Suchergebnisse

From the early twentieth century onwards and in every style, vocal jazz relied on jazz instrumental music as is shown by the particular techniques of writing and improvisation such as vocalese and all sorts of scat-singing. This study proves that vocalese evolved in larger frames than those inside its initial context and that today it can be accepted as the appropriate designation qualifying any vocal jazz transcription. The way these vocal practices developed shows that they should necessarily be integrated into educational structures, as the Anglo-Saxon model tends to assert. The fact that nowadays, political power is transferred to local authorities incites to offer a true part to art education and choral singing teaching more particularly, in French music teaching. ; Á chaque époque le jazz vocal s'est appuyé sur la musique instrumentale de jazz comme l'indique les techniques particulières d'écriture et d'improvisation que sont le vocalese et les trois variantes du scat. Cette étude prouve que le vocalese a évolué dans des cadres plus larges que ceux de son contexte initial et qu'il peut aujourd'hui être retenu comme la désignation appropriée qualifiant toute transcription vocale de jazz. Le développement de ces pratiques vocales montre la nécessité de leur intégration au sein des structures d'enseignement, comme le modèle anglo-saxon semble l'établir. Le contexte actuel de mise en place des lois de décentralisation peut permettre de ré-interroger les politiques culturelles, notamment concernant la place effective de l'éducation artistique en général et de l'enseignement du chant choral en particulier dans l'éducation musicale française.

New Leaders, Parties and Groups: Comparative Tendancies in Local Leadership Fiscal Austerity and Urdan Innovation Conference, Paris, april 1989 ; The paper proposes an analysis of determinants of public expenditures in French cities over 20.000 between 1983 and 1985. Different factors are estimated using bivariate analysis. Environmental determinants are contrasted with political variables including influence of the bureaucracy and pressure groups, and partisan ideology of mayors. Results show that ideology is more influential on short-term changes, while interest groups pressure is more significant on long term policy outputs. Among the latter, business groups seem more influential on local public spendings than services users or municipal employees. Different modes of interests articulation according to mayors partisan affiliation draw different patterns of influence on policies in French cities.

New Leaders, Parties and Groups: Comparative Tendancies in Local Leadership Fiscal Austerity and Urdan Innovation Conference, Paris, april 1989 The paper proposes an analysis of determinants of public expenditures in French cities over 20.000 between 1983 and 1985. Different factors are estimated using bivariate analysis. Environmental determinants are contrasted with political variables including influence of the bureaucracy and pressure groups, and partisan ideology of mayors. Results show that ideology is more influential on short-term changes, while interest groups pressure is more significant on long term policy outputs. Among the latter, business groups seem more influential on local public spendings than services users or municipal employees. Different modes of interests articulation according to mayors partisan affiliation draw different patterns of influence on policies in French cities.

International audience ; When archaeologists studying societies without texts began to organise their data in the 19th century, they created "boxes" called "cultures" ( Kultur in German) or "civilisations", defined by "type fossils" ( Leitfossil ) following an almost explicitly geological paradigm. These "cultures" were nevertheless considered also as biological entities, able to reproduce themselves, or even combine. Gustaf Kossinna took a decisive step by assimilating "archaeological cultures" with "peoples". Today, one can distinguish two extreme positions, illustrated by the debate on the "Celts": either cultures really exist as human groups that can be defined, which is the majority view in central and eastern Europe; or cultures are a pure fabrication on the part of the observer, and represent at best broad stylistic zones, which is a common view in the archaeology of English-speaking countries and their near neighbours. The latter is a perspective which was emphasised even more by so-called "post-processual" archaeology. Reality no doubt lies somewhere between these two extremes, but is also linked to what can be reconstructed of the underlying ancient societies and their degrees of political integration. Yet in recent years, palaeogenetics has joined the game, hoping to reconstruct population migrations, if not "peoples", with the risk of reproducing, by biological determinism, the models of thinking of 19th century craniometry. The debate goes on! ; Lorsque les archéologues des sociétés sans écriture ont commencé à ordonner leurs données au cours du XIX e siècle, ils ont constitué des « boîtes » portant le nom de « cultures » ( Kultur en allemand) ou de « civilisations », définies par des « fossiles directeurs » ( Leitfossil ) selon un paradigme presque explicitement géologique. Ces « cultures » étaient néanmoins considérées également comme des entités biologiques, susceptibles de se générer les unes les autres, voire de se combiner. Gustaf Kossinna franchira un pas décisif en assimilant « culture ...

