, а другие – Ю. Маниу в Румынии или Н. Петков в Болгарии были арестованы и осуждены в сфальсифицированных судебных процессах. Ситуация с аграрными группировками формировалась по двум моделям: сателлитные аграрные группы, сосредоточенные вокруг коммунистической монопартии (Польша, Болгария), или запрещенные аграрные группы (Венгрия, Румыния). Их деятельность была продолжена некоторыми активистами в изгнании. После демократических перемен в 1989 году эти группы смогли возобновить легальную деятельность. В статье рассматриваются различные сценарии организационных и, в меньшей степени, программных изменений. Народные партии боролись за места на местных и парламентских выборах под своим «собственным знаменем» (Польша, Венгрия, Словения) или выбрали стратегию для создания более широкой парламентской коалиции – пример Демократической конвенции Румынии или партии в Хорватии. Стоит также упомянуть процессы объединения и дезинтеграции в рассматриваемых группировках, которые привели к постепенной маргинализации аграрного движения на политических сценах. Модернизация, политические и социально-экономические изменения после 1945 года изменили значение аграрных групп.

There is a quite big progress in the area of education on acceptance and tolerance towards multiculturalism. The main supporter of politics of multiculturalism is Will Kymlicka, and therefore I refer to his thoughts in this essay. However, in contemporary socio-cultural situation of Western civilization, we need something more than the mere acceptance of cultural diversity. It is worth promoting educational programmes that include themes related to the raising of citizens' awareness of boundaries of self – both in the individual and group aspect. At the same time majority groups should be supported by some tools that would help them to protect their identities without harming others.

This study explores the creation of identities and values and the social production of citizens in a Type II Schola Europaea institution. My analysis focuses on pupils' patterns of identification and their system of values as are represented in their language use. In this analysis special attention is paid to students' expressions of their relationship to the EU (European identity creation) and the values connected to the creation of social and political identities of the pupils. The linguistic investigation is performed by corpus-driven systemic-functional analysis of Transitivity processes and Appraisal. Based on Halliday's system of transitivity 2 and Martin & White's appraisal theory 3 the corpus-driven systemic-functional analytic approach is proven to be a highly effective instrument in exposing patterns of identification, values and self-positioning 4.Existing only for a few years, Type II Schola Europaea institutions are the latest development in the "Europeanization" of public education and they represent a new object of study. To date, no research has been conducted in this area from the perspective of applied linguistics, nor has any study focused on the "outcomes" produced by Schola Europaea institutions, such as the ways pupils in these schools express their social and political identities in their communication. Thus, the relevance of this research is that it provides new empirical information about the politics of identity construction, the dissemination of values and the potential of these unique institutions to create "European citizens".

This study explores the creation of identities and values and the social production of citizens in a Type II Schola Europaea institution. My analysis focuses on pupils' patterns of identification and their system of values as are represented in their language use. In this analysis special attention is paid to students' expressions of their relationship to the EU (European identity creation) and the values connected to the creation of social and political identities of the pupils. The linguistic investigation is performed by corpus-driven systemic-functional analysis of Transitivity processes and Appraisal. Based on Halliday's system of transitivity 2 and Martin & White's appraisal theory 3 the corpus-driven systemic-functional analytic approach is proven to be a highly effective instrument in exposing patterns of identification, values and self-positioning 4.Existing only for a few years, Type II Schola Europaea institutions are the latest development in the "Europeanization" of public education and they represent a new object of study. To date, no research has been conducted in this area from the perspective of applied linguistics, nor has any study focused on the "outcomes" produced by Schola Europaea institutions, such as the ways pupils in these schools express their social and political identities in their communication. Thus, the relevance of this research is that it provides new empirical information about the politics of identity construction, the dissemination of values and the potential of these unique institutions to create "European citizens".

Great work of "the Solun Brothers" – Saints Cyril and Methodius – undoubtedly played important part in the creation of national identity and national awarenessof many Slavic nations. Considering the importance of the legacy of Cyril and Methodius, it seems surprising how rarely their images were used on national coins which are among the most common and most important symbols of independent nations. The only countries to have paid tribute to "the Solun Brothers" in the process of creating their national identities were Slovakia, Czechia,Bulgaria and Macedonia. They did it by placing the saints in cultural, political and ideological contexts on collectors' items and regular currency. ; Great work of "the Solun Brothers" – Saints Cyril and Methodius – undoubtedly played important part in the creation of national identity and national awarenessof many Slavic nations. Considering the importance of the legacy of Cyril and Methodius, it seems surprising how rarely their images were used on national coins which are among the most common and most important symbols of independent nations. The only countries to have paid tribute to "the Solun Brothers" in the process of creating their national identities were Slovakia, Czechia,Bulgaria and Macedonia. They did it by placing the saints in cultural, political and ideological contexts on collectors' items and regular currency.

