Suchergebnisse

For many centuries, the landscape and cultural history of the Netherlands have been influenced by the rural estates of large landowners. Their country houses with gardens, parks and farmland formed an important combination of practical aspects of economic management and aesthetic landscaping. Many castles or country houses were linked to large landholdings of several hundred, sometimes even thousands of hectares, as in the case of the Veluwezoom in the Province of Gelderland. Since the late Middle Ages this area, now known as Gelders Arcadia, has been popular with the landed elite, whose ranks have included noble families, stadtholders, city regents and bankers. The undulating landscape, the rivers and brooks and the fertile land was ideally suited to the creation of the desired combination of productive and aesthetic landscapes. One of the special aspects of the Gelders Arcadia estate zone is that it represents nearly every stage in the development of the Dutch country estate, from the emergence of castles and lordships (c. 500-1600), to the foundation of small country retreats by town regents (c. 1600-1800), and the creation of villa-like country estates for a new elite of bankers, industrialists and lawyers (c. 1800-1940). The historic country houses and landed estates are manifestations of their time and therefore very diverse, ranging from transformed noble castles with large landholdings to the rural retreats of town regents to villa-like country houses for the newly wealthy. Not only the architecture of the house and park, but also the use, the anchoring in the cultural landscape and the social significance underwent development. A historical-geographical approach was used to analyse location and distribution patterns and to investigate the size, character and functions of country estates in each period from an economic, political, societal and social perspective. It appears that the majority of new country houses and estates were created by a new elite of the newly rich, whereas the old elite continued ...

This book (A Conclave on the Freedom of Conscience) is an account of a fictitious dialogue on religion. Coornhert depicts representatives from the various religious camps whom he sometimes cites literally (including Beza, Calvin, Du Plessis-Mornay and Bullinger). Gamaliel (a pseudonym for Coornhert) is the impartial and knowledgeable referee. This book is not only an important work of its era. Its scope, aim, promotion of religious tolerance, and its wealth of arguments can be of great added value to the current debate on tolerance. Dirk Volkertzoon Coornhert (1522-1590) was a renowned publicist and supporter of Willem van Oranje. The Bibliotheca Dissidentium Neerlandicorum publishes works on the non-coformist history of the Netherlands (religious, philosophical and artistic) of approximately 1350 until the present day. These works of various non-conformist authors are published by Amsterdam University Press, under the Coornhert Stichting imprint. - Synode over de gewetensvrijheid is het verslag van een fictief 'godsdienstgesprek'. Coornhert voert vertegenwoordigers uit de verschillende kampen ten tonele die hij soms letterlijk citeert (o.a. Beza, Calvijn, Du Plessis-Mornay en Bullinger). Gamaliel (pseudoniem voor Coornhert) is de onpartijdige, wijze scheidsrechter. Synode over de gewetensvrijheid is niet alleen een belangrijk tijdsdocument: door zijn doelstelling, bevordering van de religievrede, en zijn rijkdom aan argumenten kunnen we in het huidige tolerantiedebat zeker ons voordeel doen met de lessen van déze Hollandse meester. Dirk Volkertzoon Coornhert (1522-1590) was een vooraanstaand medestander van Willem van Oranje. In zijn sterk anti-dogmatische benadering van vraagstukken van religie (-politiek) nam hij motieven op die vóór hem leefden (Erasmus) en na hem (de remonstranten, Grotius, Spinoza) werkzaam zouden blijven. In de Bibliotheca Dissidentium Neerlandicorum verschijnen publicaties op het gebied van de geschiedenis van het Nederlandse (religieuze, filosofische en artistieke) non-conformisme van circa 1350 tot onze tijd. De DBN omvat een reeks tekstedities en een reeks studies over belangrijke non-conformistische auteurs. De publicaties van de DBN verschijnen bij Amsterdam University Press als uitgaven van de Coornhert Stichting, onder redactionele verantwoordelijkheid van het Coornhert Centrum. Synode over de gewetensvrijheid verschijnt in de "http://www.aup.nl/do.php?a=show_visitor_booklist&b=series&series=53">Gouden Eeuw Reeks.

