In this article, applying the method of historical analogies, the aggressive foreign policy of Stalin's political regime after the World War II towards Jugoslavija and current Putin's policy towards Ukraine which acquired the form of «hybrid» war and resulted in the Ukrainian territories annexation have been analyzed. The article analyzes the explosive social and political essays of Ukrainian democratic and patriotic newspapers and magazines based on the historic argumentations as an effective means to increase the persuasiveness and cogency of hard contemporary Ukrainian reality interpretation as well as an efficient instrument to counteract Kremlin's military propaganda. Key words: foreign police, Stalin's and Putin's political regimes, «hybrid» war, democratic and patriotic Ukrainian periodicals. ; У статті методом проведення історичних аналогій співставлено агре-сивну зовнішню політику сталінського політичного режиму після Другої світової війни щодо Югославії й сучасну політику Путіна щодо України, яка досягла форми «гібридної» війни й призвела до анексії українських тери-торій. Проаналізовано викривальну публіцистику в українських демокра-тично-патріотичних газетних та журнальних виданнях, в основу якої покладено історичну аргументацію як ефективний важіль підвищення їх переконливості й дієвості у трактуванні жорстоких реалій українського сьо-годення й спростуванні кремлівської войовничої пропаганди. Ключові слова: зовнішня політика, сталінський і путінський політичний режим, «гібридна» війна, демократично-патріотична українська періодика.
Researsh methodology. In this article we have allocated and analysed the main resources of historical memory, which are considered utilising personal markers from studying publicist content and conceptualreading of discourses of historical memory in contemporary publications.Results. Publicists employ resources of historical memory (as indicated above), integrating a specific interpretative model of the past in the public consciousness, arguing a retrospective or prospective visionof philosophical and semantically dominant ideology, of which they are representatives and carriers. Historical «narrative», which reminds or, conversely ignores, directly reflects the spiritual-cultural andsocio-political processes in the society and depends upon the summons of the time. Consequently the study of the specifics, the use and intensification of these or other resources of historical memory enablethe analysis of fluctuations in world landmarks and moods, the peculiar dynamics of the rethinking and reinterpretation of facts, events, personalities and ideas of the past.Novelty. In this article we propose the definition and understanding of the term 'resources of historical memory' as 'the potential which has been accumulated in a matrix of historical memory and which, inthe event of necessity, becomes enabled within its carriers in order to process, understand and interpret reality'. From this broad definition a number of categories of resources of historical memory have emerged:informational; cognitive; mythological; political-ideological; organisational-management; didactic; interpretative; economic; investment; cultural; spiritual-religious; emotional; conflict/reconciliation;mobilisational/motivational; modernisation; military; imperialistic; identity/ self-identity.The practical significance. The practical value of the article may be measured in terms of the research results and conclusions which may be used by political analysts and journalists for the prognosisand development of media strategy. In practise, respective ideologies and global and cultural constructs formulated by publicists are deployed by mass media and propaganda organs to devise the informationstrategy. This in turn builds, within collective conscience, stereotypical historical regularity, historical analogies and reasone-consequential connections to substantiate the internal and external politics ofnations. ; В статье выделены и проанализированы основные ресурсы исторической памяти, которые рассмотрены как своеобразные маркеры изучения публицистического текста, концептуального прочтения дискурса исторической памяти в современной публицистике. Исследование использования и интенсификации тех или иных ресурсов исторической памяти дает возможность проследить изменение мировоззренческих ориентиров и настроений, динамику переосмысления интерпретации исторических фактов и событий со стороны публицистов и журналистов. ; Виділено та проаналізовано основні ресурси історичної пам'яті, які розглянуто як своєрідні маркери вивчення публіцистичного тексту, концептуального прочитання ня дискурсу історичної пам'яті у сучасній публіцистиці. Дослідження використання й інтенсифікації тих чи інших ресурсів історичної пам'яті дає можливість простежити зміну світоглядних орієнтирів і настроїв, динаміку переосмислення інтерпретації історичних фактів і подій з боку публіцистів та журналістів.
