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Politics, coming back to its original meaning which might be defined as influencing other people and which is involves the making of a common decision for people, then, life is never politics-free. When we are thinking, we are contributing in the political life, how to influence or how to be influenced, how to make a decision in life or how to follow a decision. Politics contain of many dimensions, one might think politics in a negative or positive way depending on which dimensions he stick the politics with. Political party is one of the main institutions in the political life which used in practicing the democracy as the representative system needed by the community. It used as a media to transfer the political messages from the community to the government, as peoples' media to send their aspiration to the people 'above', which existence is influencing the development of the policies of the country depending on its effectiveness. As a Muslim-Largest country, Islam has a very important role in Indonesia's political zone. Though, not everything that has an "Islam" name is able to completely represent Islamic values and so some "non-Islam" might also represent Islamic ethical values. The point of this article is to focus more on how is the relationship between politics and Islam in Indonesia by observing the development of Islamic Political Parties and its phenomena. It will be well observed by the historic-phenomenology approach, which is describing and observing the history of Islamic Political Parties in Indonesia and the social facts that happened in the society

This article examines the history of the arrival of Islam into Indonesia. This research is library research using documentation method. The results of this study are: First, no one knows for sure when Islam began to appear in Indonesia. Several theorists and historians have different opinions and analyzes. However, there are at least four major theories regarding the entry of Islam into Indonesia, namely: Arabic theory, Gujarat theory (India), Bengali theory (Fatimi), and Persian theory. Second, the spread and process of Islamization in Indonesia itself was carried out peacefully. Indonesian people can accept the existence of Islam well. There are six channels of Islamization in Indonesia, namely: trade, marriage, Sufism, education, arts and culture, and politics. Third, the existence of Islamic kingdoms also had a big role in the spread and development of Islam in Indonesia. These Islamic kingdoms stretched from Sumatra to the Moluccas. Some of them are the Perlak Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Malacca Sultanate, Aceh Sultanate, Demak Sultanate, Pajang Sultanate, Mataram Sultanate, Cirebon Sultanate, Banten Sultanate, Sultanate of Ternate, Sultanate of Tidore, Sultanate of Gowa, Sultanate of Tallo, Sultanate of Pasir, Sultanate of Banjar, Kotawaringin Sultanate, Pagatan Sultanate, Sambas Sultanate, Kutai Kertanegara Sultanate, Berau Sultanate, Sambaliung Sultanate, Gunung Tabur Sultanate, Pontianak Sultanate, Tidung Sultanate, and Bulungan Sultanate. ; Artikel ini mengkaji tentang sejarah masuknya Islam ke Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan dengan menggunakan metode dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: Pertama, tidak ada yang tahu pasti kapan Islam mulai muncul di Indonesia. Beberapa ahli teori dan sejarawan memiliki pendapat dan analisis yang berbeda. Namun, setidaknya ada empat teori besar mengenai masuknya Islam ke Indonesia, yaitu: teori Arab, teori Gujarat (India), teori Bengali (Fatimi), dan teori Persia. Kedua, penyebaran dan proses Islamisasi di Indonesia sendiri ...

Muhammadiyah is one of the Islamic organizations in Indonesia. The existence of Elections in Indonesia's national history were carried out several times, namely during the Old Order era, namely 1955, the New Order period 1971, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992 and 1997. Elections for a democratic country like Indonesia are very important because elections are a channel for people's aspirations. Elections that have been held in Indonesia have their own characteristics with differing democratic levels, so the truth of the argument needs to be proven in order to obtain an accurate answer. The results obtained from this study that the implementation of general elections in the Old Order period can already be categorized as democratic elections, with the many parties participating in the general election signifying the existence of freedom in political life, whereas during the New Order the democratic period faded along with the power of the Suharto regime which always curbed the political life of the Indonesian nation, the implementation of the general election during the Reformation especially the 2004 general election was more democratic because the implementation of the election could represent the aspirations of the people especially with the electoral system which was different from the previous election because with a combination of district and proportional systems then the people can know and know what people's representatives will like to channel their aspirations.

