Suchergebnisse

The article presents a historical and cultural analysis of family traditions in the context of festive culture in Russia in the XIX century. The importance of studying traditional family holidays and their potential for the modern development of Russian culture has been updated. The authors point to the historical and cultural connection of spiritual and moral education and personal development in Russia with Orthodox culture and family traditions as sources of values formation, as a teacher of high standards of morality. It is noted that one of the mechanisms for the transmission of traditions and the spiritual and moral development of a person is holidays. The article offers an analysis of theoretical studies of the holiday within the framework of the «mythological school», «school of borrowing», the agrarian theory of the holiday, the «labor» theory of the holiday, the «sacred» concept of the holiday, the theory of mass culture. This analysis of the concepts of the holiday as a cultural phenomenon allows us to identify the essential characteristics of the holiday and its role in the functioning of the spiritual and moral tradition. The authors note that family and household holidays and rituals, which have been forming for many centuries, are of great importance in the system of festive culture. Family celebrations reflect traditional life and family traditions. Within the framework of the study, the authors divide family and household holidays into personal family and household holidays and into social family and household holidays. The characteristics of two types of holidays are given. It is emphasized that the Russian family of the period under review was characterized by the maintenance of the traditional Slavic family structure. It is concluded that the festive culture in Russia in the XIX century carries a powerful spiritual and moral potential and can be considered as a resource for spiritual and moral education in modern conditions

Th e use of information resources is a promising area of activity of state control and accounting bodies. Nowadays an eff ective budget control and analysis of socio-economic development of the region are impossible without special tools to reduce the time spent on data processing. Th e article deals with historical aspects of informatization of the Control and Accounting Chamber of Moscow and examines the formation of its information and analytical system as an example of automation of the activity of the external fi nancial control institu-tion. Th e author analyzes the Chamber's annual reports in 1997–2014. He employs its local acts and other documents refl ecting the process of automation of control practice. Th e study of these documents, as well as federal and Moscow legislation, normative legal acts of the Government and mayor of Moscow, and the Moscow City Duma made it possible to identify the features of the Chamber's informatiza-tion processes from 1994 to 2014, including the main stages in the creation of the Chamber's information and communication technology infrastructure, composi-tion and main functions of the Chamber's information and analytical system as a model for interaction with Moscow public authorities and governmental agen-cies. Previously the issues of the history of the Chamber's informatization had not been specifi cally examined, while a comprehensive picture of the development of new management technologies, which have been introduced in the practice of the executive and legislative authorities of Moscow since the end of the twentieth century, cannot be provided without a special focus on these topics. Consideration of this aspect of development of control and counting functions in the capital of Russia in the post-Soviet period will supplement the currently available knowl-edge about the history of such activity in the past and also will help to identify traditions and innovations in the domestic management practices and thus trace techniques, which are reintroduced in an optimized form at each new stage of development of country and society.

