An important factor in the Catholic reconquest of Silesia in the seventeenth century was the cultivation of music modelled on the Italian style, which was promoted by circles connected with the Society of Jesus and financed by the new political elites of this region, ones predominantly linked to the House of Habsburg. ; Eden od pomembnih dejavnikov v rekatolizaciji Šlezije v 17. stoletju je bila glasbena umetnost po vzorih sodobnega italijanskega sloga, ki so jo širili predvsem krogi, povezani z jezuiti. Finančno jih je podpirala tedanja politična elita obravnavanega prostora, pretežno povezana s Habsburžani.
This article provides an overview of censorship and book bans in Austria between 1751 and 1848. It is based on the catalogues and lists of banned manuscripts and books and the available censorship regulations and censors' protocols; moreover, the most important persons involved in censorship such as Gerard van Swieten, Count Sedlnitzky, and Metternich are introduced, and their impact on the book trade is shown. From an instrument encouraging Enlightenment and defending morality during the reign of Maria Teresa and Joseph II, censorship became a major factor of political repression after the French Revolution. The focus moved from the protection of Catholicism against Protestant "heresy" and superstition to the defense of monarchy against liberalism and nationalism. The aim of enlightening the citizens and promoting their happiness pursued during the second half of the eighteenth century was replaced by the will to maintain the "peace" of the state and suppress any ideas that confounded its interests. ; Razprava preučuje cenzuro in prepovedi knjig v Avstriji med letoma 1751 in 1848. Temelji na katalogih in seznamih prepovedanih rokopisov in knjig ter razpoložljivih predpisih o cenzuri in cenzorskih protokolih; poleg tega so predstavljene najpomembnejše osebe, vpletene v cenzuro, kot so Gerard van Swieten, grof Sedlnitzky in Metternich, in prikazan njihov vpliv na knjižni trg. Od instrumenta, ki je spodbujal razsvetljenske ideje in branil moralo, kar je bilo značilno za vladavino Marije Terezije in Jožefa II., je cenzura po francoski revoluciji postala glavni dejavnik politične represije. Težišče se je premaknilo z zaščite katolištva pred protestantsko herezijo« in vraževerjem k obrambi monarhije pred liberalizmom in nacionalizmom. Cilj razsvetljenja državljanov in spodbujanje njihove sreče, ki ga je zasledovala cenzura v drugi polovici 18. stoletja, sta nadomestila volja po ohranjanju »miru« države in za-tiranje vseh idej, ki so bile v navzkrižju z njenimi interesi.
The article addresses the socialists of Fiume project for an independent Fiume state after the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy, pointing out at the relevance of the post-Habsburg setting. The focus is on workers' extraction and legal constraints, as well as on workers' structural connections with Hungary and the territories surrounding Fiume, es-sential for contextualizing socialists' base and their political goals in the immediate post-WWI period and during D'Annunzio's presence in the city. Special attention is devoted to the case of the Hungarian communist Miklós Sisa, reconstructing his presence in Fiume as an effect of family networks and post-imperial connections.