This book is about the role and impact of future explorations
in the Dutch government landscape. It presents
a diverse range of future explorations and thus shows the broad
instruments that advisory councils and public knowledge institutions
have developed to deliver future-proof information.
The contributions in this publication are from eleven public knowledge institutes
and advisory boards that carry out future research themselves
and publishing: the Advisory Council for Science, Technology and
Innovation (awti), the Central Bureau for Statistics (cbs),
the Genetic Modification Committee (cogem), the Central
Planning Bureau (cpb), the Royal Dutch Meteorological
Institute (knmi), the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL),
the Rathenau Institute, the National Institute for Public Health
and Environment (rivm), the Social and Cultural Planning Office (scp), the
Foundation for the Future of Technology (stt) 1 and the Scientific
Council for Government Policy (wrr). On the basis of
recent explorations of the future, per chapter as a case
be elaborated will be different methods and techniques
are presented that they use to get a grip on the
future. Here insight is given into the way in which
future explorations find their way to the Dutch
political decision-making and the impact they have. - Dit boek gaat over de rol en de impact van toekomstverkenningen
in het Nederlandse overheidslandschap. Het presenteert
een divers palet aan toekomstverkenningen en toont zo het brede
instrumentarium dat adviesraden en publieke kennisinstellingen
hebben ontwikkeld om toekomstbestendige informatie te leveren.
De bijdragen in deze publicatie zijn van elf publieke kennisinstellingen
en adviesraden die zelf toekomstonderzoek uitvoeren
en publiceren: de Adviesraad voor Wetenschap, Technologie en
Innovatie (awti), het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (cbs),
de Commissie Genetische Modificatie (cogem), het Centraal
Planbureau (cpb), het Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch
Instituut (knmi), het Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving (pbl),
het Rathenau Instituut, het Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid
en Milieu (rivm), het Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau (scp), de
Stichting Toekomstbeeld der Techniek (stt)1 en de Wetenschappelijke
Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid (wrr). Aan de hand van
recente toekomstverkenningen, die per hoofdstuk als casus
worden uitgewerkt, zullen verschillende methoden en technieken
worden gepresenteerd die men inzet om grip te krijgen op de
toekomst. Er wordt hierbij inzicht gegeven in de wijze waarop
toekomstverkenningen hun weg vinden naar de Nederlandse
politieke besluitvorming en de impact die ze hebben.

In the summer of 2013, the Vlaams Agentschap Onroerend Erfgoed (Flemish Immovable Heritage Agency) investigated a modest little school building in the vicinity of Ghent (Belgium). The old building proved to be a reconstruction of the model school in the Modern Village, a Belgian government pavilion of great social significance at the 1913 World's Fair in Ghent. The model school is the only surviving building from the Modern Village.Since this discovery, further investigations by the heritage agency have revealed the dearth of scholarly studies of either the Modern Village or the model school building. The great social importance of this Belgian rural model school is, however, becoming increasingly clear. This article is a critical assessment of that importance. A brief outline of the historical context in which the Modern Village and the model school came about is followed by a description of their social significance and the impact on Belgian and European society. The starting point is an analysis of the evaluation reports of the Modern Village published in book form by the then director general of the Ministry of Agriculture, Paul De Vuyst, and a member of parliament, Emile Tibbaut. The authenticity of the reconstruction of the model school is assessed based on recent construction history research. Finally, the question of the extent to which the model school design was adopted was explored during a field trip with the help of local cultural and archival agencies. The 1913 World's Fair in Ghent took place in a period of mass rural migration that resulted in poverty and social unrest in many parts of Europe. The Belgian government was keen to do something about this by building a new countryside with a better quality of life. To that end they exhibited the Modern Village – a practical and instructive embodiment of their policy – at the Ghent World's Fair. The ambition was to modernize the rural economy and beautify the villages. Via the introduction of compulsory education for children between the ages of six and fourteen, future generations would be taught the skills and techniques needed to modernize the economy and simultaneously achieve the edification of the rural population, central to which was a love of one's own region and traditions. The effects of the Modern Village on the modernization of agriculture and on the improvement of the quality of life were felt mainly after the First World War, not just in Belgium but in other countries, too, such as Hungary. The model school in the Modern Village was conceived as an affordable and easy-to-build school building that would facilitate the realization of this new rural culture. The construction survey has demonstrated the authenticity based on the specific roof shapes in stone dating from over a hundred years ago. Recent field research complements the latest investigations by the Flemish Government and strengthens the hypothesis that the model school was widely emulated and played an important role in the implementation of compulsory schooling in Belgium. Further research is necessary, not least to obtain clarity about the adoption of the new teaching methods presented in the model school and the significance of small primary school libraries for the general edification of the rural population.