The modern system of Russian public healthcare is aimed not at the preservation of health, but at treatment. Primary attention is paid to providing the population with medicines and quality medical care. Therefore, the growth of the pharmaceutical market is rather positive. One of the locomotives of this market is advertising of pharmaceutical corporations. The aim of the study is to identify the main problem which is included in television advertising of medicines, the rationale for the possibility and necessity for more strict regulation of pharmaceuticals advertising.The study considers the experience of successful legislative restrictions on the advertising of potentially unsafe products, analyzes the dependence of the pharmaceutical market dynamics on the advertising efforts of pharmaceutical companies, evaluates the results of the communicative impact of medicines promotion on the mass consciousness, and examines the state policy in the field of healthcare and advertising of medicines.The results of the study demonstrated that the increase in the consumption of medicines does not have a positive effect on the level of health of the Russian population. Due to the increase in the advertising budgets of pharmaceutical companies, especially on television, there is an increase in consumption of over-the-counter drugs in the first place; citizens are engaged in self-medication. As a result, a drug-dependent consumer is formed. The state does not make sufficient efforts to promote healthy lifestyle, and legislative initiatives aimed at restricting the advertising of medicines do not find the necessary support. ; Современная система здравоохранения России ориентирована не на сохранение здоровья, а на лечение. Первостепенное внимание уделяется обеспечению населения лекарственными средствами и квалифицированной медицинской помощью. Поэтому рост рынка фармацевтических средств расценивается, скорее, положительно. Один из локомотивов этого рынка — реклама фармацевтических корпораций. Целью исследования является определение основной проблемы, которую заключает в себя телевизионная реклама лекарственных препаратов, обоснование возможности и необходимости более жесткого регулирования рекламы фармацевтических средств.В исследовании отмечен опыт успешных законодательных ограничений рекламы потенциально небезопасных товаров, анализируется зависимость динамики рынка фармацевтических средств от рекламных усилий фармацевтических компаний, дается оценка результатов коммуникативного воздействия по продвижению лекарств на массовое сознание и рассматривается политика государства в сфере охраны здоровья и рекламы лекарственных средств.Результаты исследования показали, что рост потребления лекарственных средств не оказывает положительного воздействия на уровень здоровья населения Российской Федерации. Благодаря увеличению рекламных бюджетов фармацевтических компаний, особенно на телевидении, происходит рост потребления прежде всего безрецептурных препаратов, граждане занимаются самолечением. В результате формируется лекарственно-зависимый потребитель. Государство не прилагает достаточных усилий для пропаганды здорового образа жизни, а законодательные инициативы, направленные на ограничение рекламы лекарств, не находят необходимой поддержки.

Татарское население современного Казахстана являются потомками поволжско-приуральских и сибирских татар. В исторической ретроспективе татарское население России обосновалось на территории современного Казахстана в разные периоды. Одними из первых пунктов расселения татар в Казахстане были города Уральск и Петропавловск. Достоверно известно, что татарская диаспора сложилась в этих городах во второй половине XIX в. Доказательством этому являются татарские кварталы, слободы, мечети, медресе и мектебы, промышленные и торговые заведения в городах казахстанского приграничья. Позднее, перемещаясь на Восток – вглубь казахской степи, значительная часть татар-переселенцев обосновываются в города Петропавловск, Семипалатинск, Кокчетав, Акмолинск, Павлодар и др. Во всех перечисленных городах татары становятся значимым субъектом хозяйственной, культурно-просветительской и социально-духовной жизни.

The article examines the history of modernization processes in the world's social and political practice.The author analyzes the theories of modernization, the researchers' views on the peculiarities of modernization processes and the main problems faced by the states that have embarked on the path of transformation.Attention is paid to the conceptual basis of modernization processes: concepts of evolutionism, diff usionism, modern theories of socio-cultural dynamics. Political modernization can be regarded as a process of changing the political system. The main directions of the political modernization processes are: the changes of the political system, stabilization of political relations, institutional adaptation to the current realities and modern challenges, sustainable economic growth and democracy. States are going through a process of modernization in accordance with their goals, objectives and level of development.The concept of political modernisation is one of the key notions in the policy arrangements approach. It tries to capture those structural transformations in political domains in contemporary societies, which have or may have consequences for day-to-day policy practices. In turn, developments within certain policy practices may contribute to or contradict these structural transformations.

Identity is determined not by the norms that characterize the culture of a particular period, but by the existence of a community of people who share a common heritage, such as language and history: "… our identities reflect common historical experiences and common cultural codes that provide us as «a people» with stable, unchanging and permanent frames of reference and meaning under the changing distinctions and changes of our true history». Accordingly, we can define the Kyrgyz identity through «a common culture, a common history and a kind of collective real identity shared by all members of the clan». However, the Kyrgyz identity accepts cultural identity as a reality belonging to both the future and the past. In this direction, the Kyrgyz identity is a positioning formed within the framework of historical and cultural discourses. In the light of this information, in this study, we will reveal the historical roots of the Kyrgyz identity.