Flexible work arrangements have become a new thing in government agencies due to the Covid-19 pandemic. So this study was conducted to see the effect of flexible work arrangements on work life balance, job satisfaction and employee performance in government agencies, especially the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. And by considering the mediating factor of job satisfaction in the relationship of flexible work arrangements with work-life balance and the relationship of flexible work arrangements with employee performance. This research is a quantitative research by conducting an online survey. Respondents in this study were employees of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, especially at the central level as many as 222 employees. The research hypotheses were tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis techniques. The results showed that there was a significant effect between flexible work arrangements, job satisfaction, and employee performance. Job satisfaction also has a significant effect on work-life balance and employee performance. In addition, job satisfaction was found to be a mediator between the effects of flexible work arrangements and work-life balance, and flexible work arrangements and employee performance. ; Pengaturan kerja yang fleksibel menjadi hal yang baru diterapkan di instansi pemerintah akibat pandemi Covid-19. Maka penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh pengaturan kerja yang fleksibel terhadap work life balance, kepuasan kerja dan kinerja pegawai pada instansi pemerintah khususnya Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. Dan dengan mempertimbangkan faktor mediasi kepuasan kerja dalam hubungan pengaturan kerja yang fleksibel dengan keseimbangan kehidupan kerja dan hubungan pengaturan kerja yang fleksibel dengan kinerja karyawan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan melakukan survei online. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah pegawai Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan khususnya di tingkat pusat sebanyak 222 pegawai. Hipotesis penelitian diuji dengan menggunakan teknik analisis Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara pengaturan kerja yang fleksibel, kepuasan kerja, dan kinerja karyawan. Kepuasan kerja juga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap work-life balance dan kinerja karyawan. Selain itu, kepuasan kerja ditemukan menjadi mediator antara efek pengaturan kerja yang fleksibel dan keseimbangan kehidupan kerja, dan pengaturan kerja yang fleksibel dan kinerja karyawan.

'Writing is a process; the act of transforming thoughts into print requires a non-linear sequence of stages or creative acts' (James B. Gray, cited by Cassany, 1993). I would add that it is also the act of transforming experience. This article describes my own personal process of transformation in the experience and understanding of vulnerable employment - a slow, open, recursive and difficult process. The first, academic, section flows easily. Then things get harder. The auto-ethnography was the most challenging part. Firstly because it was a matter of personal reflection; then because of a having to strip naked, as it were. Finding a reasonably elegant and flexible way to link the two sections was demanding, and one of the objectives of the exercise was to reach a satisfactorily readable end result.

La Declaració de Moscou sobre els Drets de la Infància va ser elaborada per un grup de pedagogs compromesos durant la Revolució Russa de 1917-1918 i va ser la manifestació d'una corrent emancipadora en la història dels Drets de la Infància. Analitzant fonts originals russes, l'autor presenta de manera detallada la Declaració. Explicant el seu rerefons polític i pedagògic i comentant els seus efectes i el seu significat i importància històrics,arriba a la conclusió que la Declaració constitueix una aportació important a la teoria i pràctica dels Drets de la Infància que mereix més atenció de la que generalment se li brinda. ; The Moscow Declaration on the Rights of the Child, which was drawn up during the Russian Revolution, in 1917-18, by a group of socially and politically engaged pedagogues, exemplifies an emancipatory current in the historyof children's rights. Having examined original Russian sources, the author presents this little-known declaration in detail, outlining its political and pedagogical background, and comments on its historical impact and relevance, arriving at the conclusion that the declaration constitutes a valuable contribution to the theory and practice of children's rights, whichdeserves greater attention than it has received. ; La Declaración de Moscú sobre los Derechos del Niño y la Niña fue elaborada por un grupo de pedagogos comprometidos durante la Revolución Rusa de 1917-1918 y fue la manifestación de una corriente emancipadora en la historia de los Derechos de la Infancia.Analizando fuentes originales rusas, el autor presenta de manera pormenorizada la Declaración. Explicando su trasfondo políticoy pedagógico y comentando sus efectos y su significado e importancia históricos, llega a la conclusión de que la Declaración constituyeun aporte importante a la teoría y práctica de los Derechos del Niño que merece más atención de la que generalmente se le brinda.