The research is directed on the field of history of consumption's expansion, as well as inclined to the understanding of the gender standards and models in consumption. It is based on the theoretical achievements of gender studies, philosophy and sociology of consumption. Whereas consumption is a process that is closely connected with a gender perspective, it forces to examine the issue of constructing gender by means of consumption. Thus authors used attention the cross-disciplinary methodological approach, which allows to explore the interrelations between gender and consumption. It has been considered the way of construction feminity and masculinity in the everyday practices, as well as the formation of gender models and standards in consumption irrespectively of the career level or material status of the research actors. The case study of this article are the construction of feminity and masculinity in the everyday consumer practices in the early Soviet society, which allows to "open" the new faces of Soviet social history – consumers. Making historical analogies provides opportunity for a critical understanding of the Soviet ideological project devoted to the constructing of a "new Soviet man" and "new Soviet consumer". Despite the proclaimed principle of gender equality by the Bolshevik authorities, these changes did not significantly transform the everyday consumer practices, because in the sphere of domestic consumption most of the functions were still performed by women. However, the development of consumption had influenced the emergence of gender ideology, which resulted in expanding the opportunities for women to work in the sphere of production and distribution of consumer goods and services, as well as intensified their political participation. ; Исследование направлено на расширение научного поля истории потребления, а также осмысления способов формирования в обществе гендерных стандартов и моделей потребления. Акцентируется внимание на необходимости применения междисциплинарного подхода в изучении взаимосвязи гендера и потребления. На примере раннесоветского общества рассматриваются проблемы конструирования феминности и маскулинности в процессе потребления как составной части повседневных практик. ; Дослідження має на меті розширення наукового поля історії споживання, а також спрямоване на осмислення способів формування у суспільстві гендерних стандартів та моделей споживання. Акцентується увага на необхідності застосування міждисциплінарного підходу у вивченні взаємозв'язку гендеру та споживання. На прикладі ранньорадянського суспільства розглядаються проблеми конструювання фемінності та маскулінності у процесі споживання як складової частини повсякденних практик.
The main problem that faces the state administration of railways at all times and in all countries with a market economy is the balance between the interests of the state and the interest of private capital in the development and further operation of railways. Considering the current state of public administration in the field of railway transport of Ukraine, it seems necessary to highlight the relevant historical prerequisites for the formation of a network of national railways, which began to form almost 160 years ago. The article reflects the main factors that shaped the mechanisms of state management of rail transport in Ukraine in the second half of the 19th century. An analysis of the regulatory support of the development process of the industry as a whole in the Russian Empire as a state, which in the specified historical period included the territory on which 84 % of the modern national railway network of Ukraine is concentrated. In this study, the author considers the process of the emergence of railway transport in the Russian Empire in general and in Ukraine in particular. The first Russian laws concerning the construction and management of railway transport are analyzed. The role of the Russian emperor, government bodies and individual statesmen of Russia in the management of railways at that time is disclosed. A special role is given to the construction and further development of railways located in Ukrainian regions. The process of the initial construction of railways by private joint stock companies on the basis of concession agreements with the state is highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of this method of railway construction are shown. The process of nationalization of private railways in the Russian Empire is further shown. The causes and methods of nationalization of railways are analyzed. Comparative statistics on the length of state and private railways located in Ukraine at the beginning of the 20th century is given. General conclusions are drawn on the basis of historical analogies with the current state of Ukraine's railway management. Prospects for further research in this scientific area of activity are outlined. ; Стаття висвітлює процес формування державного управління та регулювання перевезеннями на залізничній мережі України, що розбудовувалась у другій половині ХІХ ст. Проаналізовано перші нормативно-правові акти Російської імперії, що стосувалися будівництва та управління залізничним транспортом. Розкрито роль імператора, урядових органів та окремих державних діячів Росії щодо розбудови та управління залізницями в той час. Висвітлено проблеми будівництва залізниць приватними компаніями на підставі концесійних угод. Окреслений процес від початкової приватизації до подальшого одержавлення залізниць на території України. Надано аналіз причин та методів одержавлення залізниць. Сформовано загальні висновки на основі історичних аналогій з сучасним станом управлінням залізничним транспортом України
