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Discusses contemporary approaches to social equality between men & women, or "gender equality" to argue that equal treatment is a constitutive feature of justice. Gender stereotypes of British domestic policy deny men the possible opportunity to become active parents, & thus designate the role of primary care to women. The grand principles of justice & equality are also weakened in a sexual stereotype based concept of gender. Analysis of British legislation on the "principle of equal treatment" & the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act are bogged down in counter-productive clauses. The common division of labor between normative social & political theory & policy design is concluded to not serve the contemporary objectives of equality & justice. Critical interrogation of assumptions about the principle of equal treatment & stereotypes must reconsider sex discrimination measures, & reinterpret what is relevant for both men and women. References. J. Harwell

The relationship between global war & global social unrest is investigated in the recent empirical research by Arrighi & Silver to argue that there has indeed been an intimate link that is traceable back to the late 18th century age of war & revolution in the Atlantic world, & a speeding up of social history that is visible from one world hegemonic transition to the next. The author draws on empirical research on the world historical dynamics of labor unrest to describe the cycle of war & labor unrest that characterized the first half of the 20th century. Comparative analysis of the transition from Dutch to British world hegemony in the late 18th & early 19th century to the transition from British to US world hegemony in the late 19th & early 20th century a reveals the recurrence of a "a vicious cycle" in both transitions, as well as the increased scale, scope, & speed of the cycle. The implications of these past patterns for understanding the dynamics of war, world politics, & social conflict are related to the theory that the role of aggressive new powers seeking to dominate their neighbors has lessened from transition to transition, whereas the role played by the declining hegemon attempting to cement their slipping preeminence into an exploitative hegemony, has increased. The intuitive response of mass social protests to US attempts to convert declining hegemony into empire through military force suggest particular points of strategic bargaining power for movements. The hope is that actors & global protesters will change the course of the United States, & facilitate a relatively smooth transition from the decaying hegemonic order to a more peaceful & equitable world order. References. J. Harwell

Presents a dialectical reconstruction of Marxist historical materialism that preserves its essential features, yet avoids the charge of obscurantism. This reconstruction is based on a demonstration that the distinctions between the concepts of productive forces, social relations of production, & the legal & political infrastructure are best understood dialectically as a unity of political opposites. Karl Marx's account of the dialectic of production & consumption in the introduction to the Grundrisse (1857/58) is employed to support this interpretation, in comparison to its main competitor, the reconstructive Marxist theory offered by Erik Olin Wright, Andrew Levine, & Elliott Sober (1992). It is concluded that the efficacy of this dialectical interpretation will ultimately be judged according to the adequacy of explanations produced by its research program. 52 References. D. Ryfe

"Understanding the nature of the European Union's relations with third countries makes it necessary to consider the decision-making process that takes places in a multi-level system of governance. Based hereupon, European foreign policy is understood as comprising all policies of the EC and the EU directed at third actors. To implement this policy, the EU can rely on and use a whole range of specific instruments and capabilities. However, these instruments and capabilities are not equally developed and often used in a non-coherent way. Even though the support for democratic reforms and human rights has become an integral part of European foreign policy, the comparison of the EU's policy towards China and Myanmar show an incoherent promotion of these values. A deliberate policy of unequal treatment of third countries is obvious." (author's abstract)

This chapter seeks to capture the new elements & contributions emerging from the MPMC project as a whole by outlining the implication of the various results & conclusions for state of the art research & future policy development. The analysis is premised on some general observations regarding integration processes, their conceptualizations, & the lessons to be learned from empirical data. While this knowledge provides a basis for policy making, the logic of policy making & implementation processes is separate from the logic of integration processes. Although there is great diversity in cities' attempts to influence integration processes by deliberate & systematic intervention, specific forces at work at the local level may produce policy convergence over time. National level immigration policies should prescribe the general frameworks & guidelines while the critical work is performed at the neighborhood & city level, where considerably more resources & latitude to act appropriate to local circumstances should be allotted. 44 References. L. Kehl

Provides a historical study of central state management of immigrant incorporation. The author's premise is that changing ideas about ethnic minorities & US immigration policy influenced the state's efforts to shape the status & rights of immigrants. Reviewed are the constitutional origins of immigrant status & citizenship, starting with the first English colonists in the 17th century; movement toward national immigration policies beginning in 1875 is addressed. Early regulatory mechanisms were based on race & national origin, but this trend was reversed starting in the 1940s with the rescinding of exclusionary laws & the expansion of social rights & entitlements to include immigrants. The author concludes with a discussion of avenues for further research. 118 References. J. R. Callahan