International audience ; When archaeologists studying societies without texts began to organise their data in the 19th century, they created "boxes" called "cultures" ( Kultur in German) or "civilisations", defined by "type fossils" ( Leitfossil ) following an almost explicitly geological paradigm. These "cultures" were nevertheless considered also as biological entities, able to reproduce themselves, or even combine. Gustaf Kossinna took a decisive step by assimilating "archaeological cultures" with "peoples". Today, one can distinguish two extreme positions, illustrated by the debate on the "Celts": either cultures really exist as human groups that can be defined, which is the majority view in central and eastern Europe; or cultures are a pure fabrication on the part of the observer, and represent at best broad stylistic zones, which is a common view in the archaeology of English-speaking countries and their near neighbours. The latter is a perspective which was emphasised even more by so-called "post-processual" archaeology. Reality no doubt lies somewhere between these two extremes, but is also linked to what can be reconstructed of the underlying ancient societies and their degrees of political integration. Yet in recent years, palaeogenetics has joined the game, hoping to reconstruct population migrations, if not "peoples", with the risk of reproducing, by biological determinism, the models of thinking of 19th century craniometry. The debate goes on! ; Lorsque les archéologues des sociétés sans écriture ont commencé à ordonner leurs données au cours du XIX e siècle, ils ont constitué des « boîtes » portant le nom de « cultures » ( Kultur en allemand) ou de « civilisations », définies par des « fossiles directeurs » ( Leitfossil ) selon un paradigme presque explicitement géologique. Ces « cultures » étaient néanmoins considérées également comme des entités biologiques, susceptibles de se générer les unes les autres, voire de se combiner. Gustaf Kossinna franchira un pas décisif en assimilant « culture archéologique » et « peuple ». Aujourd'hui, on peut distinguer deux positions extrêmes : soit les cultures existent réellement en tant que groupes humains et peuvent être définies, position majoritaire en Europe centrale et orientale ; soit les cultures sont une pure fiction de l'observateur, et au mieux des zones stylistiques approximatives, position fréquente dans l'archéologie des pays anglo-saxons et de leurs marges, et qui fut accentuée encore par l'archéologie dite « post-processuelle ». La réalité est sans doute entre ces deux extrêmes. Mais ces dernières années, la paléogénétique est entrée dans le jeu, espérant reconstituer les migrations de populations, sinon de « peuples », avec le risque de reproduire, par déterminisme biologique, les modèles de raisonnement de la craniométrie du XIX e siècle. Le débat continue !

From the Deffence, et illustration de la langue françoyse (1549) to Ronsard's tomb texts collected by Binet in 1586, the literary sociability depicted in some three hundred volumes of poetry gathering together about seventy poets is regarded as the mean to construct identities both collective and individual. Indeed the flurry of common topics is at the origin of a literary emulation and makes the emergence of a "poetic field" noticeable; so the position of each poet is both defined with an identification to groups or with a differentiation to defend their proper styles.Being "a poet" is the identity collectively valued. Altogether on Marot's tracks, the point is to make this "craft" prestigious - printed publication makes it visible - and to convince the greats of its political importance. The unifying label is subdivided in collective identities with restricted outlines like a popular topic (the "Amours"), a language ("poëtes françoys") or eventually a location (the poets from the river Clain, the Gascon poets, etc). Therefore this fragmentation leads to an attempt of classification of value. This is at the origin of disagreements (some provincial poets against the emerging Parisian milieu for instance), even conflicts (modern poets against old poets, Christian poets versus pagan poets, etc), as well as an increase of leading figures. Meanwhile each author attempts to defend their own singularities, notably by working on the ethos of the solitary poet or of the melancholic poet and endeavours to open new poetic paths, within a collective movement defending originality. Hence the tension opposing the hierarchical organisation and the assertion of the right to be different and thus unique. ; De la Deffence, et illustration de la langue françoyse (1549) au tombeau de Ronsard réuni par Binet (1586), la sociabilité littéraire mise en scène dans quelque trois cents recueils d'environ soixante-dix poètes est envisagée comme le support de constructions identitaires à la fois collectives et individuelles. En effet, le ...