The main problem that faces the state administration of railways at all times and in all countries with a market economy is the balance between the interests of the state and the interest of private capital in the development and further operation of railways. Considering the current state of public administration in the field of railway transport of Ukraine, it seems necessary to highlight the relevant historical prerequisites for the formation of a network of national railways, which began to form almost 160 years ago. The article reflects the main factors that shaped the mechanisms of state management of rail transport in Ukraine in the second half of the 19th century. An analysis of the regulatory support of the development process of the industry as a whole in the Russian Empire as a state, which in the specified historical period included the territory on which 84 % of the modern national railway network of Ukraine is concentrated. In this study, the author considers the process of the emergence of railway transport in the Russian Empire in general and in Ukraine in particular. The first Russian laws concerning the construction and management of railway transport are analyzed. The role of the Russian emperor, government bodies and individual statesmen of Russia in the management of railways at that time is disclosed. A special role is given to the construction and further development of railways located in Ukrainian regions. The process of the initial construction of railways by private joint stock companies on the basis of concession agreements with the state is highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of this method of railway construction are shown. The process of nationalization of private railways in the Russian Empire is further shown. The causes and methods of nationalization of railways are analyzed. Comparative statistics on the length of state and private railways located in Ukraine at the beginning of the 20th century is given. General conclusions are drawn on the basis of historical analogies with the current state of Ukraine's railway management. Prospects for further research in this scientific area of activity are outlined. ; Стаття висвітлює процес формування державного управління та регулювання перевезеннями на залізничній мережі України, що розбудовувалась у другій половині ХІХ ст. Проаналізовано перші нормативно-правові акти Російської імперії, що стосувалися будівництва та управління залізничним транспортом. Розкрито роль імператора, урядових органів та окремих державних діячів Росії щодо розбудови та управління залізницями в той час. Висвітлено проблеми будівництва залізниць приватними компаніями на підставі концесійних угод. Окреслений процес від початкової приватизації до подальшого одержавлення залізниць на території України. Надано аналіз причин та методів одержавлення залізниць. Сформовано загальні висновки на основі історичних аналогій з сучасним станом управлінням залізничним транспортом України
Based on a step-by-step detailed analysis of the historical experience of projects and proposals for the development of the government quarter in Kyiv, the author draws analogies and focuses risk factors on the corresponding modern concepts proposed by architects for implementation in the 21st century. Proposals and competitions for the construction of the government and administrative center, which took place over the past century, have left behind a significant theoretical material that can be used in modern design. At the same time, we consider especially valuable the experience of blunders and limitations that did not allow to implement projects in previous epochs. Based on the author's thesis on the similarity of these negative factors throughout the 20th and early 21st century, risk factors have been formulated and principles have been crystallized that are and will be relevant in the near future for the modern design of the government center. The analysis of historical experience from the point of view of studying of not only positive, but, first of all, negative experience with the subsequent extrapolation to an actual building situation is rather new for modern Ukrainian architectural practice. Meanwhile, we argue that the need for appropriate research is due to the significant similarity of risk factors, which, if ignored, can lead to similar consequences – partial implementation or complete non-implementation of projects. The article draws analogies between the competition for the construction of the Government Quarter of 1934-1935, the post-war restoration of Khreshchatyk, proposals for the placement of the administrative center of Kyiv on the Left Bank and modern development projects of the Rybalskyy Peninsula ("Kyiv City") and the Telychky district. ; На основі поетапного аналізу історичного досвіду проектів та пропозицій по забудові урядового кварталу в Києві, автор проводить аналогії та акцентує фактори ризику до відповідних сучасних концептів, що пропонуються до реалізації архітекторами у ХХІ столітті. Аналіз історичного спадку з точки зору дослідження не лише позитивного, але, передусім, негативного досвіду минулого століття з подальшою екстраполяцією на актуальну будівельну ситуацію є відносно новим для сучасної української архітектурної практики. Між тим, ми стверджуємо тезу про необхідність відповідного дослідження через значну подібність можливих перепон, що, за умови їх ігнорування, можуть призвести до аналогічних наслідків – часткової реалізації або повної не реалізації проектів.
The article analyzes the importance of public opinion, public attitudes of Ukrainian citizens on the effectiveness of the country's foreign policy and close integration into the European Union, the North Atlantic Alliance, determining the importance of taking into account the expectations of the population in developing and implementing strategies. The methodological basis of the study was the use of interdisciplinary approach in the analysis of phenomena and processes of public life, namely: historical analogies, sociological methods in revealing changes in recent years attitudes of citizens to certain government decisions, their desire to participate in plebiscites comparative – to identify the benefits of taking into account public sentiment in state-building through the concepts of realism and liberalism, which also testify to the state's ability to change and domestic policy. It is proved that over the last few years the number of Ukrainians (over 48 %) who are supporters of European and Euro-Atlantic integration has gradually increased, which is a positive dynamics and basis for the implementation of the chosen vector by the state. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that almost a third of the undecided citizens remain, who can become electoral support of those political forces and figures who promote the pro-Russian vector of cooperation as the main one for Ukraine. Accordingly, the state should systematically implement a strategy of comprehensive agitation, build information channels of positive perception and implementation of the chosen foreign policy course, work with opinion leaders, and so on. It is determined that the consolidation of the political elite and society is an important factor in the implementation of Ukraine's European integration policy at the current stage of development, but may change due to the inconsistent and vague position of Western partners.
