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Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is a key task of automatic semantic analysis that affects other upstream tasks. Nevertheless, the selection of appropriate sense of ambiguous word in context is a complicated task even for human native speakers. It is even more relevant for automatic disambiguation models. That is why we need any observations and heuristics able to make the WSD task simpler or performance higher. Researchers have noticed that the distribution of ambiguous word senses follow certain laws. In the paper we discuss three hypotheses about word senses distribution in corpus: 1) Most Frequent Sense, MFS; 2) One Sense per Discourse and 3) One Sense per Collocation. The following results were obtained on the material of a corpus of Russian texts. Most Frequent Sense based algorithm demonstrates relatively high precision on both training and test set (85.7% and 71.1% respectively). The One Sense per Discourse hypothesis has been confirmed in 93% of texts. The One Sense per Collocation hypothesis has been confirmed in 84.46% word pairs from texts. The exceptions are related to difficulties and errors by manual word sense labeling. Heuristics based on uneven distribution of ambiguous words in corpus allow to make WSD task simpler and can be used by collecting training data sets for WSD models.

The new insights into studies of political communication that have been coming from the tradition of cognitive linguistics have rested mainly on the methodologies already standard in the field of political linguistics overall. However, scholars continue applying traditional rhetoric methods to political communication analysis. This paper reviews the methodology of rhetorical analysis of political communication in contemporary foreign linguistics within 2010-2018. The main trends of rhetorical researches are delineated, namely rhetorical criticism, reframing, semiotic analysis, and textual analysis. The widely spread topics of rhetorical studies are identified: theoretical and methodological investigations; studies of political leaders' idiolects; metaphorological studies; researches into institutional discourses; analysis of rhetorical strategies; contrastive investigations. The distinctive feature of the contemporary rhetorical approach is that its methodological boundaries are diffusive. The contemporary rhetorical approach to political communication covers both traditional rhetoric methodology and heuristics of other approaches such as cognitive linguistics and discourse analysis. © 2019 Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Philology. All rights reserved.

The paper discusses the urgent modernization necessity of both modern educational process and the English language teaching at the technological university, the importance and efficiency of creativity and heuristic approach being highlighted. Some scenario episodes of a specially designed innovative heuristic performance illustrate the results of its introduction, the dominant role of the English language in personal and professional students' competence formation being stated.

Artykuł porusza mało zbadaną problematykę funkcjonowania organów administracyjnych Smoleńska w czasie jego obrony w latach 1609–1611. Opierając się na materiałach źródłowych oraz współczesnej historiografii, zbadano zagadnienie gospodarczego funkcjonowania Smoleńska we wskazanym okresie. Do tej pory nie przeprowadzono wystarczających studiów dotyczących problematyki codziennego zarządzania tym miastem, informacji na ten temat nie znajdzie się ani w szczegółowych, ani w całościowych opracowaniach historii regionu w czasie Wielkiej Smuty. Artykuł opiera się na ścisłym przestrzeganiu zasady historyzmu. Wykorzystano w nim najnowsze naukowe wytyczne metodologiczne dotyczące współczesnych kierunków badań historycznych. Zintegrowane podejście zastosowane w pracy badawczej wynika z następujących metod: opisu historycznego, analizy historycznej, porównawczej oraz mikrohistorii. Podczas pracy z materiałem archiwalnym zastosowano cały kompleks heurystyk archiwalnych. Autorzy zastanawiają się, czy w tym czasie nastąpiły jakieś zmiany w strukturze władz miejskich i jakie struktury w okresie obrony miasta sprawowały władzę nad ludnością Smoleńska. Rozważają uprawnienia, kompetencje i rzeczywiste działania organów administracji wojewódzkiej oraz administracji cywilnej. Dochodzą do wniosku, że cała władza w mieście była w rękach gubernatora. To od niego pochodziły wszystkie rozkazy dotyczące organizacji armii smoleńskiej, wzmocnienia zdolności obronnych i regulacji życia mieszkańców w czasie oblężenia. Jednocześnie zauważono, że w jego trakcie w latach 1609–1611 w Smoleńsku powstała swoista korporacja wojskowych i cywilnych władz administracyjnych, koordynująca wspólne działania w zakresie obrony miasta. ; The present article deals with poorly researched questions of the functioning of the administrative bodies of Smolensk during the defence period 1609–1611. The work on the basis of current sources and contemporary historiography deals with the management of the Smolensk period. The relevance of the project stems from the very limited knowledge of day-to-day management issues, which have not been reflected in both ad hoc and comprehensive studies of the history of the region during the Dark Time period. The work is based on strict adherence to the principle of historism. The article uses the most scientific and productive methodological guidelines of modern historical research directions. The integrated approach of the study involves the following methods: historical description, historical analysis, comparative, micro-history. The whole complex of archival heuristics tools is used in working with the documentary material. The authors investigate whether there were any changes in the structure of city administration at that time and which authorities in the defense period exercised authority over the population of Smolensk. The powers, competence and practical activities of the voivodeship administration and the civil administration (Zemstvo, Posad) have been examined. The authors conclude that the entire authority in the city was in the hands of the voivodes. It was from them that all orders and orders on organization of the Smolensk army, strengthening of defense capability and regulation of siege life were issued. But at the same time, it is noted that during the siege of 1609–1611. In Smolensk, a peculiar corporation of military and civilian administrative authorities has been formed to coordinate common efforts for the defence of the city.