Rad donosi podatke o Samueleu Mayländeru (1866. – 1925.), socijalističkom vođi kasnohabsburške Rijeke, i njegovoj obitelji. Mayländeri su bili podrijetlom židovi iz jugozapadne Ugarske, doseljeni u Rijeku krajem 19. stoljeća. Doseljeni Mayländeri uspješno seintegriraju i asimiliraju u riječko i sjevernojadransko građansko društvo, neki udajom za pripadnike građanskih obitelji i obraćenjem na katoličku vjeroispovijest, a drugi uspješnim poslovnim karijerama. Zbog pomanjkanja primarne građe teško je dati odgovor na jezične prakse među pripadnicima obitelji. Ipak, iz objavljenih nekrologa u riječkim novinama, dokumentacije iz gimnazijskih dana i bračnih veza može se zaključiti kako je obitelj bila višejezična. Istraživanje je biografije samoga Samuelea Mayländera problematično jer, također, ne posjedujemo građu iz koje možemo neposredno razabrati njegove političke, nacionalne ili vjerske preferencije. Svakako, Samuele Mayländer bio je socijalističkoga opredjeljenja, kasnije i prvi predsjednik Komunističke partije Rijeka, ali i ličnost koja je bila pod utjecajem dominantne riječke talijanske kulturne paradigme. Studij medicine u Beču, javna angažiranost i politička aktivnost ukazuju na Mayländerova opredjeljenja, ali, kao i ugarsko židovsko obiteljsko podrijetlo, i na njegovu višejezičnost. Na kraju, rad prati biografske podatke o Pavlu Kirchenknopfu, metalurškom radniku rodom iz Ugarske, koji početkom 20. stoljeća doseljava u Pulu i kasnije s obitelji u Rijeku. U Rijeci je Pavle Kirchenknopf označen kao socijalistički, odnosno komunistički aktivist i takav zapamćen od lokalne historiografije. Biografija Pavla Kirchenknopfa korisna je za propitkivanje spoznaja o osobama radničkoga podrijetla i pitanja njihovih jezičnih praksi. Prema sporadičnoj građi, iz matičnih knjiga rođenih u Puli i migracijama Kirchenknopfa može se pretpostaviti kako se obitelj služila s više jezika. Zaključno, rad ukazuje na to kako pored pitanja višejezičnosti, socijalne i ekonomske teškoće trebaju biti uzete u obzir u društvenim i kulturnim povijestima sjevernoga Jadrana u kasnohabsburškom razdoblju, teškoće koje ostaju u pozadini idealiziranjem višejezičnoga habsburškog svijeta. ; The article provides data on Samuele Mayländer (1866–1925), socialist leader in late Habsburg Fiume/Rijeka, and his family. The Mayländer family were Jews from southwestern Hungary who had settled in Rijeka at the end of the nineteenth century. Following their move, the Mayländers successfully integrated and assimilated into the bourgeois society of Fiume/Rijeka and the northern Adriatic, some marrying members of bourgeois families and converting to Roman Catholicism, others having successful professional careers. The lack of primary sources makes it difficult to delineate language use among members of the family. However, through quoted obituaries in Rijeka's newspapers, data of the local gymnasium, and marriages, it can be concluded that the family was multilingual. Research on Samuele Mayländer's biography in particular is problematic since, again, there are no primary sources to understand his national, religious, or political preferences. However, it is clear that Samuele was a dedicated socialist. Later in life, he was the first president of Fiume/Rijeka's communist party, but also someone under the influence of Fiume/ Rijeka's dominant Italian cultural paradigm. His medical studies in Vienna, his public engagement and political activities, display Mayländer's sympathies, but also his Hungarian Jewish family background, his multilingualism. Finally, the article follows the biographic data of Paolo Kirchenknopf, a metal worker from Hungary who, at the beginning of the twentieth century, emigrated to Pula, and with his family later moved to Fiume/Rijeka. In Fiume/Rijeka, Kirchenknopf is marked as a socialist – more precisely as a communist activist – and is remembered as such in local historiography. The biography of Kirchenknopf is useful in that it allows one to gain knowledge about figures from working-class backgrounds and their linguistic practices. Based on various, scattered sources – from records of birth in Pula and Kirchenknopf's migrations – it can be estimated that this family used more than one language. In conclusion, the article points out how, aside from the question of multilingualism, social and economic difficulties have to be taken into account in the social and cultural histories of the northern Adriatic in the late Habsburg period – difficulties that remain in the background by idealizing the multilinguistic Habsburg world. ; Il saggio offre notizie su Samuele Mayländer (1866–1925) leader socialista della Fiume tardo asburgica e sulla sua famiglia. I Mayländer erano ebrei originari dall'Ungheria sudoccidentale, immigrati a Fiume verso la fine del 19 secolo. Gli immigrati Mayländer si integrano e assimilano con successo nella società borghese fiumana e nord adriatica alcuni sposandosi con membri di famiglie borghesi e convertendosi al cattolicesimo, altri intraprendendo carriere di successo. Causa la mancanza di fonti primarie è difficile desumere le pratiche linguistiche dei membri della famiglia. Tramite necrologi pubblicati nei giornali fiumani, documenti del periodo ginnasiale e i matrimoni, è possibile desumere che la famiglia era plurilinguistica. La ricerca sulla biografia di Samuele