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In history, the idea of uncertainty has taken on many forms, both in the methodological field, with for example the definition of historical sources as traces, and in epistemological terms, with the major question of causality or even ontological with the infinite extension of the "historian's territory". Nevertheless, more than an operative notion perhaps, it has long remained as an invariant, a kind of epistemological madguard (a "residue" according to the term adopted by Marc Bloch) of historical knowledge. The question of the historicization of the idea of uncertainty in the historical discipline is related to the place assigned to it in the epistemology of historians, always in tension with the desire for scientificity and truth that has long structured the disciplinarization and professionalization of history. Where do we place the cursor between uncertainty and truth for historical knowledge? This could be the guiding question to periodize the place of the idea of uncertainty in history and roughly distinguish after a predominantly scientist phase linked to the professionalization of the historical discipline (19th-first 20th century), a phase of doubts about history's ability to tell the truth, which became clear at the end of the 1970s and could conveniently be characterized as the great reversal of uncertainty in history, which, from an embarrassing limitation to reducing as much as possible, became an operating principle for defatalising history. However, it will be necessary to question this periodization, more or less modelled on the general evolutions of the sciences, marked in particular by the rise in power of probabilistic and indeterministic approaches and more or less directly related to what is perceived by the majority as the rise of uncertainty in the historical world itself ; this will require taking into account another level of analysis that adds to the weight of uncertainty in history, the moral and political dimension around the question of the social function of history.

The current historiography is marked by the return of exhibition biographies, the denunciation of explanatory determinisms or the militant refusal of the method; it seems time for the militant statement of the creative subjectivity of historian and the relativism of knowledge. However, this contribution is intended to show that the processing of political discourse benefits from being subjected to controlled and systematised analyses, using IT and statistics, in order to make the reading and interpretation of texts more objective. ; International audience ; The current historiography is marked by the return of exhibition biographies, the denunciation of explanatory determinisms or the militant refusal of the method; it seems time for the militant statement of the creative subjectivity of historian and the relativism of knowledge. However, this contribution is intended to show that the processing of political discourse benefits from being subjected to controlled and systematised analyses, using IT and statistics, in order to make the reading and interpretation of texts more objective. ; L'historiographie actuelle est marquée par le retour des biographies de salon, par la dénonciation des déterminismes explicatifs ou encore par le refus militant de la méthode ; l'heure semble à l'affirmation militante de la subjectivité créatrice de l'historien et du relativisme de la connaissance. Cette contribution entend pourtant montrer que le traitement des discours politiques gagne à se soumettre à des analyses contrôlées et systématisées, ici grâce à l'informatique et la statistique, afin de mieux objectiver les parcours de lecture et l'interprétation des textes.

When we consider the words in the History, we place the analysis of discourse in a more general questioning of the "language". The speech called "spontaneous", as well as speech called "scientists" construct a representation of the "language". In this speech about "language" and particularly about words crystallize political conflicts, social, national, generational: I would like to draw attention to these linguistic tension points, and to treat them in their theoretical dimension - including a reflection on the loan-, and in their practical dimension, by an analysis on the texts of the period of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, but also of more contemporary data. ; Quand on envisage les mots dans l'histoire, on place l'analyse des discours dans un questionnement plus général sur la " langue ". Les discours dits " spontanés ", aussi bien que les discours dits " savants ", construisent une représentation de la " langue ". Dans ces discours sur la " langue " et particulièrement sur les mots, se cristallisent les conflits politiques, sociaux, nationaux, générationnels : c'est sur ces points de tension linguistique que je voudrais attirer l'attention, en les abordant à la fois dans leur dimension théorique, avec notamment une réflexion sur l'emprunt, et dans leur dimension concrète, par une analyse qui privilégie les textes de la période des Lumières et de la Révolution française, sans s'interdire toutefois l'exploration de données plus contemporaines.

When we consider the words in the History, we place the analysis of discourse in a more general questioning of the "language". The speech called "spontaneous", as well as speech called "scientists" construct a representation of the "language". In this speech about "language" and particularly about words crystallize political conflicts, social, national, generational: I would like to draw attention to these linguistic tension points, and to treat them in their theoretical dimension - including a reflection on the loan-, and in their practical dimension, by an analysis on the texts of the period of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, but also of more contemporary data. ; Quand on envisage les mots dans l'histoire, on place l'analyse des discours dans un questionnement plus général sur la " langue ". Les discours dits " spontanés ", aussi bien que les discours dits " savants ", construisent une représentation de la " langue ". Dans ces discours sur la " langue " et particulièrement sur les mots, se cristallisent les conflits politiques, sociaux, nationaux, générationnels : c'est sur ces points de tension linguistique que je voudrais attirer l'attention, en les abordant à la fois dans leur dimension théorique, avec notamment une réflexion sur l'emprunt, et dans leur dimension concrète, par une analyse qui privilégie les textes de la période des Lumières et de la Révolution française, sans s'interdire toutefois l'exploration de données plus contemporaines.