Suchergebnisse

The thesis deals with Direct-To-Consumers Genetic Testing (DTCGTs) sold on the Internet, and more specifically with the ones for health, physiology, performance and behaviour. This market is booming since the end of the 90's, and is sparking off controversies which are rooted in multiples scientific and medical uncertainties ("missing heritability", informed consent, third parties, etc.). It doesn't require for medical prescription, and health professional consultancy for test data and results is not systematically needed, which is not allowed by some national legislations. For all that, is it a medicalisation phenomenon without physician ?To understand the socio-economic dynamic of this market, we had listed 130 websites (for 60 in the academic literature) and identified 155 entrepreneurs, then we studied the evolution of theirs characteristics. The territorial localisation of the market changed, and european websites are finally as numerous as theirs north-american counterparts. Either in technical devices conception, or in commercialisation, DTCGTs are a sign of the autonomy progression of outsiders from the medical field, if not of their intrusion in this field. Medical dispensing systems are growing alongside of DTC selling, notably through the physician hiring by the DTCGT companies (i.e. hotline selling). Furthermore, some outsiders are relatively new, for they are related to investment funds which are specialized in science and more or less independent from industrial groups. Furthermore, one must notice the presence of informatics and Internet companies which, till now, didn't really explore the health field. Finally, DTCGT relate also to biomedicalisation and automedicalisation. ; La thèse porte sur les Tests Génétiques vendus en Accès Libre (TGAL), notamment sur l'Internet, et qui sont dédiés à la santé ou à la physiologie, aux performances ou aux comportements. En pleine expansion depuis la fin des années 1990, ce marché va à l'encontre de certaines législations nationales et génère des controverses. ...

The thesis deals with Direct-To-Consumers Genetic Testing (DTCGTs) sold on the Internet, and more specifically with the ones for health, physiology, performance and behaviour. This market is booming since the end of the 90's, and is sparking off controversies which are rooted in multiples scientific and medical uncertainties ("missing heritability", informed consent, third parties, etc.). It doesn't require for medical prescription, and health professional consultancy for test data and results is not systematically needed, which is not allowed by some national legislations. For all that, is it a medicalisation phenomenon without physician ?To understand the socio-economic dynamic of this market, we had listed 130 websites (for 60 in the academic literature) and identified 155 entrepreneurs, then we studied the evolution of theirs characteristics. The territorial localisation of the market changed, and european websites are finally as numerous as theirs north-american counterparts. Either in technical devices conception, or in commercialisation, DTCGTs are a sign of the autonomy progression of outsiders from the medical field, if not of their intrusion in this field. Medical dispensing systems are growing alongside of DTC selling, notably through the physician hiring by the DTCGT companies (i.e. hotline selling). Furthermore, some outsiders are relatively new, for they are related to investment funds which are specialized in science and more or less independent from industrial groups. Furthermore, one must notice the presence of informatics and Internet companies which, till now, didn't really explore the health field. Finally, DTCGT relate also to biomedicalisation and automedicalisation. ; La thèse porte sur les Tests Génétiques vendus en Accès Libre (TGAL), notamment sur l'Internet, et qui sont dédiés à la santé ou à la physiologie, aux performances ou aux comportements. En pleine expansion depuis la fin des années 1990, ce marché va à l'encontre de certaines législations nationales et génère des controverses. ...

The thesis deals with Direct-To-Consumers Genetic Testing (DTCGTs) sold on the Internet, and more specifically with the ones for health, physiology, performance and behaviour. This market is booming since the end of the 90's, and is sparking off controversies which are rooted in multiples scientific and medical uncertainties ("missing heritability", informed consent, third parties, etc.). It doesn't require for medical prescription, and health professional consultancy for test data and results is not systematically needed, which is not allowed by some national legislations. For all that, is it a medicalisation phenomenon without physician ?To understand the socio-economic dynamic of this market, we had listed 130 websites (for 60 in the academic literature) and identified 155 entrepreneurs, then we studied the evolution of theirs characteristics. The territorial localisation of the market changed, and european websites are finally as numerous as theirs north-american counterparts. Either in technical devices conception, or in commercialisation, DTCGTs are a sign of the autonomy progression of outsiders from the medical field, if not of their intrusion in this field. Medical dispensing systems are growing alongside of DTC selling, notably through the physician hiring by the DTCGT companies (i.e. hotline selling). Furthermore, some outsiders are relatively new, for they are related to investment funds which are specialized in science and more or less independent from industrial groups. Furthermore, one must notice the presence of informatics and Internet companies which, till now, didn't really explore the health field. Finally, DTCGT relate also to biomedicalisation and automedicalisation. ; La thèse porte sur les Tests Génétiques vendus en Accès Libre (TGAL), notamment sur l'Internet, et qui sont dédiés à la santé ou à la physiologie, aux performances ou aux comportements. En pleine expansion depuis la fin des années 1990, ce marché va à l'encontre de certaines législations nationales et génère des controverses. ...