РезюмеЛиман С. І. Історія Англії доби Тюдорів в оцінках дослідників України (XIX—початок XX ст.)Науковий інтерес до історії Англії доби Тюдорів зберігався в Україні протягом усього розглянутого періоду. Цей інтерес підсилився з другої половини XIX ст., що варто зв'язувати, насамперед, з пошуками вченими історичних аналогій розвитку тюдорівської Англії та післяреформеної Росії. У роботах істориків України були порушені всі ключові аспекти розвитку тюдорівської Англії: внутрішньополітичні, зовнішньополітичні, соціально-економічні, конфесіональні, культурні, почасти правові. Найбільший внесок у вивчення історії епохи Тюдорів зробили В. Г. Авсєєнко (суспільно-політична і літературна діяльність Томаса Мора), О. І. Булгаков (догматична сутність англіканства), Г. О. Афанасьєв (ірландський і шотландський вектори політики Тюдорів), Є. В. Тарле (соціально-економічні реалії Англії XVI ст. як головне джерело формування суспільних поглядів Томаса Мора), К. О. Кузнєцов (боротьба палати общин за збільшення судових прав). Ці та деякі інші вчені України зробили вагомий внесок у вивчення історії тюдорівської Англії в рамках загальноросійської історіографії.Ключові слова: Англія, Тюдори, історія, історіографія, Томас Мор. SummaryS. Liman. History of Tudor england in Research of ukrainian scientists (19th — early 20th centuries)Tudor period in English history interested Ukrainian scientists during the whole period under question. This interest grew in the second half of 19th century as scientists first of all tried to find historical analogies between Tudor England and post-reform Russia. Ukrainian historians studied all key development aspects of Tudor England: inner and foreign policy, social and economic situation, religion, culture and, to some degree, legal issues. The most substantial contribution to the study of Tudors was brought by V. G. Avseenko (Thomas More's public, political and literary activities), A. I. Bulgakov (dogmatic essence of Anglican Church), G. E. Afanasiev (Tudors policy in Scotland and Ireland), E. V. Tarle (English social and economic actualities in 16th century as basi source of Thomas More's public view formation), K. A. Kuznetsov (House of Commons fight for extension of its judicial rights under Tudors and Stuarts). These and several other Ukrainian scholars greatly enriched the study of Tudor England history within the frames of all-Russian Empire historiography.Key words: England, Tudors, history, historiography, Thomas More.
Victor Sokolov's article «Genesis and features of the functioning of illegal libraries in Ukraine: historical and socio-political factors» examined the peculiarities of formation, characteristics and peculiarities of illegal libraries, as well as socio-political factors, social conditions and main directions of these collections, mainly in Ukraine. The purpose of the proposed article is to identify and study the characteristics of illegal libraries, study their types, analysis and generalization of information about the peculiarities of the creation and operation of these collections in Ukraine, as well as characteristics of the main forms and directions of their activities. In his work, the author widely used general scientific and historical research methods: comparisons, analogies, deductions, descriptive, analytical, typological methods, as well as historical-comparative, historical-genetic and other methods of scientific research. The author proved that the most developed were the illegal libraries of political organizations and circles, which collected literature from various fields of knowledge, but most of them were publications in the social sciences (history, philosophy, sociology, etc.). Many illegal libraries, including marxist organizations and circles, were interconnected in centralized systems. In terms of the number of books, the funds of some illegal libraries of political organizations can be compared with the funds of public, church-parish, county and township libraries. However, most of them had up to 300 books. However, their activities had a certain impact on the socio-political life of society, on the formation of consciousness, cultural and educational level, mostly, the lower strata of the population. It was found that in the context of police persecution, «employees» of illegal libraries quickly adapted to new circumstances and needs of readers and often changed the forms, methods, principles of work in order to steadily pursue the main line of these collections – to disseminate certain ideas and principles of public life. Illegal libraries often operated under the guise of self-education, literary and artistic, public, women's, family and leisure, educational and other societies and clubs. In general, they were characterized by the presence of almost all organizational and structural subsystems that had official public libraries: they had a fund of various types of documents, a catalog, a contingent of readers, facilities, library staff and documentation. In illegal libraries, for the first time, active forms and methods of book promotion were born, which were used and researched during communication with users of book collections, whose reading needs were also periodically studied. It was found that illegal libraries, including political organizations and circles, performed both educational and ideological tasks, and organizational (they became organizational centers of political struggle, in particular the premises of illegal libraries were a place of appearances, a point