From the Deffence, et illustration de la langue françoyse (1549) to Ronsard's tomb texts collected by Binet in 1586, the literary sociability depicted in some three hundred volumes of poetry gathering together about seventy poets is regarded as the mean to construct identities both collective and individual. Indeed the flurry of common topics is at the origin of a literary emulation and makes the emergence of a "poetic field" noticeable; so the position of each poet is both defined with an identification to groups or with a differentiation to defend their proper styles.Being "a poet" is the identity collectively valued. Altogether on Marot's tracks, the point is to make this "craft" prestigious - printed publication makes it visible - and to convince the greats of its political importance. The unifying label is subdivided in collective identities with restricted outlines like a popular topic (the "Amours"), a language ("poëtes françoys") or eventually a location (the poets from the river Clain, the Gascon poets, etc). Therefore this fragmentation leads to an attempt of classification of value. This is at the origin of disagreements (some provincial poets against the emerging Parisian milieu for instance), even conflicts (modern poets against old poets, Christian poets versus pagan poets, etc), as well as an increase of leading figures. Meanwhile each author attempts to defend their own singularities, notably by working on the ethos of the solitary poet or of the melancholic poet and endeavours to open new poetic paths, within a collective movement defending originality. Hence the tension opposing the hierarchical organisation and the assertion of the right to be different and thus unique. ; De la Deffence, et illustration de la langue françoyse (1549) au tombeau de Ronsard réuni par Binet (1586), la sociabilité littéraire mise en scène dans quelque trois cents recueils d'environ soixante-dix poètes est envisagée comme le support de constructions identitaires à la fois collectives et individuelles. En effet, le ...

From the Deffence, et illustration de la langue françoyse (1549) to Ronsard's tomb texts collected by Binet in 1586, the literary sociability depicted in some three hundred volumes of poetry gathering together about seventy poets is regarded as the mean to construct identities both collective and individual. Indeed the flurry of common topics is at the origin of a literary emulation and makes the emergence of a "poetic field" noticeable; so the position of each poet is both defined with an identification to groups or with a differentiation to defend their proper styles.Being "a poet" is the identity collectively valued. Altogether on Marot's tracks, the point is to make this "craft" prestigious - printed publication makes it visible - and to convince the greats of its political importance. The unifying label is subdivided in collective identities with restricted outlines like a popular topic (the "Amours"), a language ("poëtes françoys") or eventually a location (the poets from the river Clain, the Gascon poets, etc). Therefore this fragmentation leads to an attempt of classification of value. This is at the origin of disagreements (some provincial poets against the emerging Parisian milieu for instance), even conflicts (modern poets against old poets, Christian poets versus pagan poets, etc), as well as an increase of leading figures. Meanwhile each author attempts to defend their own singularities, notably by working on the ethos of the solitary poet or of the melancholic poet and endeavours to open new poetic paths, within a collective movement defending originality. Hence the tension opposing the hierarchical organisation and the assertion of the right to be different and thus unique. ; De la Deffence, et illustration de la langue françoyse (1549) au tombeau de Ronsard réuni par Binet (1586), la sociabilité littéraire mise en scène dans quelque trois cents recueils d'environ soixante-dix poètes est envisagée comme le support de constructions identitaires à la fois collectives et individuelles. En effet, le ...

From the Deffence, et illustration de la langue françoyse (1549) to Ronsard's tomb texts collected by Binet in 1586, the literary sociability depicted in some three hundred volumes of poetry gathering together about seventy poets is regarded as the mean to construct identities both collective and individual. Indeed the flurry of common topics is at the origin of a literary emulation and makes the emergence of a "poetic field" noticeable; so the position of each poet is both defined with an identification to groups or with a differentiation to defend their proper styles.Being "a poet" is the identity collectively valued. Altogether on Marot's tracks, the point is to make this "craft" prestigious - printed publication makes it visible - and to convince the greats of its political importance. The unifying label is subdivided in collective identities with restricted outlines like a popular topic (the "Amours"), a language ("poëtes françoys") or eventually a location (the poets from the river Clain, the Gascon poets, etc). Therefore this fragmentation leads to an attempt of classification of value. This is at the origin of disagreements (some provincial poets against the emerging Parisian milieu for instance), even conflicts (modern poets against old poets, Christian poets versus pagan poets, etc), as well as an increase of leading figures. Meanwhile each author attempts to defend their own singularities, notably by working on the ethos of the solitary poet or of the melancholic poet and endeavours to open new poetic paths, within a collective movement defending originality. Hence the tension opposing the hierarchical organisation and the assertion of the right to be different and thus unique. ; De la Deffence, et illustration de la langue françoyse (1549) au tombeau de Ronsard réuni par Binet (1586), la sociabilité littéraire mise en scène dans quelque trois cents recueils d'environ soixante-dix poètes est envisagée comme le support de constructions identitaires à la fois collectives et individuelles. En effet, le ...