Une revue des résultats obtenus sur le niveau et l'organisation du polymorphisme génétique au sein des arbres forestiers est faite dans cette contribution. Elle s'attache à comparer les valeurs de la diversité moléculaire, principalement isoenzymatique (richesse allélique, diversité de Nei, coefficient de différentiation entre populations) à la variabilité génétique de caractères quantitatifs (héritabilité, coefficient de variation génétique, coefficient de différenciation). Les définitions et les relations entre les différents paramètres sont données en exergue. En moyenne, les espèces forestières manifestent des niveaux de diversité intrapopulation très élevés par rapport aux autres plantes. Les populations sont très différenciées pour les composantes et la phénologie de la croissance, les caractères liés à la structure de l'arbre (forme et architecture). À l'opposé, les différences de fréquences alléliques entre populations restent toujours très faibles, alors qu'au niveau multilocus une structuration géographique se dessine. Les niveaux de diversité et de variabilité atteints dans les populations sont interprétés à la lumière des tailles de population nécessaires à leur maintien : il est montré qu'une variation parallèle entre niveaux de diversité et de variabilité ne peut être observée que si les populations ont connu une réduction de leur taille à moins de quelques centaines d'individus. La concordance entre structuration de la diversité moléculaire et organisation de la variabilité génétique, observée dans les études faites sur l'ensemble de l'aire de répartition d'une espèce, résulte plutôt d'événements évolutifs anciens (bottlenecks, séparation des pools génétiques dans les populations refuges) que des effets récents et convergents de la sélection naturelle. Enfin ces résultats sont discutés dans le cadre d'une définition d'une politique de conservation des ressources génétiques forestières. ; This paper presents a review of results available on levels and distribution of polymorphism in forest trees. A comparison is made between parameters referring to genetic markers (allelic richness, gene diversity and genetic differentiation coefficient) and those addressing quantitative characters (heritability, coefficient of genetic variation and differentiation). Definitions and relationships between the different parameters are outlined. It is shown that forest trees exhibit higher levels of gene diversity than other plants. Populations are highly differentiated for traits related to growth and phenology, whereas allelic frequencies of gene markers show low variation among populations. Levels of diversity and variability are interpreted in relation to the population sizes necessary for their maintenance. Concordance between levels of diversity and variability is only expected when population sizes have been reduced to less than a few hundreds in their recent evolutionary history. In a wide range of studies of diversity and variability, similar trends of variation were found for quantitative traits and marker genes. These were attributed to evolutionary footprints (related to glacial refugia), rather than to recent and convergent selective pressures. These results are discussed in the framework of a policy for gene conservation of forest trees.

Une revue des résultats obtenus sur le niveau et l'organisation du polymorphisme génétique au sein des arbres forestiers est faite dans cette contribution. Elle s'attache à comparer les valeurs de la diversité moléculaire, principalement isoenzymatique (richesse allélique, diversité de Nei, coefficient de différentiation entre populations) à la variabilité génétique de caractères quantitatifs (héritabilité, coefficient de variation génétique, coefficient de différenciation). Les définitions et les relations entre les différents paramètres sont données en exergue. En moyenne, les espèces forestières manifestent des niveaux de diversité intrapopulation très élevés par rapport aux autres plantes. Les populations sont très différenciées pour les composantes et la phénologie de la croissance, les caractères liés à la structure de l'arbre (forme et architecture). À l'opposé, les différences de fréquences alléliques entre populations restent toujours très faibles, alors qu'au niveau multilocus une structuration géographique se dessine. Les niveaux de diversité et de variabilité atteints dans les populations sont interprétés à la lumière des tailles de population nécessaires à leur maintien : il est montré qu'une variation parallèle entre niveaux de diversité et de variabilité ne peut être observée que si les populations ont connu une réduction de leur taille à moins de quelques centaines d'individus. La concordance entre structuration de la diversité moléculaire et organisation de la variabilité génétique, observée dans les études faites sur l'ensemble de l'aire de répartition d'une espèce, résulte plutôt d'événements évolutifs anciens (bottlenecks, séparation des pools génétiques dans les populations refuges) que des effets récents et convergents de la sélection naturelle. Enfin ces résultats sont discutés dans le cadre d'une définition d'une politique de conservation des ressources génétiques forestières. ; This paper presents a review of results available on levels and distribution of polymorphism in forest trees. A comparison is made between parameters referring to genetic markers (allelic richness, gene diversity and genetic differentiation coefficient) and those addressing quantitative characters (heritability, coefficient of genetic variation and differentiation). Definitions and relationships between the different parameters are outlined. It is shown that forest trees exhibit higher levels of gene diversity than other plants. Populations are highly differentiated for traits related to growth and phenology, whereas allelic frequencies of gene markers show low variation among populations. Levels of diversity and variability are interpreted in relation to the population sizes necessary for their maintenance. Concordance between levels of diversity and variability is only expected when population sizes have been reduced to less than a few hundreds in their recent evolutionary history. In a wide range of studies of diversity and variability, similar trends of variation were found for quantitative traits and marker genes. These were attributed to evolutionary footprints (related to glacial refugia), rather than to recent and convergent selective pressures. These results are discussed in the framework of a policy for gene conservation of forest trees.