Suchergebnisse

In the middle of the 13th century, Samogitian and Curonian armies were formed of lightly armed soldiers. A heavily-armed soldier could have a sword, a helmet, a shield, and a wide blade battle axe. Heavily-armed troops would make a cavalry platoon, while lightly armed soldiers who fought with spears, shields, fighting knives, and sometimes axes, made an infantry platoon. Archers constituted a separate segment of an army. During the Order invasions and in defensive battles, Samogitians and Curonians were inferior to the enemy in their weaponry. Therefore, Samogitians and Curonians used different defensive tactics: lured the enemy into wet and wooded areas, made barricades of trees, before the retreatment of the enemy with the loot, carried out attacks, fought defensive battles from hill-forts, and in favorable situations conducted surprise attacks from hill-forts In an armed conflict, Samogitian and Curonian soldiers were match to the enemy. Therefore, the Order failed to overcome the resistance of Samogitians. Historical sources of information about the Curonian and Samogitian weaponry and fighting techniques are often distorted, and therefore historians should also consider other sources of the same period, e.g., the archaeological research data.

In the middle of the 13th century, Samogitian and Curonian armies were formed of lightly armed soldiers. A heavily-armed soldier could have a sword, a helmet, a shield, and a wide blade battle axe. Heavily-armed troops would make a cavalry platoon, while lightly armed soldiers who fought with spears, shields, fighting knives, and sometimes axes, made an infantry platoon. Archers constituted a separate segment of an army. During the Order invasions and in defensive battles, Samogitians and Curonians were inferior to the enemy in their weaponry. Therefore, Samogitians and Curonians used different defensive tactics: lured the enemy into wet and wooded areas, made barricades of trees, before the retreatment of the enemy with the loot, carried out attacks, fought defensive battles from hill-forts, and in favorable situations conducted surprise attacks from hill-forts In an armed conflict, Samogitian and Curonian soldiers were match to the enemy. Therefore, the Order failed to overcome the resistance of Samogitians. Historical sources of information about the Curonian and Samogitian weaponry and fighting techniques are often distorted, and therefore historians should also consider other sources of the same period, e.g., the archaeological research data.

Modern society is heavily dependent from cyberspace and cybersecurity. Governments and States are using technology to push e-voting systems into citizen's lives in order to involve them in political processes. But although the world has reached a very high level of technological development, it is still not secure in the context of cybersecurity. Ensuring cybersecurity in the process of designing and operating electronic voting systems is one of the most important aspects for successful implementation of electronic voting in Lithuania. After summarizing the reviewed literature and the results obtained during the empirical research, a cybersecurity management model for the implementation of electronic voting systems was created. The implementation of the cybersecurity management model that has been created in this doctoral thesis will ensure successful implementation and cybersecurity of electronic voting systems.

Modern society is heavily dependent from cyberspace and cybersecurity. Governments and States are using technology to push e-voting systems into citizen's lives in order to involve them in political processes. But although the world has reached a very high level of technological development, it is still not secure in the context of cybersecurity. Ensuring cybersecurity in the process of designing and operating electronic voting systems is one of the most important aspects for successful implementation of electronic voting in Lithuania. After summarizing the reviewed literature and the results obtained during the empirical research, a cybersecurity management model for the implementation of electronic voting systems was created. The implementation of the cybersecurity management model that has been created in this doctoral thesis will ensure successful implementation and cybersecurity of electronic voting systems.

Small and medium-sized enterprises are the backbone of the European economy, and the most important creators of new jobs and economic growth, SMEs account for a large proportion of Europe's economic and professional activity. In practice, 99% of businesses in the European Union are SMEs, and they provide two-thirds of all private-sector jobs. So small firms are, in fact, the real giants of the European economy. Small and medium-sized businesses constitute an important part of added value and provide a major share of employment in every market economy. They are a most reliable guaranty for sustainable economic development, because they are flexible, quick in reacting to new up-coming threats and on a long-term base highly effective. That is why any state authority should be highly interested in a well developed SME sector. European Union – considers there are three types of smaller enterprise: micro, small and medium-sized. Each of these have differing employee, turnover and asset thresholds. These three size groups of non-subsidiary independent businesses make up what are termed small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The preoccupations of governments in small business policy also focus heavily on finance, information, advice and training. However, government spending on SME policy heavily reflects the preoccupations with finance, information and support. Through the financial instruments it has developed and funded, the European Commission is making it easier for SMEs to get loans from banks, by providing guarantees. It is also facilitating venture capital investment in SMEs. These financial instruments are managed by the European Investment Fund (EIF) on behalf of the Commission. The local business environment has an important effect on small businesses, wherever they are located. Most SMEs focus their activities in their own region. Moreover, policies to support and reinforce economic competitiveness are increasingly decided and implemented at local and regional levels. The European Union recognises the importance of regions in this field, and has developed a number of instruments to encourage regional development, to support initiatives by regional actors, and to promote networking between different EU regions. These instruments encourage entrepreneurship, support new enterprises, and make SMEs more competitive.