Identity is the expression of an individual's self-definition and self-positioning. It gives the answer to who a person is and what his worldview is. It is the definition of being and belonging. It is the explanation of what the individual is, both socially and psychologically. It is clear that identity, which is the focus of our research, is a concept related to belonging, what we have in common with some people and what differentiates a person from others. Based on this definition, it can be stated that identity is characterized by sharing certain things and, on the basis of these common points, a person is differentiated from other groups of people and approaches a group to which he feels belonging. In this understanding, identity is determined not by the norms that characterize the culture of a particular period, but by the existence of a community of people who share a common heritage, such as language and history: "… our identities reflect common historical experiences and common cultural codes that provide us as «a people» with stable, unchanging and permanent frames of reference and meaning under the changing distinctions and changes of our true history.» Accordingly, we can define the Kyrgyz identity through «a common culture, a common history and a kind of collective real identity shared by all members of the clan». However, the Kyrgyz identity accepts cultural identity as a reality belonging to both the future and the past. In this direction, the Kyrgyz identity is a positioning formed within the framework of historical and cultural discourses. In the light of this information, in this study, we will reveal the historical roots of the Kyrgyz identity.

This article considers the issue of the continuity and discontinuity of the historical process within the legacy of the Russian philosophers of the first half of the twentieth century. Its main task is to reconstruct their understanding of the category of discontinuity in relation to social sciences and the humanities in the works of N.V. Bugaev, V.G. Alekseev, P.A. Florensky, V.F. Ern, and L.P. Karsavin. This task is accomplished by carrying out a comparative historical study of the works of these philosophers in the context of their mutual influence and of how the given topics are developed. The research, which was conducted mainly on the existing historiography of the Moscow School of Philosophy and Mathematics, identifies a number of lacunae regarding the category of continuity/discontinuity. While this issue was first raised by Nikolai Bugaev and Vissarion Alekseev, it was Pavel Florensky who suggested a solution to the problem by applying the theory of discontinuous functions used in arithmology to the historical process. Florensky's efforts were initially fruitless, however, and it was not until after 1905 that he succeeded in doing so. It has been proven that Vladimir Ern radicalized Florensky's thoughts and made significant progress in understanding the topic of discontinuity within the historical process and the progress of mankind. Considerable attention is also paid to the reasons for the repressions enacted against the Moscow school during the Soviet period. Finally, Lev Karsavin's relationship with this line of study of discontinuity in Russian philosophy is clarified and the place of Karsavin's early and late works in the study of the category of continuity and discontinuity in the history of mankind is also considered. The conclusion of this article deals with the relevance of this legacy of Russian philosophers in contemporary epistemology and the methodology of history.

В статье анализируется инновационная деятельность городского ресурсного центра по тематике "Изобразительное искусство". Обозначены основные направления деятельности и перспективы развития.

The article reviews the formation of the Sochi resort, the peculiarities of urban development of the Sochi resort agglomeration. It points out the historical role of architecture experts, academicians of the USSR Academy of Architecture in the formation of its architectural image. The article touches upon the problems of degradation of the historical environment and its safety in the context of excessive urbanization and imperfection of legislative regulation of the development of the resort with peculiar natural and climate conditions. The article poses a question about the object of protection of the historical settlement and its boundaries, as well as underlines the necessity for a complex scientific-design and regulatory approach to the achievement of the goals set in the Strategy of Social-Eco-nomic Development of the Krasnodar Region for the resort city of Sochi. ; Рассматриваются периоды становления курорта Сочи, специфические особенности градостроительного развития Сочинской курортной агломерации. Отмечается историческая роль мастеров архитектуры, академиков Академии архитектуры СССР в формировании его архитектурного облика. Затронуты проблемы деградации исторической среды и ее безопасности в связи с чрезмерной урбанизацией и несовершенством нормативно-законодательного регулирования процессов развития курорта с особо сложными природно-климатическими условиями. Ставится вопрос о предмете охраны исторического поселения и его границах, утверждается необходимость комплексного научно-проектного и нормативно-законодательного подхода к достижению целей, поставленных в Стратегии социально-экономического развития Краснодарского края по городу-курорту Сочи.