The hereafter following is abstract of the discourse held by Prof. dr. ir. C. L. Temminck Groll in honour of the jubilee 1899-1989 of the KNOB on September 23th 1989. The KNOB (Royal Antiquarian Society of the Netherlands) exists 90 years. A respectable age after human standards. Although a society depends on human devotion it does not know age limitations. This is an excellent moment to reflect upon our centenary. Then, in 1999, we will have to present an extremely good manifest for the coming millennium! We have been spoiled very much during the past 90 years. Which of the founders would have expected so many people professionally involved at the protection of monuments? Which of them could have estimated the money available to realize restoration activities? Still, despite of all we obtained, we are rightly concerned about our country and especially that part of the world beyond our borders. These concerns are formulated by the National Geographic Society which hereby stated: 'Can we save this fragile earth?' This society aims at the earth herself as well as at human achievements. Co-operation between the protection of nature and the protection of monuments certainly is sensible and could be one of our future actions. How much nature, how much culture is not already 'dead'! Wren's St. Benet in London f.e. seems saved, but surrounded by flowing thoroughfares the church misses every relation with the original urban structure. Thus in fact the monument has not been saved. At Liège, Belgium, 20th century traffic and concrete buildings overran the medieval Place St. Lambert. And what about the European countryside? How much harmonious farmer's land has not been industrialized yet? Old structures disappear everywhere. Instead of the newly made our Society had to study more and more the continuous changes of the already extant. As to our foreign activities, we can distinguish three angles of incidence. First of all: what can we learn from other countries? Our founder mr. dr. J.C. Overvoorde already realized the importance of study of the way monuments are protected in different European countries. ICOMOS at present is the platform to discuss organizational and substantial aspects. Second: stock-taking of Dutch cultural influences to other regions in Europe, which subject used to attract more attention than it does now. At last: Dutch influences beyond European borders. Like our founder in 1910-11 studied Hindu-Buddhistic antiquaries and the monuments of the Dutch East-Indian Company our Foundation Social History of the Dutch Oversea studies these treasures now. One of her working-groups tries to solve Indonesian problems with respect to the protection of monuments and started stocktaking of especially younger architecture and town-planning. Still, a lot remains to be done on this field in the 'West'! Borders fade. But with the introduction of new fields of work we may not forget the old. Not the older monuments, since we are occupied with the young, not the Dutch, being directed at the whole world. After the question of what we study, the question rises how. Our purpose always was protection. Unlike nature culture cannot renew herself: we have to 'maintain'. And then mankind also is a piece of nature with continuous new desires to which the extant has been adapted. 'Maintain' as well as 'adapt to' means: to change. We can let nature change the made - how beautifully weathered the ruins are! - but we can also preserve the weathering - until now. Replacement of weathered material by new in the shape of colour it used to have is another possibility. Also opinions about this sort of alterations are constantly changing. Thus a platform like the KNOB at national level or ICOMOS at international level will always be needed. That's why: an extremely good manifesto in 10 years. One that states that we are occupied with changing instead of static affairs. Alterations must be directed professionally in a careful and modest way. For the real is infinitely more valuable than the copy.

Het is de weerklank van deze oproep – Vraag het ze gewoon! – uit de mond van historicus en archivaris Rob Perks, hoofd van The British Sound Archive in Londen, die mij als militair historicus en curator van het Interviewproject Nederlandse Veteranen motiveerde om wat sociaalwetenschappelijke onderzoekers vanzelfsprekend vinden ter discussie te stellen. Perks, die leiding geeft aan het grootschalige project National Life Stories van The British Library, reageerde zo op de vraag of het bekend zijn van de identiteit van de geïnterviewden in zijn project niet problematisch was voor de diepte en informatierijkdom van de interviews en voor de omgang met de privacy van de respondenten door de raadplegers van het materiaal.In zijn optiek wordt er te snel van uitgegaan dat mensen alleen anoniem hun verhaal willen doen en dat als ze wel hun identiteit aan het interview koppelen, ze belangrijke informatie zullen achterhouden. Ook weerspreekt hij de overtuiging dat bekendheid van de naam bij de beheerders van het materiaal de respondenten kwetsbaar maakt voor misbruik en schending van privacy. Het is natuurlijk de vraag in hoeverre een archivaris die in Groot-Brittannië als de hoeder van het oral history-erfgoed gezien kan worden, in staat is te beoordelen of bepaalde uitgangspunten van sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek die tot doel hebben mensen te beschermen en die gestoeld zijn op decennialange onderzoekservaring, zomaar aan de kant geschoven moeten worden.Feit is dat de maatschappij snel verandert, dat door individualisering en mondigheid mensen veel sterker geneigd zijn zelf te willen beslissen over 'wat goed voor hen is', en dat ervaringen die voorheen geassocieerd werden met het private/persoonlijke domein door de medialisering van het persoonlijke steeds vaker in het publieke domein zijn terug te vinden. Moet de onderzoeker zonder meer in deze ontwikkelingen meegaan?Nee, maar hij moet er wel kennis van nemen. Waar Perks voor pleit, zijn geen wildwesttoestanden met het vrijgeven van persoonlijke data aan Jan en alleman als de 'argeloze verteller' daar zijn fiat aan gegeven heeft. Hij pleit voor het combineren van 'the best of both worlds': de mogelijkheden voor gedifferentieerde toegang en bescherming van privacy die de archiefwetgeving in combinatie met ICT te bieden heeft, en het hele arsenaal aan zorgvuldig verzamelde kwalitatieve data dat veelal slechts eenmaal gebruikt wordt en na het publiceren van het onderzoeksresultaat – ongedigitaliseerd – in de kast verdwijnt.De voorwaarde voor deze combinatie is wel dat het langetermijnperspectief van archivering moet worden besproken met de respondent en moet worden geïntegreerd in het onderzoeksplan. De onderzoeker zou dus met het oog op een toekomstig raadpleger alle aan het onderzoek gerelateerde context moeten documenteren en op een toegankelijke manier ontsluiten. Ook zou hij bereid moeten zijn een deel van de aanvankelijk exclusieve relatie met zijn respondent op te geven. Anderen kunnen dan de wijze waarop hij of zij het materiaal geïnterpreteerd heeft, controleren en beoordelen.De mogelijkheid tot een 'kijkje in de keuken van de data' is bij andere wetenschapsgebieden zo vanzelfsprekend, dat het eigenlijk vreemd is dat het ontbreken daarvan in de wereld van de kwalitatieve data nooit geproblematiseerd is. Wel is het zo dat de vergroting van de werklast vertaald zou moeten worden in wetenschappelijke en financiële credits. Dan motiveer je pas onderzoekers om de onderzoekscultuur te veranderen.