Small and medium-sized enterprises are the backbone of the European economy, and the most important creators of new jobs and economic growth, SMEs account for a large proportion of Europe's economic and professional activity. In practice, 99% of businesses in the European Union are SMEs, and they provide two-thirds of all private-sector jobs. So small firms are, in fact, the real giants of the European economy. Small and medium-sized businesses constitute an important part of added value and provide a major share of employment in every market economy. They are a most reliable guaranty for sustainable economic development, because they are flexible, quick in reacting to new up-coming threats and on a long-term base highly effective. That is why any state authority should be highly interested in a well developed SME sector. European Union – considers there are three types of smaller enterprise: micro, small and medium-sized. Each of these have differing employee, turnover and asset thresholds. These three size groups of non-subsidiary independent businesses make up what are termed small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The preoccupations of governments in small business policy also focus heavily on finance, information, advice and training. However, government spending on SME policy heavily reflects the preoccupations with finance, information and support. Through the financial instruments it has developed and funded, the European Commission is making it easier for SMEs to get loans from banks, by providing guarantees. It is also facilitating venture capital investment in SMEs. These financial instruments are managed by the European Investment Fund (EIF) on behalf of the Commission. The local business environment has an important effect on small businesses, wherever they are located. Most SMEs focus their activities in their own region. Moreover, policies to support and reinforce economic competitiveness are increasingly decided and implemented at local and regional levels. The European Union recognises the importance of regions in this field, and has developed a number of instruments to encourage regional development, to support initiatives by regional actors, and to promote networking between different EU regions. These instruments encourage entrepreneurship, support new enterprises, and make SMEs more competitive.

This article is devoted to the models of integration without membership as a method to solve the EU "enlargement versus deepening" dilemma. Stagnation of EU enlargement implicates that policy alternatives to enlargement & various models of integration without membership become essential. Authors dealing with issues of external europeanization often conclude that models of integration without membership rely heavily on methods similar to enlargement methods. It is recognized, however, that alternatives to enlargement lack an essential mechanism, an incentive that would induce reform & approximation to European standards, ie., these models do not provide a membership opportunity. Thus principle of conditionality that lies at the heart of such models fails without proper incentives to reform. Therefore a vicious circle emerges: with no membership opportunity there is no reform incentive & lack of reform hinders the possibility to transpose cooperation with EU to a qualitatively upper political, economic & institutional level. That raises a question if the enlargement "toolkit" (conditionality principle first of all) may fruitfully function in models of integration without membership. Adapted from the source document.

Some of the most important social and economic objectives, especially within the context of the aftermath of the recent financial crisis in the European Union and Lithuania, are the expansion of popular interest and engagement in scientific and technological developments, closer cooperation between science and business and augmentation of prestige of scientific and research based professions. Scientific communication is a very important tool, one that allows to achieve the aforementioned objectives. This is illustrated by the fact that countries leading in innovation have clear official policies of scientific communication and the society is heavily involved in shaping them. Conversely, countries that lag in innovative activity do not generally have an official policy of scientific communication. Scientific communication, as a phenomenon and a tool, is being researched and discussed within the academic and political discourse, but there is a certain subjectivity in Lithuanian scientific communication policy. The target audience of youth is one of the most important audiences and actions aimed at increasing its interest in scientific endeavours and scientific and research based professions would result in the increase in the number of scientists and researchers, which is one of the most important strategic aims of the European Union. The aim of this study – to analyse the demand and possibilities of scientific communication in professional schools.