Mayländer è pure problematica perché non possediamo documentazione che possa in modo diretto farci desumere le sue preferenze politiche, nazionali, religiose o politiche. Certamente, Samuele Mayländer si considerava socialista, successivamente fu primo presidente del Partito comunista di Fiume, ma anche una personalità influenzata dal paradigma culturale italiano fiumano. Lo studio di medicina a Vienna, l'impegno pubblico e l'attività politica, dimostrano le simpatie del Mayländer ma, come le sue origini famigliari ebraiche ungheresi, anche il suo plurilinguismo. Infine, l'articolo segue i dati biografici su Paolo Kirchenkopf, operaio metallurgico originario dall'Ungheria che all'inizio del 20 secolo emigra a Pola e di seguito, con la famiglia, a Fiume. A Fiume Paolo Kirchenkopf è etichettato come attivista socialista ossia comunista e come tale ricordato dalla locale storiografia. La biografia di Paolo Kirchenkopf è utile per conoscere le biografie delle persone di estrazione operaia e la questione della loro passi linguistica. In base a documentazione sporadica, libri di nascita di Pola e le migrazioni dei Kirchenknopf, si può ipotizzare che la famiglia si serviva di più lingue. In conclusione, il lavoro indica come accanto alla questione del plurilinguismo le difficoltà sociali ed economiche devono essere prese in considerazione nelle storie sociali e culturali dell'alto Adriatico nel tardo periodo asburgico, difficoltà che rimangonoi sullo sfondo dell'idealizzato mondo plurilinguistico asburgico.
In Claudio Magris's first pioneering study The Habsburg Myth in Modern Austrian Literature published by Einaudi in 1963, the poet of Habsburg legitimacy Franz Grillparzer represents the keystone of the proposed historiographical reconstruction: in particular, Magris recognises the peculiar characters of the myth in Grillparzer's dramatic works. This article reinterprets the masterpiece of the Austrian playwright entitled Ein Bruderzwist in Habsburg taking its cue from Carl Schmitt, who associated the main character of Grillparzer's drama with the enigmatical figure of the katechon, i.e. the braking power mentioned in a letter by Paul of Tarsus. From the political-philosophical perspective of the article, the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II is not so much the personification of Magris's characterization of the "myth" as the holder of a braking power who fails (as his antagonists) because he must act. Therefore, the crucial moment in the genesis of the "Habsburg myth" lies not so much in the protagonist himself as in the construction of the dramatic action.
Sono trascorsi ormai trent'anni dagli importanti contributi monografici offerti da Guido Tadini sulla figura complessa e affascinante di Antonio Ferramolino da Bergamo, di certo uno dei più autorevoli ingegneri militari al servizio della monarchia spagnola nel Mediterraneo del primo Cinquecento. Sebbene gli studi più recenti, in particolar modo quelli sull'ingegnere Pietro Antonio Tomasello da Padova, suo predecessore, abbiano in parte ridimensionato quel ruolo "pionieristico" nel processo di potenziamento delle difese siciliane che la storiografia gli aveva attribuito, resta indubbio come la figura di Ferramolino offra molteplici spunti di interesse. La sua lunga attività professionale, documentata per almeno un trentennio, il suo amplissimo raggio d'azione – dai territori della Serenissima, alla Repubblica di Ragusa, alla Sicilia, da Malta ai presidi africani d'oltremare, la Goletta di Tunisi per prima –, certi accenti del suo carattere, tra cui quel fare spregiudicato che lo portò, anche grazie ad entrature a Corte, a mescolare al contempo responsabilità progettuale e intervento in qualità di impresario edile nei medesimi cantieri, sono tutti elementi che spingono, anche alla luce di nuove e corpose acquisizioni documentarie, verso un aggiornamento del suo profilo biografico e del quadro d'insieme della sua attività professionale, nell'ambito del quale si possa finalmente far luce sulle peculiarità del suo modus operandi e sulle innovazioni tecniche da lui introdotte nelle fortificazioni delle diverse sponde del Mediterraneo. ; Thirty years already went by since the publication of major monographic contributions by Guido Tadini on the complex and fascinating figure of Antonio Ferramolino from Bergamo, certainly one of the most distinguished military engineers at the service of the Spanish monarchy in the Mediterranean in the early sixteenth century. Although the most recent studies, particularly those on the engineer Pietro Antonio Tomasello from Padua, his predecessor, have partially reduced the "pioneering" role in the process of enhancement of Sicilian defenses that historiography had attributed to him, the figure of Ferramolino undoubtedly still presents many points of interest. His long professional activity, documented for at least three decades, with a very wide scope of action - from the Venetian territories, to the Republic of Ragusa and Sicily, from Malta to north African strongholds -, certain aspects of his character, including an unprejudiced behavior that led him to combine design responsibility and intervention as a building contractor in the same building site, are all elements to consider, especially in light of new documentary acquisitions, for an update of his biographical profile.