of agitation and propaganda, storage of revolutionary literature, etc.). A study of the history of illegal libraries, in particular, political organizations, educational and cultural-educational societies, proves that certain democratic, progressive elements of library development were formed in their activities, some of which were inherited and developed by domestic library science and practice. ; Досліджено історичні фактори виникнення та особливості функціонування нелегальних бібліотек в Україні у ХІХ–ХХ ст. Виявлено та охарактеризовано основні види і специфіку їх культурно-просвітницької та бібліотечної діяльності. Проаналізовано своєрідність організаційної роботи нелегальних бібліотек в умовах підпільного існування, соціально-політичні чинники їх розвитку у загальному контексті історичних подій та особливостей політичного та культурно-освітнього життя суспільства. Висвітлено суспільне значення функціонування нелегальних бібліотек, місце і роль їх бібліотечної та культурно-просвітницької діяльності у поширенні читання, знань, просвітництва та у піднесенні загального рівня свідомості та політичної культури соціально активних, переважно нижчих, прошарків населення, а також у розвитку бібліотечної справи країни в цілому.
Victor Sokolov's article «Genesis and features of the functioning of illegal libraries in Ukraine: historical and socio-political factors» examined the peculiarities of formation, characteristics and peculiarities of illegal libraries, as well as socio-political factors, social conditions and main directions of these collections, mainly in Ukraine. The purpose of the proposed article is to identify and study the characteristics of illegal libraries, study their types, analysis and generalization of information about the peculiarities of the creation and operation of these collections in Ukraine, as well as characteristics of the main forms and directions of their activities. In his work, the author widely used general scientific and historical research methods: comparisons, analogies, deductions, descriptive, analytical, typological methods, as well as historical-comparative, historical-genetic and other methods of scientific research. The author proved that the most developed were the illegal libraries of political organizations and circles, which collected literature from various fields of knowledge, but most of them were publications in the social sciences (history, philosophy, sociology, etc.). Many illegal libraries, including marxist organizations and circles, were interconnected in centralized systems. In terms of the number of books, the funds of some illegal libraries of political organizations can be compared with the funds of public, church-parish, county and township libraries. However, most of them had up to 300 books. However, their activities had a certain impact on the socio-political life of society, on the formation of consciousness, cultural and educational level, mostly, the lower strata of the population. It was found that in the context of police persecution, «employees» of illegal libraries quickly adapted to new circumstances and needs of readers and often changed the forms, methods, principles of work in order to steadily pursue the main line of these collections – to disseminate certain ideas and principles of public life. Illegal libraries often operated under the guise of self-education, literary and artistic, public, women's, family and leisure, educational and other societies and clubs. In general, they were characterized by the presence of almost all organizational and structural subsystems that had official public libraries: they had a fund of various types of documents, a catalog, a contingent of readers, facilities, library staff and documentation. In illegal libraries, for the first time, active forms and methods of book promotion were born, which were used and researched during communication with users of book collections, whose reading needs were also periodically studied. It was found that illegal libraries, including political organizations and circles, performed both educational and ideological tasks, and organizational (they became organizational centers of political struggle, in particular the premises of illegal libraries were a place of appearances, a point of agitation and propaganda, storage of revolutionary literature, etc.). A study of the history of illegal libraries, in particular, political organizations, educational and cultural-educational societies, proves that certain democratic, progressive elements of library development were formed in their activities, some of which were inherited and developed by domestic library science and practice. ; Досліджено історичні фактори виникнення та особливості функціонування нелегальних бібліотек в Україні у ХІХ–ХХ ст. Виявлено та охарактеризовано основні види і специфіку їх культурно-просвітницької та бібліотечної діяльності. Проаналізовано своєрідність організаційної роботи нелегальних бібліотек в умовах підпільного існування, соціально-політичні чинники їх розвитку у загальному контексті історичних подій та особливостей політичного та культурно-освітнього життя суспільства. Висвітлено суспільне значення функціонування нелегальних бібліотек, місце і роль їх бібліотечної та культурно-просвітницької діяльності у поширенні читання, знань, просвітництва та у піднесенні загального рівня свідомості та політичної культури соціально активних, переважно нижчих, прошарків населення, а також у розвитку бібліотечної справи країни в цілому.
