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This essay wishes to debate the concept of History in Karl Marx's work, in opposition to the "end of History" theory proposed by Francis Fukuyama. In a historic setting that involved the end of the communist era in the Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe, the American author introduces his ideas about the victory of liberal democracy being the culminating point in the history of humanity. Well, to what extent is it possible to consider a system like the one advocated by Fukuyama as the ultimate goal of mankind? Furthermore, to what extent can we consider that there actually is a goal that humanity is seeking to achieve? This essay intends to answer these questions through a Marxist understanding of History.

Concepções, métodos e formas do conhecimento histórico são expressos em diversos estudos na área de comunicação social. Buscamos analisar, na interface história e narrativa oral, aspectos da chamada mediação cultural, na qual a comunicação está para além da condição de canal. Acreditamos que os estudos comunicacionais não recaem, necessariamente, sobre especificidades técnicas, mas sobre a posição que a comunicação assume no campo histórico-cultural. Interações, expressas nos trabalhos de história oral, se configuram (e resultam) em processos comunicacionais que indicam construções sócio históricas e diferentes referenciais de pertencimento.

This article presents a comparative analysis of two concepts proposed and developed in two very different areas: the concept of themata, proposed by Gerald Holton in the area of ​​the history of science and related to the processes of production and diffusion of scientific knowledge, and the concept of Pathosformeln, proposed by Aby Warburg in the area of history of art and related to some important historical and epochal continuities of artistic production. Despite the very different disciplinary contexts in which they were proposed, and despite the specificities that naturally ensure the identity of each of the concepts, it is shown in this article how themata and Pathosformeln have undeniable and important affinities. In fact, both correspond to entities that have a long historical persistence, a cyclical nature, and a great disciplinary, cultural and epochal transversality, in conjunction with a great capacity to assume specific forms at a given time and in a given context. Despite the roots in very different areas, the affinities are strong enough to recognize that themata and Pathosformeln belong to a conceptual network with great potential for understanding, not only the science and art, but also the historical and transdisciplinary dynamics of culture in general.

This article discusses how the concept of social class was studied in communication research between the 1970s and 1980s, highlighting a trajectory of the concept from pioneering studies, with a focus on Brazilian research and on understanding their theoretical and epistemological meanings and considering positive and negative aspects. On the one hand, there are works close to the political economy of communication, Marxism and popular communication. On the other, there is the emergence of cultural and reception studies, which emphasize symbolic issues and the relation of the subjects of different classes with the media. In addition, there are studies focusing on journalism and public relations. Thus, this article shows the relevance of studying classes and class struggles in communication. ; O artigo discute como o conceito de classe social foi trabalhado na pesquisa em comunicação nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, buscando evidenciar uma trajetória do conceito a partir de estudos considerados pioneiros. O foco esteve na pesquisa brasileira, procurando observar sentidos teóricos e epistemológicos e suas potencialidades e limites. Em geral, as pesquisas eram próximas à economia política da comunicação, ao marxismo e à comunicação popular. Há também outras mais ligadas aos estudos culturais e de recepção, que ressaltam questões simbólicas e relações de sujeitos de diferentes classes com as mídias. Além dessas, também foram encontradas pesquisas enfocando jornalismo e relações públicas. Ao traçar essa trajetória, mostramos a pertinência de estudar as classes e suas lutas na comunicação.

Pretendi demonstrar, neste artigo, que a história oral proporciona conjuntos de procedimentos disponíveis ao pesquisador para o estabelecimento eficaz de um corpus documental. Aspectos teóricos foram ressaltados para uma compreensão da prática em história oral. Não obstante, as experiências no campo de pesquisa reportaram-me às noções de memória coletiva e subjetividade ao longo do texto. Por fim, demonstrei elementos teóricos e metodológicos para a realização de transcriações.

The theme of this article deals with the historical anthropology found in "The Authoritarian Personality" and grounded on "Dialectic of Enlightenment". Specifically, we approach the conceptualization that understands the drives' movements (as explained by the Freudian theory) as internal nature, foundation of the anthropological conception discussed here. By referring to anthropology and nature, we are not thinking about immutable and "biologizing" notions, but historical and contextual ones. Therefore, we use mainly the "Idea of natural history", precisely the dialectic between history and nature. In the text, Adorno deals with two movements of this dialectic: a conception of Lukács, for whom elements of history became naturalized as second nature, which can be exemplified by the hollywoodian schematism promoted by the cultural industry; the second movement, under the influence of Walter Benjamin, that deals with the historical transience of nature, when archaic remnants repressed by the dominant historical sense resurface, becoming a possibility of another historical sense. This debate is important precisely because is located at the heart of the relation between political-economy/sociology and psychoanalysis, the most relevant theoretical domains for the first generation of Critical Theory. Whatsoever we think there is an implicit anthropology for Horkheimer and Adorno - that would see the human being as naturally aggressive and destructive -, our intention is to show that if these anthropology and nature are historical, the individuals act under influence of the death drive precisely because the social environment that forms the human beings is domineering, violent, reified and alienating.