History is one of the most important school disciplines. Politicians and intellectuals have appealed to history to motivate their actions. They promoted the ideas of liberalism and modernization of the state. This was possible only by creating a political ideology. History has taken a leading role in the more ideologies. We wrote in this study about the creation and evolution of history that science and school disciplines. History was born in ancient Athens. The first historian was Herodotus. He told the public in Agora about the heroic deeds of their ancestors. Success of stories was ensured by combining historical facts with literary talent. Those present received the new literary genre with a great enthusiasm, because they identified themselves with the glorious deeds of their ancestors. The new genre also had a muse, and historians had to be inspired by it – the Clio muse. Historian must investigate the past, gather information. He is transforming into a detective of the past. Thucidides will be the one who will transform history. His story is moralizing. He criticizes more of the qualities of the Greeks, contemporary with him. That was the reason why the Peloponnesian War work written by Thucidides liked less to the Greeks and became less well known. The important role of the oratorio for capitalizing on history was emphasized by Cicero: By what other voice, too, than that of the orator, is history, the witness of time, the light of truth, the life of memory, the directress of life, the herald of antiquity, committed to immortality? The Romanian historiography reached its peak through the works of Tacitus. The sine ira et studio expression became the standard of historical work. History had the greatest success in the modern age when the nations were formed. Political ideology needed history to formulate ideological doctrines. This was the time when history was enslaved by the politic. Assuming of history has reduced the interest in discipline, but she can recover the busy place before. The principles ...

The subject of the article is the grounds for exemption from criminal liability with the appointment of a judicial fine are being considered.The purpose of the article is to reveal the systemic links between Art. 76.2 and 75-76 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as well as prospects of judicial fine in criminal law.The methodology of research includes methods of complex analysis, synthesis, as well as formal-logical, comparative legal and formal-legal methods.Results, scope of application. The author analyzes the practice of applying Art. 76.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on criminal cases concerning crimes with a formal composition, when the defendants did not make any compensation for damage or other reparation for damage caused by the criminal act.The author notes that the institution of release from criminal liability with the appointment of a judicial fine is controversial. On the one hand, it has positive aspects, as it directly and unambiguously aims at compensation for damage or other smoothing of the harm caused by the crime. Сriminal legislation of the Russian Federation should more actively provide for the interests of the victim.However, fine also has a number of shortcomings related to the contradictory nature of his normative definition. The institution in question does not have its own substantive legal basis, it is applied to the same range of cases as the grounds for exemption from criminal liability provided for in Art. 75, 76 and partially Art. 76.1 of the Criminal Code. Consequently, its appearance can make a system of measures that stimulate positive postcriminal behavior only more contradictory.The introduction of this institution can contribute to an increase in manifestations of corruption. Judicial fine is appointed only by the court, but the court to exercise its functions in this case does not have the ability to verify the truthfulness of the information on the participation of the accused in the committed crime. So, there is a risk of applying this institution to persons who should be brought to criminal responsibility.This institution is available primarily for wealthy suspects (accused persons) who are capable to reimburse the damage caused by crime immediately and, in addition, within the time limits established by the court to pay a judicial fine.Conclusions. The author comes to the conclusion that the exemption from criminal liability with the appointment of a judicial fine is a truncated form of active repentance. ; Рассматривается основание освобождения от уголовной ответственности с назначением судебного штрафа. Исследуются системные связи ст. 76.2 со ст. 75 и 76 УК РФ. Анализируется практика применения ст. 76.2 УК РФ по уголовным делам о преступлениях с формальным составом, по которым подсудимым не было произведено какое-либо возмещение ущерба либо иное заглаживание вреда, причиненного преступным деянием. Делается вывод, что освобождение от уголовной ответственности с назначением судебного штрафа является усеченной формой деятельного раскаяния.