Since the beginning of the 1980s the role of government has been discussed in the Netherlands and several other Western countries. In the Netherlands this discussion has led to severe changes in the structures and activities of several governmental organizations, particularly since 1985. Deregulation has been introduced, which has meant that, generally speaking, certain laws and rules have become less detailed or totally abolished. Moreover, there has been a tendency to introduce new organizational structures in governmental organizations. These new organizational structures could mean that certain tasks are relinquished, or that the way of organizing activities is changed. A general characteristic of these changes in organizational structures, which can take different forms and/or differ in specific details, is that governmental organizations are now governed in a less centralized way. The general concept of autonomization will be used in this paper to denote the different forms of decentralization. In general, autonomization of public organizations means that the political top management's direct control of certain tasks or activities will be diminished. External autonomization implies that, legally speaking, an independent organization comes into existence; and the politicians' responsibilities for the organization are diminished. In the case of internal autonomization the organization remains part of its parent organization, although it gains more freedom to conduct its own business. The political top management retains formal responsibility for the activities of the internally autonomized organization. Internal autonomization includes various forms of what is traditionally termed decentralization or divisionalization. Forms of external autonomization include, for example, privatization, contractorization (contracting-out) and the founding of a public corporation. So, autonomization comprises diverging forms of decentralization and internal and external contracting, of which privatization may be seen as the most extreme opposite of centralized governance. Generally speaking, a stronger form of autonomization means that the organization is subject to more direct influences of the market and/or is governed in a more "businesslike" way; i.e. in such a way that the principles and techniques of business administration play a more important role. This may also make the relationship with (what used to be) the parent organization more businesslike, inducing clearer agreements about prices, quantities and quality of goods and services. The introduction of these new organizational structures/forms can be considered an endeavour to maintain management control over governmental organizations. Management control is the whole range of means and activities through which political and civic managers try to ensure that an organization successfully adapts to changes in its environment, so that its continuity is safeguarded. This research project focuses on two elements, in particular, that may play an important role in management control (and that also might influence each other); i.e. changes in organizational structure (that is to say: the different forms of autonomization) and changes in the financial and economic management of the autonomized organization. Autonomization could be regarded as a change in governance structures or, more broadly, as a change in institutional structures or institutions. Generally speaking, neo-institutional economic theories see a striving for efficiency - or in stronger terms: the necessity for organizations to be efficient in order to survive - as the main reason for changes in organizational structure. The three following research questions were formulated: 1. is it possible to construct a theoretical concept, based on neo-institutional economics, to explain the management control and more specifically the autonomization of (parts of) governmental organizations?; 2. in the Dutch context what elements play a role in the choice of a particular form of management control and autonomization of governmental organizations?; 3. what changes occur in financial and economic management practices when governmental organizations are autonomized? These questions could be studied from, for example, the perspective of political science, sociology, or economics, or a combination of all these perspectives. Although non-economic aspects might also play an important role, the research problem is studied mainly from an economic point of view in this book. The main aim of this study is to gain an insight into the internal organizational processes and the effects of the autonomization of governmental organizations. The problem to be addressed is very complicated because the factors that may play a role are not at all clear. The phenomenon researched and its context cannot be separated clearly, causes and consequences cannot be separated easily, etc. Hence, the form of research that was chosen was case research. Case research was conducted for this study in six (parts of) governmental organizations which were autonomized to different degrees. In one case, autonomization had not been realized at the time of the research, because of serious delays. However, the information about the process of preparing for autonomization was sufficiently extensive and interesting in this case to justify its inclusion.