El 15 de setembre del 2005 la ICANN va aprovar el primer domini d'Internet de primer nivell destinat a una llengua i cultura humanes en particular: .cat. Aquest article explica la història de la campanya catalana per aconseguir el domini .cat en contra de l'oposició política de l'antic govern conservador espanyol i la resistència d'alguns dels encarregats de prendre les decisions en els cercles de la ICANN. Mentre que el .cat crea un precedent per a un major ús de les llengües minoritàries a Internet, hi ha importants obstacles per a altres candidats a dominis de primer nivell basats en la llengua. L'article parla dels factors concomitants que calen per a donar suport a un major ús de qualsevol llengua minoritària a Internet. ; On 15 September 2005 ICANN approved the first top-level Internet domain to be devoted to a particular human language and culture: .cat. This paper describes the history of the Catalan campaign to win the .cat domain against political opposition from the former conservative Spanish government and the reluctance of some decision-makers within ICANN circles. While .cat creates a precedent for greater use on the Internet of 'minority languages', there are significant hurdles for other candidates for language-based top-level domains. The paper discusses the concomitant factors needed to support the greater use of any minority language on the Internet. ; El 15 de septiembre de 2005 ICANN aprobó el primer dominio de primer nivel destinado a una lengua y cultura en particular: .cat. Este artículo presenta el desarrollo de la campaña catalana para conseguir el dominio .cat en contra de la oposición del anterior gobierno conservador español y la resistencia de algunos de los responsables de tomar las decisiones dentro de los círculos de ICANN. Mientras que .cat crea un precedente para un mayor uso de "lenguas minoritarias" en Internet, hay importantes obstáculos para otros candidatos a dominios de primer nivel en función de la lengua. El artículo hace referencia a los factores concomitantes requeridos para apoyar un mayor uso de cualquier lengua minoritaria en Internet.

Smoking is one of the addictive substances that when used cause harm to the health of individuals. Indonesia is the third country with the largest number of smokers in the world after China and India. The increase in cigarette consumption has an impact on the higher burden of diseases caused by smoking and the increase in the death rate from smoking. One effort to reduce exposure to cigarette smoke, Medan City Government issued a Regional Regulation of Medan City Number 3 of 2014 concerning Non-Smoking Areas. The research problem is how the Analysis of the Effect of Communication,Attitudes and Environment on the Implementation of Non-Smoking Area Policy in Raksana High School Medan. This study aims to determine the implementation of the Non-Smoking Area Policy at the school. The purpose of this study is how to analyze the relationship of communication, attitudes and environment towards the implementation of the No Smoking Area policy in Raksana Medan High School in 2018. This type of research is a cross-sectional survey with an explanatory research method approach. The research data was obtained from the results of giving questionnaires and documentation. Data analysis using SPSS data analysis.The research used cross-sectional survey with an explanatory research method approach method. The data were gathered by conducting questionnaire, observation, and documentation and analyzed by using interactive data analysis by SPSS. The results showed a significant relationship between the influence of communication on the implementation of non-smokeless regional policies in SMA Raksana Medan with p value = 0.01,there was a significant relationship between the influence of attitudes towards the implementation of non-smokeless area policy in SMA Raksana Medan with p value = 0.02 and there is a significant relationship between the influence of the environment on the implementation of non-smoking area policy in SMA Raksana Medan with p value = 0.001. So that the Implementation of the No Smoking Area Policy in SMA Raksana Medan has not run optimally. The conclusion was that the implementation of the policy on KTR would not run well if there were some obstacles such as communication,attitude and environment. It is recommended that personnel and budget be added, socialization medium be provided through promotion video and health promotion regularly about KTR and strict sanction. Keywords : Communication, Attitude, Environment, Policy, No Smoking Area