From the Deffence, et illustration de la langue françoyse (1549) to Ronsard's tomb texts collected by Binet in 1586, the literary sociability depicted in some three hundred volumes of poetry gathering together about seventy poets is regarded as the mean to construct identities both collective and individual. Indeed the flurry of common topics is at the origin of a literary emulation and makes the emergence of a "poetic field" noticeable; so the position of each poet is both defined with an identification to groups or with a differentiation to defend their proper styles.Being "a poet" is the identity collectively valued. Altogether on Marot's tracks, the point is to make this "craft" prestigious - printed publication makes it visible - and to convince the greats of its political importance. The unifying label is subdivided in collective identities with restricted outlines like a popular topic (the "Amours"), a language ("poëtes françoys") or eventually a location (the poets from the river Clain, the Gascon poets, etc). Therefore this fragmentation leads to an attempt of classification of value. This is at the origin of disagreements (some provincial poets against the emerging Parisian milieu for instance), even conflicts (modern poets against old poets, Christian poets versus pagan poets, etc), as well as an increase of leading figures. Meanwhile each author attempts to defend their own singularities, notably by working on the ethos of the solitary poet or of the melancholic poet and endeavours to open new poetic paths, within a collective movement defending originality. Hence the tension opposing the hierarchical organisation and the assertion of the right to be different and thus unique. ; De la Deffence, et illustration de la langue françoyse (1549) au tombeau de Ronsard réuni par Binet (1586), la sociabilité littéraire mise en scène dans quelque trois cents recueils d'environ soixante-dix poètes est envisagée comme le support de constructions identitaires à la fois collectives et individuelles. En effet, le ...

From the Deffence, et illustration de la langue françoyse (1549) to Ronsard's tomb texts collected by Binet in 1586, the literary sociability depicted in some three hundred volumes of poetry gathering together about seventy poets is regarded as the mean to construct identities both collective and individual. Indeed the flurry of common topics is at the origin of a literary emulation and makes the emergence of a "poetic field" noticeable; so the position of each poet is both defined with an identification to groups or with a differentiation to defend their proper styles.Being "a poet" is the identity collectively valued. Altogether on Marot's tracks, the point is to make this "craft" prestigious - printed publication makes it visible - and to convince the greats of its political importance. The unifying label is subdivided in collective identities with restricted outlines like a popular topic (the "Amours"), a language ("poëtes françoys") or eventually a location (the poets from the river Clain, the Gascon poets, etc). Therefore this fragmentation leads to an attempt of classification of value. This is at the origin of disagreements (some provincial poets against the emerging Parisian milieu for instance), even conflicts (modern poets against old poets, Christian poets versus pagan poets, etc), as well as an increase of leading figures. Meanwhile each author attempts to defend their own singularities, notably by working on the ethos of the solitary poet or of the melancholic poet and endeavours to open new poetic paths, within a collective movement defending originality. Hence the tension opposing the hierarchical organisation and the assertion of the right to be different and thus unique. ; De la Deffence, et illustration de la langue françoyse (1549) au tombeau de Ronsard réuni par Binet (1586), la sociabilité littéraire mise en scène dans quelque trois cents recueils d'environ soixante-dix poètes est envisagée comme le support de constructions identitaires à la fois collectives et individuelles. En effet, le ...