The Armed Forces of Ukraine today are becoming a part of European and world miliary culture, irrevocably getting rid of any Soviet stereotypes in their appearance. A significant part of Ukrainian scientists devote their works to the study of the implementation of national traditions in the symbols, emblems and insignia of uniforms. At the same time, there is a certain lack of attention to the coverage of the design and design of a military suit, which reduces the overall scientific value of research.At this stage of the transition of the Ukrainian army to NATO standards, a careful analysis is needed of how the process of forming a new type of national army was carried out during independence, how the Revolution of Dignity and the war in the East of Ukraine influenced this, and what needs to be done for the evolutionary finale of creating an original image of a modernized army independent Ukraine.This approach determined the main research methods − monitoring, comparative method, classification method, method of interaction and development, which require that all phenomena that are considered should be illuminated, taking into account the diversity of connections and in dynamics.The search for historical analogies and sources revealed the fact that during the period of the struggle for independence in 1917−1921, unique and perfect samples of the Ukrainian military suit with purely national features were created. These creative developments 100 years later, already in our time, were in demand and became the subject of rethinking and the basic basis for the transformation of the cultural achievements of the past into the modern uniform of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.Research has shown a deep historical, cultural and mental connection between times and generations. This was manifested in the fact that in the 21st century, the formation of its own national uniform, as well as a century ago, took place in conditions of war, in a difficult struggle to eradicate the imperial heritage. This work intensified during the period of hostilities in the Donbass. The current Ukrainian military suit embodied the synthesis of national Ukrainian traditions and the achievements of the advanced armies of the North Atlantic Alliance. Thanks to this, its individual elements, details, symbols, markers, accessories not only resemble the uniforms of military formations of various periods of the struggle for independence, but, at the same time, position the Ukrainian Armed Forces as part of the forces of NATO and the world community. ; Війна на Донбасі стала справжнім каталізатором щодо створення не тільки бойового (польового) однострою та ЄІБК (Єдиного індивідуального бойового комплекту) ЗС України, а й затвердження нової повсякденної, парадної та церемоніальної уніформи з відображенням національних традицій українського народу та армії. Сьогодні основа ідеології Українського війська та його зовнішній вигляд базуються на бойових традиціях Козаччини, славних перемогах київських і галицьких князів, героїзмі національно-визвольної боротьби ХХ ст. Усе це реально підвищило боєздатність ЗС України, допомогло становленню нової Української армії, дозволило здійснити доведення обмундирування до стандартів НАТО.
The Armed Forces of Ukraine today are becoming a part of European and world miliary culture, irrevocably getting rid of any Soviet stereotypes in their appearance. A significant part of Ukrainian scientists devote their works to the study of the implementation of national traditions in the symbols, emblems and insignia of uniforms. At the same time, there is a certain lack of attention to the coverage of the design and design of a military suit, which reduces the overall scientific value of research.At this stage of the transition of the Ukrainian army to NATO standards, a careful analysis is needed of how the process of forming a new type of national army was carried out during independence, how the Revolution of Dignity and the war in the East of Ukraine influenced this, and what needs to be done for the evolutionary finale of creating an original image of a modernized army independent Ukraine.This approach determined the main research methods − monitoring, comparative method, classification method, method of interaction and development, which require that all phenomena that are considered should be illuminated, taking into account the diversity of connections and in dynamics.The search for historical analogies and sources revealed the fact that during the period of the struggle for independence in 1917−1921, unique and perfect samples of the Ukrainian military suit with purely national features were created. These creative developments 100 years later, already in our time, were in demand and became the subject of rethinking and the basic basis for the transformation of the cultural achievements of the past into the modern uniform of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.Research has shown a deep historical, cultural and mental connection between times and generations. This was manifested in the fact that in the 21st century, the formation of its own national uniform, as well as a century ago, took place in conditions of war, in a difficult struggle to eradicate the imperial heritage. This work intensified during the period of hostilities in the Donbass. The current Ukrainian military suit embodied the synthesis of national Ukrainian traditions and the achievements of the advanced armies of the North Atlantic Alliance. Thanks to this, its individual elements, details, symbols, markers, accessories not only resemble the uniforms of military formations of various periods of the struggle for independence, but, at the same time, position the Ukrainian Armed Forces as part of the forces of NATO and the world community. ; Війна на Донбасі стала справжнім каталізатором щодо створення не тільки бойового (польового) однострою та ЄІБК (Єдиного індивідуального бойового комплекту) ЗС України, а й затвердження нової повсякденної, парадної та церемоніальної уніформи з відображенням національних традицій українського народу та армії. Сьогодні основа ідеології Українського війська та його зовнішній вигляд базуються на бойових традиціях Козаччини, славних перемогах київських і галицьких князів, героїзмі національно-визвольної боротьби ХХ ст. Усе це реально підвищило боєздатність ЗС України, допомогло становленню нової Української армії, дозволило здійснити доведення обмундирування до стандартів НАТО.