Esta es una obra coral elaborada por el personal del Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra Jaume Almera (ICTJA-CSIC) con la coordinación del Dr. Pere Anadón. ; El 25 de novembre de 2015 l'Institut de Ciències de la Terra Jaume Almera va celebrar el 50è aniversari. El seu nom recorda els primers temps de la recerca en Geologia de final del segle XIX i principi del XX, en homenatge a Jaume Almera, prohom de la Geologia de Catalunya de projecció internacional. D'ençà els primers dies el 1965 com un nou institut de Geologia a Barcelona, ha evolucionat fins a esdevenir un centre innovador i dinàmic, amb rellevància internacional en el camp de les Ciències de la Terra. Si bé les Ciències de la Terra estudien el sistema Terra, també van molt més enllà, i plantegen interrogants sobre el món en què vivim per contribuir a un futur en el qual volem viure. Les Ciències de la Terra són avui dia particularment rellevants en molts aspectes de la nostra vida quotidiana. Els investigadors de l'ICTJA apliquem metodologies experimentals i analítiques avançades per assolir objectius ben definits d'investigació orientada i no orientada. Una part clau de la nostra missió és satisfer les necessitats industrials i socials a través de la transferència de coneixements aplicats als riscos geològics i a l'exploració i explotació dels recursos geològics. D'altra banda, és fonamental la nostra implicació en la formacióde qualitat de les properes generacions d'investigadors i tècnics de Ciències de la Terra. En aquest llibre sobre el nostre 50è aniversari, Pere Anadón, amb l'entusiasta participació dels seus companys de treball, revifa les persones, els esdeveniments, els èxits i els reptes que profusament han enriquit el mig segle d'existència d'aquest institut des que Lluís Solé i Sabarís i els seus col·legues van abordar-ne la fundació. Molts i destacats noms van seguir després la seva tasca en els cinquanta anys que celebrem, orientant l'Institut cap a noves perspectives per adaptar-se a les condicions canviants de la política, l'economia, la tecnologia i el coneixement científic, per citar uns pocs exemples de les grans transformacions experimentades durant aquest període. És una bona oportunitat per als membres de qualsevol institució ser capaços de mirar cap enrere, comprovar els seus èxits i mancances, els seus punts forts i els seus punts febles, durant un període prolongat de temps per trobar nous camins cap a l'èxit. La nostra història és part integrant de la memòria de tots aquells que van participar amb entusiasme i perseverança en la realització de l'Institut, i van contribuir a la tasca investigadora del CSIC en el seu conjunt. La història de l'ICTJA durant anys, aquest mig segle, és digna de celebració, no només per a l'institut mateix, sinó també per a la societat a la qual serveix. I seguirà sent així mentre es mantingui viva la passió per avançar amb rigor i dedicació en el coneixement de les Ciències de la Terra. ; El 25 de noviembre de 2015 el Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra Jaume Almera celebró su 50 aniversario. Su nombre recuerda los primeros tiempos de la investigación en Geología a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, en homenaje a Jaume Almera, prohombre de la geología de Cataluña de proyección internacional. Desde sus primeros días en 1965 como un nuevo instituto de Geología en Barcelona, ha evolucionado hasta llegar a ser un centro innovador y dinámico, con relevancia internacional en el campo de las Ciencias de la Tierra. Si bien las Ciencias de la Tierra estudian el sistema Tierra, también van mucho más allá, planteándonos interrogantes sobre el mundo en el que vivimos para contribuir a un futuro en el que queremos vivir. Las Ciencias de la Tierra son hoy en día particularmente relevantes en muchos aspectos de nuestra vida cotidiana. Los investigadores del ICTJA aplicamos metodologías experimentales y analíticas avanzadas para alcanzar objetivos bien definidos de investigación orientada y no orientada. Una parte clave de nuestra misión es satisfacer las necesidades industriales y sociales a través de la transferencia de conocimientos aplicados a los riesgos geológicos y a la exploración y explotación de los recursos geológicos. Por otro lado, es fun-damental nuestra implicación en la formación de calidad de las próximas generaciones de investigadores y técnicos de Ciencias de la Tierra. En este libro acerca de nuestro 50 aniversario, Pere Anadón con la entusiasta participación de sus compañeros de trabajo dan vida a las personas, los acontecimientos, los logros y los retos que profusamente han enriquecido el medio siglo de existencia de este instituto desde que Lluís Solé i Sabarís y sus colegas abordaron su fundación. Muchos y destacados nombres siguieron después su labor en los cincuenta años que celebramos, orientando el Instituto hacia nuevas perspectivas para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes de la política, la economía, la tecnología y el conocimiento científico, por citar unos pocos ejemplos de las grandes transformaciones experimentadas durante este período. Es una buena oportunidad para los miembros de cualquier institución ser capaces de mirar hacia atrás, comprobar sus logros y carencias, sus puntos fuertes y sus puntos débiles, durante un período prolongado de tiempo para encontrar nuevos caminos hacia el éxito. Nuestra historia es parte integrante de la memoria de todos aquellos que participaron con entusiasmo y perseverancia en la realización del Instituto contribuyendo así a la labor investigadora del CSIC en su conjunto. La historia del ICTJA durante este medio siglo es digna de celebración, no sólo por el propio instituto, sino también por la sociedad a la que sirve. Y seguirá siendo así mientras se mantenga viva la pasión por avanzar con rigor y dedicación en el conocimiento de las Ciencias de la Tierra. ; On November 25, 2015, the Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera celebrated its 50th anniversary. Its name recalls the early days of research in Geology in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, paying tribute to Jaume Almera, an expert in the geology of Catalonia with international renown. From its earliest days in 1965 as a new Geology institute in Barcelona, it has evolved to become an innovative and dynamic centre, with international relevance in the field of Earth Sciences. Earth Sciences study the Earth's system, but they are about much more than that. They engage intellectual inquiry through interrogating the world in which we live to contribute to a future in which we want to live. Earth Sciences are particularly relevant today in many aspects of our everyday life. ICTJA researchers look forward to applying advanced experimental and analytical methodologies to well-defined, knowledge-driven research objectives. A key part of our mission is to meet industrial and societal needs through knowledge transfer applied to geohazards and exploration and exploitation of geological resources. Central to our mission is quality training of the next generation of researchers and technicians In this book about our 50th anniversary, Pere Anadón and his enthusiastic co-workers have brought to life the personalities, the events, the achievements and the challenges that have so richly populated the half-century since Lluís Solé i Sabarís and his colleagues started their work. Many notable names followed them, moving the Institute forward to adapt to the changing conditions of politics, economy, technology and scientific knowledge, to mention but a few examples of the transformations experienced during this period. It is a good opportunity for the members of any institution to be able to look back upon its achievements and its failures, its strengths and its weaknesses, to find new pathways to success. Our history is of all those who helped to establish the Institute with enthusiasm and perseverance, contributing to the research work of CSIC as a whole. ICTJA history over the last fifty years is worthy of celebration, not only by the Institute itself, but also by the society it serves. The ICTJA will continue to keep alive our passion for advancing knowledge of Earth Sciences with rigor and dedication. ; Peer reviewed

