Suchergebnisse

At the end of 1906, polemicist Maximilian Harden launches in his review Die Zukunft a campaign against the close circle of Emperor William II, especially Prince Eulenburg & Count Moltke. Begins one of the most serious internal crisis of the imperial regime. Germany, claims Harden, is governed by "unhealthy degenerate homosexuals" that pervert the emperor & lead him to weakness towards France. The strategy of the polemicist consists in sparing the sovereign (avoiding the lese-majesty crime) & focusing its attacks on the "incapable" counsellors. Some slander trials ensue. This paper suggests an interpretation of such an affair as the expression of a growing conflict within the Wilhelmian regime between a court society, based on favours & secrecy, & an information society, based on public argumentation & public production of proofs. The antagonism between the notions of culpability & dishonour, respectively repared by proceedings & duel, clearly reveals this tension, just like the opposition between public discourses (Harden's diatribes or Chancellor Bulow's pleas) & the logics of silence (sovereign silence of the emperor or Eulenburg & Moltke's words of honour). Adapted from the source document.

Gender differences in heterosexual adults' attitudes toward gay men & lesbians were examined in a 1999 national RDD survey (N = 1,335). Survey participants generally were more likely to regard gay men as mentally ill, supported adoption rights for lesbians more than for gay men, & had more negative personal reactions to gay men than to lesbians. Overall, heterosexual women were more supportive than men of employment protection & adoption rights, more willing to extend employee benefits to same-sex couples, & less likely to hold stereotypical beliefs about gay people. Of all respondent-by-target combinations, heterosexual men were the least supportive of recognition of same-sex relationships & adoption rights for gay men, most likely to believe that gay men are mentally ill & molest children, & most negative in their affective reactions to gay men. Heterosexual men's response patterns were affected by item order, indicating possible differences in the mental organization of their attitudes toward gay men vs lesbians. 3 Tables, 3 Figures, 1 Appendix, 49 References. Adapted from the source document.

Objectives. The study of crime directed at gay & lesbian targets is hampered by two measurement problems: Police agencies provide unreliable data on hate crime, & tract-level census data contain no direct information about gay or lesbian population density. This article attempts to gauge two quantities that cannot be measured directly or unambiguously: the size of the gay & lesbian populations & the number of hate crimes directed at gay & lesbian targets. Methods. Population data for New York City were gathered from market research lists & from a special tabulation of the 1990 Census. Hate crime data were obtained from the Anti-Violence Project & the New York Police Dept. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the reliability of each measure & the correlation between latent population density & hate crime. Results. Each of these measures offers a reliable means by which to assess cross-sectional differences in the population density & victimization of gay men. Census & police data prove to be inferior indicators of lesbian population density & antilesbian hate crime. For both men & women, population density is strongly correlated with the incidence of hate crime. Conclusions. Despite the fact that advocacy groups record many more antigay incidents than do the police, both sources of data are in agreement about where hate crimes occur. The strong correlation between population density & hate crime against gay men implies that Census data could be used to forecast the occurrence of hate crime in areas where no police records exist. 3 Tables, 2 Figures, 15 References. Adapted from the source document.

Following a brief overview of debate in the US over pornography, the nature of obscenity, & censorship, data are presented from a telephone survey of 306 adult residents of Leon County, FL, in 1994, at which time a criminal trial involving the distribution of "obscene" movies was making news. Focus was on the effects of religiosity on public opinion regarding the availability of hetero- & homosexual pornographic material. Results indicate that more religious (particularly conservative religious) respondents (Rs) were less accepting of the availability of pornographic videos, though religious affiliation itself was not significant; however, this relationship received little support when R gender, age, race, marital/parental status, income, & political ideology were controlled. In general, Rs were less accepting of homo- than heterosexual pornography. Implications for replicating the study in other parts of the country so as to establish community standards are discussed. 2 Tables, 9 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

Examines the second wave of feminist thought & gay liberation through a discussion of the changing scholarly understandings of gender & sexuality since the 1960s in the US political-economic context. The second wave of feminism has been dominated by the analytic focus on expanding the notion of women's labor, including the work of reproduction. The devolution of US radical feminism into contemporary cultural feminism is criticized for fusing the construction of women's difference to a morality play that fails to challenge the gender-functionist theme found in Western political thought. The divide between antipornography feminists such as Susan Brownmiller, Catherine MacKinnon, & Andrea Dworkin & the majority of feminist & gay scholars of sexuality & reproduction, as well as free speech advocates, is discussed. Similar to early second-wave feminism, early versions of gay theory tended toward expansive universalism & open generalization. M. Greenberg

Explores the differential political effects created by the production of knowledge & culture of lesbian & gay life by community intellectuals vs university intellectuals. It is suggested that a tension has always existed between these groups because of their differential access to resources of authority. The examples of the spread of camp & the idea of safe sex show that community intellectuals can exercise profound influence in shaping a sense of collective identity; however, the forms of vernacular knowledge they use are inherently fluid & unstable. Academic intellectuals are in a much stronger position to exercise cultural authority, because they have access to the material & symbolic power bestowed by academia. It is argued that the continued progress of cultural politics in the gay & lesbian community requires both vernacular & disciplinary knowledges so that the community can strenghten its solidarity while maintaining its legitimacy. D. M. Smith

Public opinion toward AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) policies & persons with AIDS (PWAs) are assessed, based on nationally representative telephone surveys conducted in 1985 & 1987 (N = 2,308 & 2,095 respondents, respectively) conducted by the Los Angeles Times. Focus is on the cognitive & attitudinal factors underlying antigay sentiment & AIDS knowledge, hypothesizing a causal relationship linking misinformation about transmission through casual contact & homophobia with advocacy of restrictive policies aimed at seropositives. AIDS misinformation is attributed to lack of exposure to AIDS information presented in the mass media, inability to understand the information, or resistance to such information because of religious/moral beliefs, sexual attitudes, or its perceived threatening or dreadful nature. Among other background factors, greater levels of education, resulting in greater acceptance of groups afflicted (eg, gays), & alignment with politically liberal agendas that promote tolerance of individual freedoms & civil rights, mitigate such restrictive policies. Overall goodness-of-fit estimates suggest that the model fits the data reasonably well. Structural path estimates were the most successful in predicting the variance in support for PWA restrictions. Alternative testing models are suggested. 4 Tables, 3 Figures, 1 Appendix, 22 References. Adapted from the source document.