En sciences humaines et sociales, la mobilisation de techniques délibératives comme les groupes focalisés (focus groups) est de nos jours devenue pratique courante. Pour s'en convaincre, il suffit d'identifier les recherches et publications qui, au cours de ces dix dernières années, ont mobilisé ladite technique. La science politique n'échappe pas à ce mouvement général puisque les groupes focalisés permettent in fine de recueillir des informations relatives aux perceptions et représentations des individus, que ceux-ci soient interrogés sur la mise en œuvre de politiques publiques, leur engagement politique, leur confiance aux institutions ou encore leur connaissance d'usage ou profane. À l'Université de Liège, les étudiants de deuxième année de bacca- lauréat en science politique sont invités depuis quelques années à réali- ser un exercice de focus group dans le cadre du cours de méthodologie qualitative. ; Peer reviewed

The advent of nations in Europe from the end of the 18th century corresponds with the political and economic changes taking place at the time. However, the way had been paved for the formation of these nations by the cultural creation of national identities, references that had been built to support a collective consciousness. Writers, artists and scholars had developed cultural heritage and a national system of symbols based on a transnational model. It is via the constant exchange of ideas and know-how that the main elements of national identity (language, historiography, landscape, historical monuments and folklore) were forged. ; International audience L'avènement des nations en Europe, à partir de la fin du XVIIIe siècle, correspond à des mutations politiques et économiques. Mais la formation des nations a été préparée par la création culturelle des identités nationales, références construites pour devenir support d'une conscience collective. Écrivains, artistes, érudits ont élaboré les patrimoines culturels et symboliques nationaux, selon un modèle transnational. C'est à travers des échanges constants d'idées et de savoir-faire qu'ont été forgés les principaux éléments des identités nationales (langue, historiographie, paysage, monuments historiques, folklore). ; The advent of nations in Europe from the end of the 18th century corresponds with the political and economic changes taking place at the time. However, the way had been paved for the formation of these nations by the cultural creation of national identities, references that had been built to support a collective consciousness. Writers, artists and scholars had developed cultural heritage and a national system of symbols based on a transnational model. It is via the constant exchange of ideas and know-how that the main elements of national identity (language, historiography, landscape, historical monuments and folklore) were forged. ; The advent of nations in Europe from the end of the 18th century corresponded with the political and economie ...

Text to be published in political history in renewal, a book from the regular seminar of the Centre for Political and Parliamentary History. The precise references to this publication (directorate, publisher, etc.) are still unknown. Presentation and discussion of recent work, not only in history, but also in sociology and political science, involving the concepts of networks and/or influence to study political life. ; This paper reviews and discusses works - mainly written by historians, but also by sociologists or political scientists - using the notions of "networks" and/or "influence" to study politics. ; Text to be published in political history in renewal, a book from the regular seminar of the Centre for Political and Parliamentary History. The precise references to this publication (directorate, publisher, etc.) are still unknown. Presentation and discussion of recent work, not only in history, but also in sociology and political science, involving the concepts of networks and/or influence to study political life. ; Texte à paraître dans L'histoire politique en renouveau, ouvrage issu du séminaire régulier du Centre d'histoire politique et parlementaire. Les références précises de cette publication (direction, éditeur.) sont encore inconnues. Présentation et discussion de travaux récents, en histoire, mais aussi en sociologie et en science politique, mettant en jeu les notions de réseaux et/ou d'influence pour étudier la vie politique.

International audience ; This article investigates the making of Jewish identity in early-modern italy through a re ection on the historiographical approaches. the proposed analysis deals with three moments that have marked the history of italian Jews : the diffusion of the credit market in the 15th century, assessed through the study of Jewish mobility ; the establish- ment of the ghettos in the 16th century, considered within the tension between conversionist projects of the counter-reformist papacy and processes of Jewish acculturation to italian society ; and the path of Jewish emancipation, presented within the context of the political and cultural transition enacted during the 18th century. ; Cet article interroge le processus de construction de l'identité juive dans l'italie moderne à travers une ré exion sur les approches historiographiques. l'analyse proposée s'intéresse à trois moments qui ont marqué l'histoire des Juifs italiens : la diffusion du marché du crédit au Xve siècle, abordée à travers l'étude des mobilités juives ; la création des ghettos au Xvie siècle, considérée à l'intérieur de la tension entre projets conversion- nistes de la papauté contre-réformiste et processus d'acculturation des Juifs à la société italienne ; et le parcours d'émancipation juive, présenté dans le contexte de transition poli- tique et culturelle qui fut mis en œuvre pendant le Xviiie siècle.