The article aims to present the main assumptions of the author's hypothesis concerning the existence of incomplete political identities on the example of Poland. The hypothesis assumes that such identities do exist, and due to the lack of the developed and stable model of socialization (in this case a model of political socialization) they are subject to transformations; however, not only to those that today are the result and the aftermath of globalization. The lack of the developed model of political socialization in the case of Poland, and thus an incomplete character of Polish political identity, is the aftermath of such, and no other, history of our country — that is, annexations, wars, communism or transformation. The consequences of this status quo are multiple, both to the quality of the elites and to decisions they make (those that concern decentralization and regionalization of the country in the main) as well as to the level of political participation.

The primary objective of this article is to pay attention to the dominant nature of the paradigm of heteronormativity which makes it impossible for the internally diversified population of the United States to develop and manifest sexual identities that are not consistent with the images of a man and a woman established already in the colonial period. In spite of the development of societies based on the principles of democracy and broadly understood tolerance, there are still some individuals who are socially and culturally marginalized in the sanctioned pubic order, and the very idea of heteronormativity invariably determines desirable patterns of conduct. The necessity to revise the time-honored standards regulating the sexual and romantic lives of both individuals and groups is highlighted by the analysis of stereotypes concerning the members of the Hispanic minority in the United States of America. It is shown that the practices employed in everyday life which are repeated in literature, movies and mass media contribute to perpetuating the existent divisions leading to further conflicts. The problem of relations occurring between Eurocentric and religious values, on the one hand, and the plurality of forms of masculinity and femininity, on the other, is juxtaposed here with one more issue, i.e. racial relations, which have been repeatedly used to justify acts of discrimination and maintain the policy of hegemony. What is more, the article indicates that the change of the existing policy can be effected by the change of factors accompanying the process of upbringing which could function as the corrective measures leading to the acknowledgement of potential "otherness" of fellow citizens.

The primary objective of this article is to pay attention to the dominant nature of the paradigm of heteronormativity which makes it impossible for the internally diversified population of the United States to develop and manifest sexual identities that are not consistent with the images of a man and a woman established already in the colonial period. In spite of the development of societies based on the principles of democracy and broadly understood tolerance, there are still some individuals who are socially and culturally marginalized in the sanctioned pubic order, and the very idea of heteronormativity invariably determines desirable patterns of conduct. The necessity to revise the time-honored standards regulating the sexual and romantic lives of both individuals and groups is highlighted by the analysis of stereotypes concerning the members of the Hispanic minority in the United States of America. It is shown that the practices employed in everyday life which are repeated in literature, movies and mass media contribute to perpetuating the existent divisions leading to further conflicts. The problem of relations occurring between Eurocentric and religious values, on the one hand, and the plurality of forms of masculinity and femininity, on the other, is juxtaposed here with one more issue, i.e. racial relations, which have been repeatedly used to justify acts of discrimination and maintain the policy of hegemony. What is more, the article indicates that the change of the existing policy can be effected by the change of factors accompanying the process of upbringing which could function as the corrective measures leading to the acknowledgement of potential "otherness" of fellow citizens.

In Poland after 1989 – after regaining sovereignty and initiating the socio-political transformation – there are many concepts of Eastern policy, which was also the result of dynamic changes in the Soviet . The process of emancipation of the united republics accelerated in the period of perestroika and steadily progressed. Its final effect was the disintegration of the Soviet empire at the end of 1991. Therefore various groups and political trends in Poland formed different concepts and visions of the Polish Eastern policy. In discussions on its shape more and more attention was turned to Polish-Ukrainian relations. One of the trends in formulating assumptions on the Polish policy towards the post-Soviet area was conservative parties and groups. Within this ideological option, represented by many parties and groups, many – often conflicting – ideas and visions of the Polish policy towards Ukraine were formed. The objective of this article is to present an overview of these concepts – formulated in the framework of the conservative trend. ; In Poland after 1989 – after regaining sovereignty and initiating the socio-political transformation – there are many concepts of Eastern policy, which was also the result of dynamic changes in the Soviet . The process of emancipation of the united republics accelerated in the period of perestroika and steadily progressed. Its final effect was the disintegration of the Soviet empire at the end of 1991. Therefore various groups and political trends in Poland formed different concepts and visions of the Polish Eastern policy. In discussions on its shape more and more attention was turned to Polish-Ukrainian relations. One of the trends in formulating assumptions on the Polish policy towards the post-Soviet area was conservative parties and groups. Within this ideological option, represented by many parties and groups, many – often conflicting – ideas and visions of the Polish policy towards Ukraine were formed. The objective of this article is to present an overview of these concepts – formulated in the framework of the conservative trend.

The relation of the Polish parliamentary groups to Ukraine in 1989–1999 years has been analyzed. It has been defined that it was the period of formation of the principal strategy in the polish eastern policy, in which Ukraine was the key element. The parliamentary elite presents the most significant politic, ideological and intellectual environments in this country, and reconsideration of its relation to the question, represents the best way the attitude if not the all society, so at least its majority. ; The relation of the Polish parliamentary groups to Ukraine in 1989–1999 years has been analyzed. It has been defined that it was the period of formation of the principal strategy in the polish eastern policy, in which Ukraine was the key element. The parliamentary elite presents the most significant politic, ideological and intellectual environments in this country, and reconsideration of its relation to the question, represents the best way the attitude if not the all society, so at least its majority.