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With the election of Barack Obama, the environmental policy of the United States is expected to shift away from the approach of George W. Bush. It won't be the first time in U.S. history that a new president has made a break with the previous administration's environmental approach

With the election of Barack Obama, the environmental policy of the United States is expected to shift away from the approach of George W. Bush. It won't be the first time in U.S. history that a new president has made a break with the previous administration's environmental approach.

The history of Spokane Falls's built environment within Washington Territory exemplifies the Pacific Northwest's resettlement and reconstruction in the nineteenth century. The initial benefit of Spokane Falls' geography existed within the primary natural advantage of the waterpower of the falls on the Spokane River. The secondary natural advantage in human-induced transportation networks allowed the settlement center-place status. Spokane Falls W.T. developed as center-places for the periphery's agricultural and mining commodities under a theoretical and structuralized [urban] model. An interpretation of the physical and geographical history of Spokane Falls's built environment from 1871 to 1891 occurred where the city's layout existed within the gird system of the speculative real estate market where geography was the original commodity throughout resettlement. Understanding these spaces' development is possible through the physical documents created simultaneously with the city's physical development. This method of research exposes the forms and methods undertaken in the primary physical development of Spokane Falls. Spokane Falls physically developed from a small frontier community of 350 individuals in 1880 to a small metropolis of 22,500 by 1891. Influenced by the federal government and her legislative acts, the Pacific North West's lands opened to European American resettlement, where geography became accounted for and marketed. With the cadastral survey and space accountability, the legalization of the speculative real-estate market occurred. Capitalist investors and entrepreneurs quickly descended upon the newly established market, hoping for a financial return. Industry developed on the falls where mills harnessed the waterpower, encouraging immigration by the working class into the region. As the city physically expanded, administrators alongside citizens documented the story of improvement. These documents created alongside the physical development allow for an interpretation of the built environment's construction. Documents like newspapers, Sanborn maps, and land plats illustrate the geographic distribution, construction materials, informal and formal development, and the speculative market. When applied alongside the theoretical understanding of urban development as understood at the end of the nineteenth century, collectively, the documents and theory illuminate the history of the physically built environment of Spokane Falls.

Since the mid-1970s, the city of St. Louis has encountered frequent litigation and court involvement surrounding the testing procedures used to evaluate candidates for promotion in the fire service. During this period, the city has expended a considerable amount of time, effort, and money to develop valid and defensible methods of testing. In light of this experience, we have decided to review the past history to see if any conclusions can be drawn that would be helpful to other organizations. This article contains a brief history of the city's fire service testing and litigation, and a description of the current testing model used by the city. It also addresses the use of various testing components and their impact on all candidates. Finally, some practical considerations are discussed.

The features of the socio-cultural deformation and loss of human identity in modern society, caused by actively developing technologizing processes and continuous growth in consumption are shown in the modern economy. In these circumstances the formation of a harmoniously developed personality with the cultural-historical outlook that fits into the image of a multicultural person is of particular relevance.Federal government standard of higher education in the direction of bachelors training "Teacher education" establishes ideas of multiculturalism in a whole series of graduate competences: the ability to work in a team, to perceive social, cultural and personal differences tolerantly; the ability to identify and shape the cultural needs of different social groups.A special role in the process of formation of tolerant perception of social and cultural differences, respect for the historical heritage and cultural characteristics of the peoples is entrusted to the teacher of history. Multicultural focus of teacher training make such personal qualities as cultural pluralism.Formation of the personality of the future teacher in the conditions of anthropological turn in historical studies provides for its educational field study not only the events, phenomena and processes of the past, but also the mentality, the culture category of individuals and peoples, that contributes to the multicultural perception of history.

The features of the socio-cultural deformation and loss of human identity in modern society, caused by actively developing technologizing processes and continuous growth in consumption are shown in the modern economy. In these circumstances the formation of a harmoniously developed personality with the cultural-historical outlook that fits into the image of a multicultural person is of particular relevance.Federal government standard of higher education in the direction of bachelors training "Teacher education" establishes ideas of multiculturalism in a whole series of graduate competences: the ability to work in a team, to perceive social, cultural and personal differences tolerantly; the ability to identify and shape the cultural needs of different social groups.A special role in the process of formation of tolerant perception of social and cultural differences, respect for the historical heritage and cultural characteristics of the peoples is entrusted to the teacher of history. Multicultural focus of teacher training make such personal qualities as cultural pluralism.Formation of the personality of the future teacher in the conditions of anthropological turn in historical studies provides for its educational field study not only the events, phenomena and processes of the past, but also the mentality, the culture category of individuals and peoples, that contributes to the multicultural perception of history.

A newspaper column by Evan Barrett. Published newspaper columns written by Evan Barrett on this topic, which vary somewhat in content from this commentary, appeared in the following publications: Montana Public Radio, February 11, 2016 Livingston Enterprise, February 12, 2016 (download additional file below) Montana Standard, February 17, 2016 Great Falls Tribune, February 17, 2016 The Missoulian, February 17, 2016 Ravalli Republic, February 17, 2016

This volume brings the history of the environment together with that of work. Faced with the ""great acceleration"" of the second half of the twentieth century--characterized by the crisis of the relationship between economic development and civil progress--the history of the environment has tended to separate itself from the history of work. The idea behind this book is to bridge this cultural divide, because human work is one of the main parameters of the anthropic footprint left on ecosystems and social spaces. The dimension of work is--even in a dramatically lacerating form, as shown by th

Abstract: Mass transportation and citizen mobility is one of the most relevant topics in urban planning nowadays. A brief analysis shows the importance of bicycle promotion as a mean of transportation not only for the low implementation costs, but also because of the environmental gains for the city and its inhabitants. This analysis is focused on bicycle promotion policies in Bogotá, Colombia, and states some brief conclusions about the next steps. Resumen: El transporte masivo y la movilidad de la ciudadanía es uno de los ítems más importantes a tener en cuenta en cuanto a planeación urbana. Un corto análisis muestra la importancia de la promoción del uso de la bicicleta como medio de transporte, no sólo por los bajos costos de implementación, sino por los logros medioambientales que benefician a la ciudad y a sus habitantes. El presente análisis se enfoca en las políticas de promoción del uso de la bicicleta en Bogotá, Colombia, y plantea unas cortas conclusiones así como pasos a seguir.