Rickets is a disease that has been known to mankind for several decades. Overcoming this public health problem was a triumph of science and public policy in the 20th century, but over the course of several decades rickets sharply returned as a result of cultural, environmental and political factors. Vitamin D plays a fundamental role in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, and, consequently, in the development of rickets. In addition to these classic skeletal effects, recent studies have shown that vitamin D has other significant extracellular effects that can complicate the course of the disease and have long-term effects on children's health. Vitamin D sufficiency in children has been defined as serum 25(OH) D levels of over 30 ng/ml, insufficiency as 21-30 ng/ml, deficiency as less than 20 ng/ml. The upper limit of the reference range is 100 nmol/L, as levels above may be associated with vitamin D toxicity in children. Serum 1.25(OH)2D should not be used for the assessment of vitamin D status. Natural sources of vitamin D are very limited, therefore, its use in the form of nutritional supplements is the primary mean of preventing and treating rickets. The recommended drug for the prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency is cholecalciferol (D3). Colecalciferol is recommended to be given at a dose of 1000 IU/day to all children aged 1 to 6 months regardless of the type of feeding or the season of the year to prevent vitamin D deficiency. This article presents modern ways of preventing, diagnosing and treating rickets. ; Рахит – заболевание, которое известно человечеству уже в течение нескольких столетий. Его преодоление как проблемы общественного здравоохранения стало триумфом науки и государственной политики в ХХ в., но в течение нескольких десятилетий рахит резко вернулся в результате культурных, экологических и политических факторов. Витамин D играет фундаментальную роль в регуляции гомеостаза кальция и фосфора и, следовательно, в развитии рахита. Помимо этих классических скелетных воздействий, недавние исследования показали, что витамин D оказывает и другие существенные внеклеточные эффекты, которые могут осложнять течение заболевания и иметь долгосрочные последствия для здоровья детей. У детей адекватный уровень витамина D определяется как концентрация 25(ОН)D более 30 нг/мл, недостаточность – 21–30 нг/мл, дефицит – менее 20 нг/мл. Верхняя граница референтного интервала составляет 100 нмоль/л, поскольку уровни выше могут быть ассоциированы с токсичностью витамина D у детей. Измерение уровня 1,25(ОН)2D в сыворотке крови для оценки статуса витамина D не рекомендуется. Естественные источники витамина D очень ограничены, поэтому применение его в виде добавок к питанию представляет собой основное средство профилактики и лечения рахита. Рекомендуемым препаратом для профилактики и лечения дефицита витамина D является колекальциферол (D3). Всем детям в возрасте от 1 до 6 мес. вне зависимости от вида вскармливания или сезона года с целью профилактики дефицита витамина D рекомендуется колекальциферол в дозе 1000 МЕ/сут. В настоящей статье представлены современные пути профилактики, диагностики и лечения рахита.

This article analyzes the technological approach to the understanding and realisation of innovation. Modern focus on the so-called "effective management" in the government essentially demoralizing Russian officials. Overcoming the crisis of managerialism author sees in the implementation of a coherent and consistent human resources policy based on the humanization of government

The problem of utilization of waste treatment facilities every year becomes more acute for many urban, rural settlements in Russia. Over the years near their territories, numerous sludge–infested sludge plots, tailing dumps, dumps, and quarries were formed. Their presence significantly affects the living conditions of the population, environmental safety in the regions. The purpose of this paper is a comparative description of the method for disinfecting sewage fecal waste and a device for utilization of sludge from sewage treatment plants. Precipitation formed in the process of wastewater treatment in the form of excess silt, although they are of value due to the content of a number of organic components, but do not have a permanent composition. This, in turn, requires certain compliance with the processing conditions for use as fertilizers in obtaining agricultural products. In sediments, heavy metals are often found. Getting into the soil, they can adversely affect plants, animals and humans, the natural environment in general. Meanwhile, the introduction of various composts into the soil or production on their basis is one of the ways to solve the problem of getting rid of the huge amount of waste that accumulates in populated areas. The soil is enriched with nutrient macro- and microelements and organic substances. Utilization of precipitation in the form of fertilizers in agriculture will reduce the costs of mineral fertilizers to 600–1000 rubles/ha. To regulate the introduction of sewage sludge into the soil, taking into account the requirements of environmental safety, it is necessary to introduce a system of legislative acts.