Досліджено історичні фактори виникнення та особливості функціонування нелегальних бібліотек в Україні у ХІХ–ХХ ст. Виявлено та охарактеризовано основні види і специфіку їх культурно-просвітницької та бібліотечної діяльності. Проаналізовано своєрідність організаційної роботи нелегальних бібліотек в умовах підпільного існування, соціально-політичні чинники їх роз- витку у загальному контексті історичних подій та особливостей політичного та культурно-освітнього життя суспільства. Висвітлено суспільне значення функціонування нелегальних бібліотек, місце і роль їх бібліотечної та культурно-просвітницької діяльності у поширенні читання, знань, просвітництва та у піднесенні загального рівня свідомості та політичної культури соціально активних, переважно нижчих, прошарків населення, а також у розвитку бібліотечної справи країни в цілому. ; Исследованы исторические факторы возникновения и особенности функцио-нирования нелегальных библиотек в Украине в XIX–ХХ вв. Выявлены и оха-рактеризованы основные виды и специфика их культурно-просветительскойи библиотечной деятельности. Проанализированы своеобразие организационной работы нелегальных библиотек в условиях подпольного существования, социально-политические факторы их развития в общем контексте исторических событий и особенностей политического и культурно-просветительной жизни общества. Освещены общественное значение функционирования нелегальных библиотек, место и роль их библиотечной и культурно-просветительской деятельности в распространении чтения, знаний, просвещения и в повышении общего уровня сознания и политической культуры социально активных, преимущественно низших, слоев населения, а также в развитии библиотечного дела страны в целом. ; Victor Sokolov's article «Genesis and features of the functioning of illegal libraries in Ukraine: historical and socio-political factors» examined the peculiarities of formation, characteristics and peculiarities of illegal libraries, as well as socio political factors, social conditions and main directions of these collections, mainly in Ukraine. The purpose of the proposed article is to identify and study the characteristics of illegal libraries, study their types, analysis and generalization of information about the peculiarities of the creation and operation of these collections in Ukraine, as well as characteristics of the main forms and directions of their activities. In his work, the author widely used general scientific and historical research methods: comparisons, analogies, deductions, descriptive, analytical, typological methods, as well as historical-comparative, historical-genetic and other methods of scientific research. The author proved that the most developed were the illegal libraries of political organizations and circles, which collected literature from various fields of knowledge, but most of them were publications in the social sciences (history, philosophy, sociology, etc.). Many illegal libraries, including marxist organizations and circles, were interconnected in centralized systems. In terms of the number of books, the funds of some illegal libraries of political organizations can be compared with the funds of public, church-parish, county and township libraries. However, most of them had up to 300 books. However, their activities had a certain impact on the socio-political life of society, on the formation of consciousness, cultural and educational level, mostly, the lower strata of the population. It was found that in the context of police persecution, «employees» of illegal libraries quickly adapted to new circumstances and needs of readers and often changed the forms, methods, principles of work in order to steadily pursue the main line of these collections – to disseminate certain ideas and principles of public life. Illegal libraries often operated under the guise of self-education, literary and artistic, public, women's, family and leisure, educational and other societies and clubs. In general, they were characterized by the presence of almost all organizational and structural subsystems that had official public libraries: they had a fund of various types of documents, a catalog, a contingent of readers, facilities, library staff and documentation. In illegal libraries, for the first time, active forms and methods of book promotion were born, which were used and researched during communication with users of book collections, whose reading needs were also periodically studied. It was found that illegal libraries, including political organizations and circles, performed both educational and ideological tasks, and organizational (they became organizational centers of political struggle, in particular the premises of illegal libraries were a place of appearances, a point of agitation and propaganda, storage of revolutionary literature, etc.). A study of the history of illegal libraries, in particular, political organizations, educational and cultural-educational societies, proves that certain democratic, progressive elements of library development were formed in their activities, some of which were inherited and developed by domestic library science and practice.