It is acknowledged by various organizations, experts, and researchers around the world that meeting psychological and social needs is an important factor in cancer treatment. However, there is a shortage of psychosocial care supply for cancer patients and their family members in Lithuania. The aim of this study is to discern the causes of this insufficient supply. In order to find out the possible causes, Jon Elster's action explanation framework was used. According to the framework, it is possible to deduce these factors: institutional constraints, economical (resources and labor supply) constraints, social preferences, and political preferences. Qualitative research (expert interviews) and secondary data analysis research methods were employed to gather the required data. A data analysis shows that the there are no institutional constraints for the provision of psychosocial care. However, there is a lack of public resources dedicated for the provision of psychosocial care. As a consequence, the main providers of psychosocial care for cancer patients and their family members are NGOs, which heavily depend on volunteer labor force. There is a contradiction in the point of view toward the professionalization of psychosocial care provision. It is the natural position of medical professionals that the provision of psychosocial care should be in the hands of professionals. On the other side, NGOs disagree with such a perspective. The need for psychosocial care is verbalized by experts and professionals; however, the general public prefers medical treatment. Thus, it is understandable why the public resources allocated to the provision of psychosocial care are so scarce. It is also evident that the political parties are not interested in psychosocial care, as it was shown by our analysis of their political programs.

It is acknowledged by various organizations, experts, and researchers around the world that meeting psychological and social needs is an important factor in cancer treatment. However, there is a shortage of psychosocial care supply for cancer patients and their family members in Lithuania. The aim of this study is to discern the causes of this insufficient supply. In order to find out the possible causes, Jon Elster's action explanation framework was used. According to the framework, it is possible to deduce these factors: institutional constraints, economical (resources and labor supply) constraints, social preferences, and political preferences. Qualitative research (expert interviews) and secondary data analysis research methods were employed to gather the required data. A data analysis shows that the there are no institutional constraints for the provision of psychosocial care. However, there is a lack of public resources dedicated for the provision of psychosocial care. As a consequence, the main providers of psychosocial care for cancer patients and their family members are NGOs, which heavily depend on volunteer labor force. There is a contradiction in the point of view toward the professionalization of psychosocial care provision. It is the natural position of medical professionals that the provision of psychosocial care should be in the hands of professionals. On the other side, NGOs disagree with such a perspective. The need for psychosocial care is verbalized by experts and professionals; however, the general public prefers medical treatment. Thus, it is understandable why the public resources allocated to the provision of psychosocial care are so scarce. It is also evident that the political parties are not interested in psychosocial care, as it was shown by our analysis of their political programs.

It is acknowledged by various organizations, experts, and researchers around the world that meeting psychological and social needs is an important factor in cancer treatment. However, there is a shortage of psychosocial care supply for cancer patients and their family members in Lithuania. The aim of this study is to discern the causes of this insufficient supply. In order to find out the possible causes, Jon Elster's action explanation framework was used. According to the framework, it is possible to deduce these factors: institutional constraints, economical (resources and labor supply) constraints, social preferences, and political preferences. Qualitative research (expert interviews) and secondary data analysis research methods were employed to gather the required data. A data analysis shows that the there are no institutional constraints for the provision of psychosocial care. However, there is a lack of public resources dedicated for the provision of psychosocial care. As a consequence, the main providers of psychosocial care for cancer patients and their family members are NGOs, which heavily depend on volunteer labor force. There is a contradiction in the point of view toward the professionalization of psychosocial care provision. It is the natural position of medical professionals that the provision of psychosocial care should be in the hands of professionals. On the other side, NGOs disagree with such a perspective. The need for psychosocial care is verbalized by experts and professionals; however, the general public prefers medical treatment. Thus, it is understandable why the public resources allocated to the provision of psychosocial care are so scarce. It is also evident that the political parties are not interested in psychosocial care, as it was shown by our analysis of their political programs.

It is acknowledged by various organizations, experts, and researchers around the world that meeting psychological and social needs is an important factor in cancer treatment. However, there is a shortage of psychosocial care supply for cancer patients and their family members in Lithuania. The aim of this study is to discern the causes of this insufficient supply. In order to find out the possible causes, Jon Elster's action explanation framework was used. According to the framework, it is possible to deduce these factors: institutional constraints, economical (resources and labor supply) constraints, social preferences, and political preferences. Qualitative research (expert interviews) and secondary data analysis research methods were employed to gather the required data. A data analysis shows that the there are no institutional constraints for the provision of psychosocial care. However, there is a lack of public resources dedicated for the provision of psychosocial care. As a consequence, the main providers of psychosocial care for cancer patients and their family members are NGOs, which heavily depend on volunteer labor force. There is a contradiction in the point of view toward the professionalization of psychosocial care provision. It is the natural position of medical professionals that the provision of psychosocial care should be in the hands of professionals. On the other side, NGOs disagree with such a perspective. The need for psychosocial care is verbalized by experts and professionals; however, the general public prefers medical treatment. Thus, it is understandable why the public resources allocated to the provision of psychosocial care are so scarce. It is also evident that the political parties are not interested in psychosocial care, as it was shown by our analysis of their political programs.

