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From the cross-disciplinary perspective of urban management and planning, geography and architecture, this book explores the theory and methods of urban memory, selecting Beijing's historic buildings, historic areas, central areas and city walls as research cases. It is divided into three parts: factors analysis, modeling and practical application. It lays a scientific foundation and provides practical methods for the management of historical spaces, residents' and commercial activities, optimizing the layout and structure of the historic spaces, updating the protection of old buildings, promoting the organic growth of historic sites and the sustainable development of urbanization with new concepts

Global climate change, the extinction of species, animal pests and natural catastrophes dominate debates on the future of the earth. Often these phenomena are considered as something new, which they are not, and many of today's discussions have their roots in the past. Therefore, to cope with our problems, forward-looking thinking has to be combined with understanding for the political, economic, social, and ecological background of our present situation. In their various contributions the authors discuss the importance of the history of ecology. The book comprises the results of a workshop on "History of Ecology and the Future of Ecology" held at the DFG Graduate College in Göttingen in July, 2008. - Klimawandel, Artensterben, Viehseuchen und Naturkatastrophen bestimmen vielerorts die Debatten um die globale Zukunft. Hierbei erscheint es oft, als seien diese Phänomene völlig neuartige Entwicklungen, die erst jetzt unsere Aufmerksamkeit geweckt haben. Dabei sind die meisten gegenwärtigen Probleme durchaus nicht neu. Frühere Generationen haben sich sehr wohl Gedanken um ihre Umwelt gemacht und viele der gegenwärtigen Diskussionen sind historisch bedingt. Daher erfordert die Bewältigung unserer Probleme nicht nur zukunftsorientiertes Denken, sondern auch ein historisches Verständnis der politischen, ökonomischen, sozialen und ökologischen Hintergründe unserer gegenwärtigen Situation. Unter den Themenkomplexen "Spektrum der Umweltgeschichte", "Aus der Geschichte lernen", "Fast vergessene Debatten der Umweltgeschichte" und "Umweltgeschichte im Bildungssystem" erörtern die Autoren die Bedeutung der Umweltgeschichte für die Lösung zukünftiger Probleme. Der vorliegende Band ist das Ergebnis eines Workshops, den das DFG-Graduiertenkolleg "Interdisziplinäre Umweltgeschichte. Naturale Umwelt und gesellschaftliches Handeln in Mitteleuropa" am 16. und 17. Juli 2008 in Göttingen unter dem Titel "Umweltgeschichte und Umweltzukunft – Zur gesellschaftlichen Relevanz einer jungen Disziplin" veranstaltet hat.

THE ARTICLE REVIEWS THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE GEOGRAPHY IN HUNGARY. A BRIEF OUTLINE IS GIVEN OF HISTORIC CHANGES IN THE SPATIAL PATTERN OF THE COUNTRY'S ADMINISTRATION, AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE POLITICAL CONDITIONS AND THE RESHAPING OF THE TERRITORIAL DIVISION ARE EXAMINED. THE AUTHOR ALSO SEEKS TO FIND A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL THEORIES, IDEAS ON THE TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION /SPACE THEORY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, AND REFORM ENDEAVOURS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. HE ALSO REFERS TO THE INFLUENCE OF FOREIGN TENDENCIES ON THE CHANGES IN HUNGARIAN ADMINISTRATIVE GEOGRAPHIC THINKING.

Ferdinand Opll : an appreciation -- Part I. The challenge of comparative urban studies -- The European historic towns atlas project : origin and potential / Anngret Simms -- Methodological approaches to the comparative study of historic towns / Dietrich Denecke -- Part II. Case-studies from a national perspective in the core area of medieval Europe -- The topography of power in the cities of medieval Italy / Francesca Bocchi -- The Atlas historique de Bordeaux : a newcomer to the series Atlas historique des villes de France / Sandrine Lavaud -- Reinventing the German towns atlas? : trends in the development of a national historic towns atlas project / Daniel Stracke and Thomas Tippach -- Seigneurial power and the development of towns in the Holy Roman Empire / Peter Johanek -- The king and "his" town of Litomerice/Leitmeritz in medieval Bohemia / Josef Zemlicka -- Seigneurial power and planning : aspects of the origins of towns in Austria with particular reference to Vienna and Wiener Neustadt / Ferdinand Opll -- Town planning in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries : symbolic meaning and pragmatic process / Martina Stercken -- Lordship, economy and society in English medieval marketplaces / Terry Slater -- Part III. Case-studies from a national perspective on the periphery of medieval Europe -- Polish town plans as expressions of political and economic power / Roman Czaja -- Royal power and urban space in medieval Hungary / Katalin Szende and Andras Vegh -- Medieval town plans in Romania / Paul Niedermaier -- The medieval planned town in Croatia / Mirela Slukan Altic -- Planning and regulation in the formation of new towns and new quarters in Ireland, 1170-1641 / Howard B. Clarke -- Town plans as expressions of political and economic power and ecclesiastical organization in Scandinavia / Marjatta Hietala -- Part IV. Symbolic meanings of town plans -- Medieval urban form in the Low Countries : state of research, comparative perspective and symbolic meaning / Bram Vannieuwenhuyze and Reinout Rutte -- Maps of medieval thought? : cartographic imaginaries, cultural symbolism and urban forms of the later Middle Ages / Keith Lilley -- Early medieval Winchester: symbolic landscapes / derek Keene -- Part V. Approaches to the interpretation of large-scale town plans -- Town foundation and urban development from the perspective of the medieval archaeologist / Matthias Untermann -- The primary formation of medieval town plans in Central Europe from the perspective of an art historian / Jürgen Paul -- Adapting a medieval urban landscape in nineteenth-century Ireland : the example of Trim, County Meath / Mark Hennessy -- Appendix A: List of towns published to date in the European historic towns atlas project -- Appendix B: Select bibliography of publications in English relating to the european historic towns atlas project in general, or providing background for an understanding of medieval urban form, or contributing to the debate on the comparative method -- Appendix C: Select bibliography of publications in German, old and new, that contribute to a better understanding of urban form in the Middle Ages, or treat directly of aspects concerning the European historic towns atlas project.

The gerrymander is an American name for a political abuse, which, though by no means exclusively American, has been most widely practiced and generally tolerated in this country. It is a device for the partial suppression of public opinion that simulates agreement with democratic institutions. The subterfuge, therefore, has no place in countries in which oligarchic control is legitimized. Nor is it suited to European conditions, because it is difficult there to shift electoral boundaries. European electoral units in large part have a clearly defined historical basis, which in turn rests upon geographic coherence. This solidarity is commonly so great that it cannot be disregarded. American political divisions on the other hand show in major part very imperfect adjustment to economic and historic conditions, largely, because many of the divisions were created in advance of such conditions. They are, in the main, not gradual growths, but deliberate and arbitrary legislative creations, made without adequate knowledge of the conditions that make for unity or disunity of population within an area. Political divisions tend, therefore, to be less significant than in European countries and to be regarded more lightly. It is in particular the smaller unit, such as the county, that has been manipulated for electoral purposes. In spite of their poorly drawn individual boundaries, groups of counties can be organized into larger electoral units in such a manner as to represent a common body of interests predominating. On the other hand they can be so arranged as to mask these interests. The lack of proper coherence in the individual county may be rectified in large measure in the group, or it may be intensified. Gerrymandering accomplishes the latter result.

Literaturverz. S. [177] - 206