Досліджено історичні фактори виникнення та особливості функціонування нелегальних бібліотек в Україні у ХІХ–ХХ ст. Виявлено та охарактеризовано основні види і специфіку їх культурно-просвітницької та бібліотечної діяльності. Проаналізовано своєрідність організаційної роботи нелегальних бібліотек в умовах підпільного існування, соціально-політичні чинники їх роз- витку у загальному контексті історичних подій та особливостей політичного та культурно-освітнього життя суспільства. Висвітлено суспільне значення функціонування нелегальних бібліотек, місце і роль їх бібліотечної та культурно-просвітницької діяльності у поширенні читання, знань, просвітництва та у піднесенні загального рівня свідомості та політичної культури соціально активних, переважно нижчих, прошарків населення, а також у розвитку бібліотечної справи країни в цілому. ; Исследованы исторические факторы возникновения и особенности функцио-нирования нелегальных библиотек в Украине в XIX–ХХ вв. Выявлены и оха-рактеризованы основные виды и специфика их культурно-просветительскойи библиотечной деятельности. Проанализированы своеобразие организационной работы нелегальных библиотек в условиях подпольного существования, социально-политические факторы их развития в общем контексте исторических событий и особенностей политического и культурно-просветительной жизни общества. Освещены общественное значение функционирования нелегальных библиотек, место и роль их библиотечной и культурно-просветительской деятельности в распространении чтения, знаний, просвещения и в повышении общего уровня сознания и политической культуры социально активных, преимущественно низших, слоев населения, а также в развитии библиотечного дела страны в целом. ; Victor Sokolov's article «Genesis and features of the functioning of illegal libraries in Ukraine: historical and socio-political factors» examined the peculiarities of formation, characteristics and peculiarities of illegal libraries, as well as socio political factors, social conditions and main directions of these collections, mainly in Ukraine. The purpose of the proposed article is to identify and study the characteristics of illegal libraries, study their types, analysis and generalization of information about the peculiarities of the creation and operation of these collections in Ukraine, as well as characteristics of the main forms and directions of their activities. In his work, the author widely used general scientific and historical research methods: comparisons, analogies, deductions, descriptive, analytical, typological methods, as well as historical-comparative, historical-genetic and other methods of scientific research. The author proved that the most developed were the illegal libraries of political organizations and circles, which collected literature from various fields of knowledge, but most of them were publications in the social sciences (history, philosophy, sociology, etc.). Many illegal libraries, including marxist organizations and circles, were interconnected in centralized systems. In terms of the number of books, the funds of some illegal libraries of political organizations can be compared with the funds of public, church-parish, county and township libraries. However, most of them had up to 300 books. However, their activities had a certain impact on the socio-political life of society, on the formation of consciousness, cultural and educational level, mostly, the lower strata of the population. It was found that in the context of police persecution, «employees» of illegal libraries quickly adapted to new circumstances and needs of readers and often changed the forms, methods, principles of work in order to steadily pursue the main line of these collections – to disseminate certain ideas and principles of public life. Illegal libraries often operated under the guise of self-education, literary and artistic, public, women's, family and leisure, educational and other societies and clubs. In general, they were characterized by the presence of almost all organizational and structural subsystems that had official public libraries: they had a fund of various types of documents, a catalog, a contingent of readers, facilities, library staff and documentation. In illegal libraries, for the first time, active forms and methods of book promotion were born, which were used and researched during communication with users of book collections, whose reading needs were also periodically studied. It was found that illegal libraries, including political organizations and circles, performed both educational and ideological tasks, and organizational (they became organizational centers of political struggle, in particular the premises of illegal libraries were a place of appearances, a point of agitation and propaganda, storage of revolutionary literature, etc.). A study of the history of illegal libraries, in particular, political organizations, educational and cultural-educational societies, proves that certain democratic, progressive elements of library development were formed in their activities, some of which were inherited and developed by domestic library science and practice.