Throughout history, Kropotkin argued, "sorcerers, prophets, priests and heads of military organizations" have endeavoured to establish their power and authority over the common people, and people have always resisted. Thus in a sense, Kropotkin concluded, govern mentalists and the common people as anarchists, have co-existed throughout Human history

Once considered a marginal or even irrelevant issue, in recent years, the environment has come to occupy an increasingly important place on the political, social and economic agenda. Environmental conflicts are often due to conflicting political and economic interests and can have major social repercussions. Until recently, little economic value was attached to drinking water; the same was true of arable land, energy generation and most natural resources. Pollution was regarded as a minor problem. Today, the economic and social value and costs of the environment are seen as incalculable and growing. Soil, food, water and air pollution have led to a significant increase in disease, and the cost of the ensuing environmental clean–up can be exponential. While the solutions are necessarily biological, they can have considerable economic consequences, too ; Postprint (published version)

Administration as a science has a general nature and universal in the sense of having the same elements, wherever and whenever science of administration is set. But in fact, its found a wide variety and indication of administration that contained in some groups of society from one nation or among various nations. Growth in developing countries ecology administration since 1950, where the problem is the environment which has a variety of aspects that need estabilishing which aspects are relevant for system of state administration or the nationalities. Even in a system of state administration was still found subsystem administration of a group of society who came from thr territory of a certain country, seemingly there was a relationship of influence between administration of a part of the terriory with the surrounding community, both the physical environment and community circles viewed from the science of biology, its an ecology that studies the relationship of reciprocal influence between the natural surroundings with a living organism.

This paper aims to describe the effectiveness of poverty reduction policy in Badung regency. Five indicators as a measure of the effectiveness of policy implementation are accuracy in terms of policies, implementers, targets, environment and processes. Implementation of the policy is said to be effective if the activities implemented can achieve the objectives with these precise criteria. Data obtained through observation, interviews with selected informants and documents related to the problem. The regency of Badung is chosen because it has high local revenue, has a Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team with coordinated working program, but has the same poverty rate in the last 5 years. Qualitative descriptive approach is used to reveal information and phenomena related to the implementation of poverty reduction policy. The findings show that the implementation of poverty reduction policy in Badung regency has not been effective. It can be seen from the unfulfilled criteria of the right target, the right external environment and the right process as the basis for determining the effectiveness of the implementation of a policy.

In the perspective of environmental law, welfare which is the political goal of national law is not enough to be based only on the rule of law and democracy, but must also be based on the principles of the utilization of natural resources and environmental management. The principle must be a direction and policy making in the implementation of development, otherwise the welfare achieved will not last long, because Natural Resources as one of the elements of development capital cannot be functioned sustainable. Based on these arguments, conceptually the concept of implementing natural resource utilization and environmental management is the most important thing in national development that has been outlined in the legal policies set by the state or government to achieve the goals and objectives of environmental management. The goals and objectives are so that the environment is not damaged or polluted and maintained its function is preserved to preserve the carrying capacity and environmental capacity in order to achieve national development goals. If this function is not carried out properly, then the environment will be damaged or polluted, natural resources will be increasingly depleted, which in turn people's welfare which is one of the country's goals will not be achieved and sustainable.