Suchergebnisse

A brief course of lectures (introduction and three lectures) is dedicated to the social and economic history of France, as the main country of the medieval era. The course addresses issues of the genesis of the classic French feudalism. Special attention is paid to the problem of formation of the feudal land ownership from allodium and benefice to the hereditary feud (fief). The course interprets the feudal division causes and ways to overcome it, as well as the evolution of the socio-economic characteristics of the main classes of French feudal society, most of all the nobility and dependent peasants. Particular attention is paid to the economic policy of absolutism in France, which was reflected in the work of famous historical figures: King Henry IV, his first minister Maximilien Sully, the Cardinal de Richelieu, the Controller-General of Finances Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

The article examines the history of menu formation in the Russian public eating establishments in the19th and early 20th centuries. Taverns and pancake houses appeared in the 16th and 17th centuries. the main principles of cookery (its bread character, the use of grits or flour in all dishes and main drinks) are outlined on the basis of available sources of that time. There were important food bans (besides fasts): to eat blood, animal prey, calves, goats, pigeons, bears, etc. Due to these prohibitions medieval Russian cuisine did not use finely chopped raw meat (minced meat), respectively, there were no sausages and pates. The materials of archaeological research allow to determine the ratio of the main elements in the diet of medieval urban dwellers and cooking technology. The author pays special attention to the evolution of stoves and hearths, the gradual development of the construction of the Russian oven at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries. She traces the innovations of the late 17th and 18th centuries, reveals the intensification of the innovation process in the 18th century and its influence on both kitchen equipment and new ways of making butter, sour cream, sauces, etc. The article briefly deals with the evolution of 18th-century cookbooks from the formation of the genre (ca. the 1730s) to the generalized compilations of the 1790s and examines their vocabulary and structure. It is noteworthy that their authors were not cooks, but officials-translators looking for literary work. The author suggests the existence of a handwritten collection of recipes for the traditional Russian cuisine, known to the compilers of culinary compilations in the 18th century. She focuses on the adaptation of new dishes, drinks, foods, and the special role of eating establishments (eateries, taverns, herbergs) in this process. Through the example of tea-drinking the author demonstrates the way of transformation of the earlier unknown dishes into the customary and widespread ones, which became the attributes of traditional tavern cuisines by the middle of the 19th century.

Author Sergei Chuprinin teases out historical parallels in his book, Thaw: Characters, which explores the relative freedoms enjoyed under the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev.

The article reconstructs the relations between two contemporaries, two classics of Russian culture – Alexander Ostrovsky and Fyodor Dostoevsky. The relations are considered in the dynamics of their development. Despite the fact that contemporaries of Ostrovsky and Dostoevsky noted the playwright's critical perception of Dostoevsky's work, the emphasis is placed on the friendly nature of their relationship, the proximity of their aesthetic views, and the commonality of their creative framework. The article stresses that the proximity of their aesthetic views on artistic creativity will become the basis for Ostrovsky's cooperation with the Dostoevsky brothers' journal "Vremya" (Time). The research undertaken here analyzes the reasons for the termination of this cooperation and the nature of further relations between Ostrovsky and Dostoevsky, their mutual assessment of each other's creativity. As a result, it is noted that although Dostoevsky did not enter Ostrovsky's inner circle, in his plays the playwright addressed the issues that worried both of them.

The article reveals the general problems of the history of toxicology and its formation as a science. The periodization of toxicology is given, the peculiarities of each stage are noted, and the conclusion is made about the importance of toxicology in the development of medicine. ; В статье раскрываются общие проблемы истории токсикологии и её становления как науки. Даётся периодизация токсикологии, отмечаются особенности каждого этапа и делается вывод о значении токсикологии в развитии медицины.