The Main Functions of Bailiff and Their Significance for the Implementation of Justice This master's thesis analyzes the activities carried out by the bailiff, the performance of functions, and the provision of services provided by the Law on bailiffs of the Republic of Lithuania in order to investigate their importance in the context of the implementation of justice. It needs to be noted that the justice in Lithuania is carried out by court and bailiff merely implements those decisions which are not carried out in good faith by the person against whom the decision is made. The bailiff is a private person who is authorized to carry out such work and is heavily regulated by government and law. In order to understand the reasons for the formation of a private bailiff's institution operating today, the historical context and the duties of bailiff predecessors and their activities were examined. The purpose of investigating the development of decision-makers was to find out what has been taken from the institutions of the old decision-makers and has survived to those days. Looking at the contemporary bailiff's activity, I have looked critically at certain, seemingly outdated norms. Explaining the scope of the bailiff's activity, all four battalion functions were investigated: 1) execution of executive documents; 2) the finding of the facts by the court order; 3) the service or transfer the documents to natural and legal persons in the Republic of Lithuania by a court order; 4) establishment of a circle of inheritance assets and provision of services provided by law. During the work, a research was conducted to confirm or to deny the hypothesis that in practice bailiffs cary out less functions than its stated in bailiffs law. The results of the research also revealed the extent of the Bailiff's functions and the range of services provided.

The Main Functions of Bailiff and Their Significance for the Implementation of Justice This master's thesis analyzes the activities carried out by the bailiff, the performance of functions, and the provision of services provided by the Law on bailiffs of the Republic of Lithuania in order to investigate their importance in the context of the implementation of justice. It needs to be noted that the justice in Lithuania is carried out by court and bailiff merely implements those decisions which are not carried out in good faith by the person against whom the decision is made. The bailiff is a private person who is authorized to carry out such work and is heavily regulated by government and law. In order to understand the reasons for the formation of a private bailiff's institution operating today, the historical context and the duties of bailiff predecessors and their activities were examined. The purpose of investigating the development of decision-makers was to find out what has been taken from the institutions of the old decision-makers and has survived to those days. Looking at the contemporary bailiff's activity, I have looked critically at certain, seemingly outdated norms. Explaining the scope of the bailiff's activity, all four battalion functions were investigated: 1) execution of executive documents; 2) the finding of the facts by the court order; 3) the service or transfer the documents to natural and legal persons in the Republic of Lithuania by a court order; 4) establishment of a circle of inheritance assets and provision of services provided by law. During the work, a research was conducted to confirm or to deny the hypothesis that in practice bailiffs cary out less functions than its stated in bailiffs law. The results of the research also revealed the extent of the Bailiff's functions and the range of services provided.

The Main Functions of Bailiff and Their Significance for the Implementation of Justice This master's thesis analyzes the activities carried out by the bailiff, the performance of functions, and the provision of services provided by the Law on bailiffs of the Republic of Lithuania in order to investigate their importance in the context of the implementation of justice. It needs to be noted that the justice in Lithuania is carried out by court and bailiff merely implements those decisions which are not carried out in good faith by the person against whom the decision is made. The bailiff is a private person who is authorized to carry out such work and is heavily regulated by government and law. In order to understand the reasons for the formation of a private bailiff's institution operating today, the historical context and the duties of bailiff predecessors and their activities were examined. The purpose of investigating the development of decision-makers was to find out what has been taken from the institutions of the old decision-makers and has survived to those days. Looking at the contemporary bailiff's activity, I have looked critically at certain, seemingly outdated norms. Explaining the scope of the bailiff's activity, all four battalion functions were investigated: 1) execution of executive documents; 2) the finding of the facts by the court order; 3) the service or transfer the documents to natural and legal persons in the Republic of Lithuania by a court order; 4) establishment of a circle of inheritance assets and provision of services provided by law. During the work, a research was conducted to confirm or to deny the hypothesis that in practice bailiffs cary out less functions than its stated in bailiffs law. The results of the research also revealed the extent of the Bailiff's functions and the range of services provided.