Provides a historical study of central state management of immigrant incorporation. The author's premise is that changing ideas about ethnic minorities & US immigration policy influenced the state's efforts to shape the status & rights of immigrants. Reviewed are the constitutional origins of immigrant status & citizenship, starting with the first English colonists in the 17th century; movement toward national immigration policies beginning in 1875 is addressed. Early regulatory mechanisms were based on race & national origin, but this trend was reversed starting in the 1940s with the rescinding of exclusionary laws & the expansion of social rights & entitlements to include immigrants. The author concludes with a discussion of avenues for further research. 118 References. J. R. Callahan

Explores the relationship between culture & capital, focusing on the commodification of certain types of cultural artifacts & events & the politicization of the "creative core" of artistic-cultural production & transmission by what Daniel Bell (1978) refers to as the "cultural mass." The significance of monopoly rents to the relationship between contemporary processes of economic globalization & special cultural forms or localities is discussed; the example is offered of the monopoly rent given by vineyards producing wines of "extraordinary" quality for the international market. Ways in which local cultural developments & traditions become part of the political economy through attempts to garner monopoly rents are described, highlighting the function of "urban entrepreneurialism." Continuing conflicts over the definition of monopoly powers accorded certain cultural locations & attempts to protect them via political means when the "natural monopolies" afforded by space & location become eroded are discussed. Claims to uniqueness, speciality, or authenticity made to capture monopoly rents are examined, offering the example of the collective symbolic capital acquired by certain world cities. Contradictions faced by capitalists as they attempt to capture monopoly rents are also described, along with the openings they offer to socialist alternatives. K. Hyatt Stewart

Explores the relationship between culture & capital, focusing on the commodification of certain types of cultural artifacts & events & the politicization of the "creative core" of artistic-cultural production & transmission by what Daniel Bell (1978) refers to as the "cultural mass." The significance of monopoly rents to the relationship between contemporary processes of economic globalization & special cultural forms or localities is discussed; the example is offered of the monopoly rent given by vineyards producing wines of "extraordinary" quality for the international market. Ways in which local cultural developments & traditions become part of the political economy through attempts to garner monopoly rents are described, highlighting the function of "urban entrepreneurialism." Continuing conflicts over the definition of monopoly powers accorded certain cultural locations & attempts to protect them via political means when the "natural monopolies" afforded by space & location become eroded are discussed. Claims to uniqueness, speciality, or authenticity made to capture monopoly rents are examined, offering the example of the collective symbolic capital acquired by certain world cities. Contradictions faced by capitalists as they attempt to capture monopoly rents are also described, along with the openings they offer to socialist alternatives. K. Hyatt Stewart

Chronicles the historical experience of the Muslim world (dar al-Islam) & explores how this informs the region's place in the globalizing world order. Three principles that have traditionally guided dar al-Islam are examined: partial control (political); free movement (social); & heteroglossia (cultural). Ways that each principle operated historically are detailed, along with reasons why attempts were made to replace them during the period of (1) colonialism & (2) the nation-state. Ways that the principles have been violated in the modern Muslim world are discussed, along with the possibility of restoring them. Parallels are drawn between these principles & those invoked in discourse about how a modern global system should function with "maximal systematization & minimal interruption" while at the same time remaining "nonimperialistic.". K. Hyatt Stewart

Der Autor versucht angelehnt an persönliche biographischer Erfahrungen an sein Aufwachsen im dänisch-deutschen Grenzland Schleswig, die politischen und kulturellen Spannungen zwischen Dänen und Deutschen historisch zu verorten und abzuklären. Der Essay vergleicht diesen regionalen Konflikt mit vergleichbaren Phänomenen und Syndromen in anderen Gegenden der Welt, so vor allem in Asien und den USA. Grundlegende These des Autors ist, dass die obsessive Fixierung des Geschichtsbewusstseins des Westens auf den Holocaust andere Massen- und Völkermorde in der Welt marginalisiert und dass die Judenverfolgung bzw. Völkermord an den Juden im 20. Jahrhundert zum Menschheitstrauma schlechthin stilisiert und damit mythologisiert wird. Aus diesem Grund plädiert der Autor für historisch vergleichende Studien, um "Vergangenheitsbewältigung" der "dunklen Seiten" der Menschheit nicht selbst wiederum an eine Epoche oder an einem Volk festzumachen. (ICA).