The article highlights establishment and development of institution of appeal and review of judgments that are not coming into legal effect in Russia from the period of the Russkaia Pravda up to nowadays. The development of this institution is followed in perspective of the influence of western legislation basically France and Germany on establishment and development of appeal and cassations in Russia. Special attention is paid to the settlement of a problem in the Statute of criminal procedure of 1864. The continuity of post-Soviet legislation and legislative act as well as the influence of the Soviet legislation regulating cassation process on modern legislation and judicial practice of appeal process is traced in modern Russia. ; Статья посвящена вопросам становления и развития института обжалования и пересмотра судебных решений, не вступивших в законную силу, в России – со времен Русской Правды до наших дней. Развитие этого института прослежено под углом зрения влияния западного законодательства, в основном Франции и Германии, на становление и развитие апелляции и кассации в России. Особое внимание уделено регулированию этого вопроса в Уставе уголовного судопроизводства 1864 года. Прослежены преемственность постсоветского законодательства с этим законодательным актом, а также влияние советского законодательства, регулирующего кассационное производство, на современное законодательство и судебную практику апелляционного производства в современной России.

Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Economics was founded in 1941. Five years
later, in 1946, the university started to publish scientific journal «Mocow University Economics, Philosophy and Law Bulletin». Since 1966 economists have their own journal «Moscow University Economics Bulletin». This paper reviews the most cited publications and the main directions of research in the modern history of the journal, from 1991. During last 25 years, the journal was changing with the development of the faculty, the university and the Russian economic science. However it always remains o ne of the most influential scientific journals in the field of economics and management.

The author analyzes A History of Russia: A World-Systems Analysis, a textbook by B. Yu. Kagarliczkij and V. N. Sergeev. It is noted that in their interpretation of Russian history, the authors of the book rely on academician Mikhail Pokrovsky's concept that prevailed in Soviet historiography until the 1930s. The textbook recognizes all the principles of the concept including the constitutive role of commercial capital in the historical processes of the country. Referring to the pattern put forward by M. N. Pokrovsky, the authors consider the main processes of Russian history, such as the introduction of serfdom, Peter I's reforms, and the modernization of the country in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. However, the world-systems analysis used by the authors is quite often merely declarative and is not substantiated by factual material. Nor does the book take into account the geopolitical context of the establishment and development of the Saint Petersburg empire; additionally, it ignores the problem connected with the preservation and consolidation of the state's independence, and the military-defense factor. The description of the Soviet period is even more schematic as it quite often overlooks the influence of intersystem factors. ; Анализируется учебное пособие Б. Ю. Кагарлицкого и В. Н. Сергеева «История России: Миросистемный анализ». Отмечается, что в своей интерпретации отечественной истории авторы руководствуются концепцией академика Михаила Покровского, которая господствовала в советской историографии до середины 1930-х гг. В книге признаются все основные постулаты этой концепции, включая определяющую роль торгового капитала в отечественном историческом процессе. В соответствии со схемой М. Н. Покровского в учебном пособии рассматриваются такие важнейшие процессы российской истории, как утверждение крепостного права, реформы Петра Великого, модернизация страны во второй половине XIX – начале XX в. Однако применяемая авторами методология «миросистемного анализа» нередко носит декларативный характер, не подкрепляется соответствующим фактическим материалом. В книге недостаточно учитывается геополитический контекст в процессе становления и развития Петербургской империи, игнорируются проблема сохранения и укрепления государственной независимости, военно-оборонительный фактор. Еще более схематический характер, зачастую без учета действия внутрисистемных факторов, носит изложение событий советского периода.

The article analyzes the idea of justice in Western political philosophy. Drawing on his earlier publications, the author traces the history of the concept of justice in the "great ideologies" (liberalism, conservatism, and Marxism), and also examines in detail the main approaches to the understanding of justice in modern political theory. The author's task is not only to analyze certain attitudes to the problem of justice, but also to find the most satisfactory conception. As such, the conception of "functional capabilities" proposed by contemporary researchers Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum is mentioned first of all. ; Статья посвящена анализу идеи справедливости в западной политической философии эпохи модерна. Автор, отталкиваясь от своих более ранних публикаций, прослеживает историю концепции справедливости в «великих идеологиях» (либерализм, консерватизм, марксизм), а также достаточно подробно рассматривает основные подходы к пониманию справедливости в современной политической теории. Задача автора — не только анализ тех или иных позиций в отношении проблемы справедливости, но и поиск наиболее удовлетворительной ее концепции. В качестве таковой названа прежде всего концепция «функциональных возможностей» современных исследователей Амартии Сена и Марты Нуссбаум.