Italian and Austrian historiography have often examined the history of the free ports of Trieste and Venice and the birth of the relative schools of commerce as separate chapters, only occasionally connected. The launch of an international research project on the global history of free ports and new sources makes it possible to relate these events in a more direct relationship, and to show how the creation of the Schools of Commerce was an integral part of a broader strategy of the Habsburg monarchy in the Adriatic and Mediterranean politics. ; Italian and Austrian historiography have often examined the history of the free ports of the Habsburg Empire and the birth of the relative schools of commerce as separate chapters, only occasionally connected. The launch of an international research project on the global history of free ports and new sources makes it possible to relate these events in a more direct relationship, and to show how the creation of the Schools of Commerce was an integral part of a broader strategy in the Adriatic and Mediterranean politics.
The essay reconstructs the development of studies on rural lordships in Trentino during the 19th-20th centuries, the period of the dissolution of a seigniorial system that had survived almost six hundred years.
This contribution offers an analysis of the relationship between the Republic of Venice and the Habsburg empire, which have long competed for the Upper Adriatic, thus creating an irregular "shifting boundary" between their properties. From the second half of the 16th century to the first half of the 18th century, supported by a series of cartographical documents, the geo-historical excursus highlights that, in the empire regions, the limes was conceived more as a border fringe, than as a boundary line dividing two political entities. Indeed, it included within itself regions of different jurisdictions, thus causing many fierce disagreements between the "Leone alato" and the "Aquila bifronte". ; Il contributo propone una breve analisi sul rapporto tra la Repubblica di Venezia e gli Imperiali asburgici che per lungo tempo hanno fatto dell'Alto Adriatico l'oggetto del loro contendere, contribuendo a rendere il limite tra i loro possedimenti un "confine ambulante" dalle caratteristiche mobili e irregolari. L'excursus geo-storico dalla metà del Cinquecento alla metà del Settecento evidenzia, con il supporto di alcuni documenti cartografici, come negli Stati di Antico Regime il limes non avesse quel carattere di "linearità" che si è soliti attribuire al confine che divide due entità politiche ma piuttosto un carattere "areale" con andamento discontinuo, tanto da includere al proprio interno anche zone di pertinenza giuridica diversa, motivo questo di numerosi e acerrimi dissidi tra il Leone alato e l'Aquila bifronte.
The author focuses in this paper on the Imperial musicians' mobility in the late Renaissance giving some example based on her systematic research of the Habsburg accounting ledgers and other important non-musical sources regarding the government of Rudolf II (1576–1612) available today in the State Archives in Vienna. ; Prispevek se osredotoča na nekatere primere mobilnosti cesarskih glasbenikov v pozni renesansi. Naslanja se na nedavno sistematično raziskavo računskih knjig habsburške glasbene kapele in nekaterih drugih neglasbenih fondov iz časa cesarja Rudolfa II. (1576–1612), ki se danes nahajajo v dunajskem državnem arhivu.
The purpose of the essay is to show the choices made by noble Trentino families to propose an image of themselves, through different choices and thanks to different tools: building policy, iconographic, heraldic, funeral choices.
The essay examines the concept of modern statehood as it emerges from the Habsburg political thought in the late 19th century. the aim is to discuss how that tradition of thoughtv tried to reflect on the meaning of statehood and political unity beyond the principle of Nation-state.