This article dwells upon time and space in J. von Eichendorff's Eine Meerfahrt (1836). Eichendorff seldom uses the sea as an element of his fictitious
landscapes; there are, however, a few prominent cases where the sea becomes a symbol of the Absolute, of an element comprising the entire world. Eichendorff rarely uses such an image; he typically relies upon creeks, rivers, streams, etc. The imagery of the novella Eine Meerfahrt provides for an impressive array of allusions to different texts, both by other authors and by Eichendorff himself. In earlier works, Eichendorff used such allusions as a means of discussion, arguing in favor or against certain elements of the worldview expressed in the works of his fellow romanticists. This article suggests that Eine Meerfahrt is different in nature, being comparable rather to Eichendorff's later works on literary history. This novella is interpreted as a literary 'biography' of the Romantic movement. Eine Meerfahrt speaks of a voyage, or rather two voyages across the ocean, both abortive; these are regarded as a symbolic depiction of the 'promise' and 'failure' of the Romanticism (Eichendorff used these expressions in his autobiographic notes). A change in the narrator's point of view, which is observed in the last lines of the novella, is interpreted as a shift into the point of view of a historian who is detached both from the passed Romantic era and from the new epoch coming in its stead.

Purpose: To summarize, organize, and clarify the available scientific literature, theoretical approaches to the phenomenon of social identity with the sociopsychological and sociological positions. Methodology: a theoretical analysis of scientific sources. Scope of the results: Identified in the theoretical analysis of the sociopsychological interpretation of the phenomenon of social identity: its structure, and specific types of manifestations, may be useful in explaining the many problems in the life of the individual groups and teams, in general, the social environment, which traditionally are in the field of view sociology.

The article analyses an issue related to the methods underlying the study of the political thought and — broader — the political culture in 18th century Russia. The author examines the methods of the "Cambridge school" of political history, which is represented by the works of Q. Skinner and J. G. A. Pocock, and estimates the possibilities of using these methods upon Russian soil. Combining Skinners' conception of "cultural lexicons" with the research ideas of M. M. Bakhtin (the theory of speech genres), the author considers the opportunity to study 18th century Russian political thought through the specification of certain communicative spheres — the court sphere and the public sphere. In the author's opinion, the character of the political debate in each communicative sphere was defined by the relations between the addresser and the addressee within the process of communication. The court sphere was dominated by the panegyric, the manifesto and the report, which were all aimed at talking over different aspects of the absolutist vision of politics. In its turn, the public sphere, which started developing in the mid-18th century — a domain of book and journal publishers — was a space suitable for the formation of alternative political discourses (including republican political thinking). In conclusion, the author suggests a reform of the history of political culture to make it a history of individual authors, talking about politics in different communicative spheres, using certain concepts to achieve pragmatic purposes, while simultaneously staying within the bounding context of a "cultural lexicon". ; В статье рассматривается вопрос о методах изучения политической мысли и — шире — политической культуры в России XVIII в. Автор анализирует методы и подходы «кембриджской школы» интеллектуальной истории, представленной трудами Кв. Скиннера и Дж. Покока, а также оценивает возможности применения этих методов к изучению российской истории. Комбинируя кембриджскую концепцию «культурных глоссариев» с исследовательскими концепциями Бахтина (теория речевых жанров), автор выдвигает идею об изучении политической мысли российского XVIII в. на основании выделения коммуникативных сфер — придворной и публичной. По мнению автора, характер политических дебатов, разворачивавшихся в каждой из этих коммуникативных сфер, определялся спецификой взаимоотношений адресата и адресанта в каждой из них. Придворная сфера оставалась пространством доминирования таких текстов, как панегирик, манифест и доклад, посвященных обсуждению различных аспектов абсолютистского понимания политики. В свою очередь, формирующаяся с середины XVIII в. публичная коммуникативная сфера — пространство журналов и книгоиздания — была зоной, в которой могли развиваться альтернативные политические дискурсы (в том числе — республиканский). В заключение автор предлагает переформатировать историю политической культуры как историю индивидуальных авторов, ведущих политический разговор в тех или иных коммуникативных сферах, применяя определенные понятия для достижения прагматических целей, оставаясь в рамках ограничивающего контекста «культурного лексикона».