Suchergebnisse

Kirijakaitė V. Predominance of Women in Lithuanian Civil Service / Master Thesis of Public Administration. Supervisor Assoc. Dr. V. Smalskys. – Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio University, Faculty of Politics and Management, 2015. – 96 p. The purpose of the thesis is to explore the predominance of women in Lithuanian civil service, identify possible reasons for higher number and lower positions of women, suggest possible options to solve problem identified. The theoretical part of thesis consists of three chapters. The first one contains gender theories which form the basis of the study. The second chapter presents Lithuanian gender dimension - a legal framework, strategic documents. Lithuania's position in Europe is determined based on gender dimension, programs for equal male and female opportunities are analyzed. The third chapter contains a study of the historical context which led to women's roles and images currently found in society. Stereotypes, which determine current women predominance in the civil service is identified. The fourth chapter presents the methodology of the research, results and their interpretation with comparison to other countries'civil services.

Kirijakaitė V. Predominance of Women in Lithuanian Civil Service / Master Thesis of Public Administration. Supervisor Assoc. Dr. V. Smalskys. – Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio University, Faculty of Politics and Management, 2015. – 96 p. The purpose of the thesis is to explore the predominance of women in Lithuanian civil service, identify possible reasons for higher number and lower positions of women, suggest possible options to solve problem identified. The theoretical part of thesis consists of three chapters. The first one contains gender theories which form the basis of the study. The second chapter presents Lithuanian gender dimension - a legal framework, strategic documents. Lithuania's position in Europe is determined based on gender dimension, programs for equal male and female opportunities are analyzed. The third chapter contains a study of the historical context which led to women's roles and images currently found in society. Stereotypes, which determine current women predominance in the civil service is identified. The fourth chapter presents the methodology of the research, results and their interpretation with comparison to other countries'civil services.

In the master thesis structural-dynamical and time-series (vertical and horizontal financial statements) analysis, budget fulfilment analysis during during the 2012 - 2018 time period are made. In the first chapter, based on the scientific litherature and Lithuania^ legislations, country's budgeting and financial statements formation principles, assets, turnover and expenditures structure, liabilities and deficit financing problems, main analytical financial statements ratios are analysed. In the second chapter, the methodology of the empirical analysis are presented: structural-dynamical and time-series (vertical and horizontal financial statements) analysis, budget fulfilment analysis. In the third chapter, based on the methodology, country's assets, turnover, expenditures, reserves, liabilities structural- dynamical analysis, turnover, liquidity ratios and budget fulfilment analysis during the 2012-2018 period is made. At the end, based on the analysis made, conclusions and recommendations are presented.

In the master thesis structural-dynamical and time-series (vertical and horizontal financial statements) analysis, budget fulfilment analysis during during the 2012 - 2018 time period are made. In the first chapter, based on the scientific litherature and Lithuania^ legislations, country's budgeting and financial statements formation principles, assets, turnover and expenditures structure, liabilities and deficit financing problems, main analytical financial statements ratios are analysed. In the second chapter, the methodology of the empirical analysis are presented: structural-dynamical and time-series (vertical and horizontal financial statements) analysis, budget fulfilment analysis. In the third chapter, based on the methodology, country's assets, turnover, expenditures, reserves, liabilities structural- dynamical analysis, turnover, liquidity ratios and budget fulfilment analysis during the 2012-2018 period is made. At the end, based on the analysis made, conclusions and recommendations are presented.

The Master thesis analyses the peculiarities of legal assessment of commercialisation agreements under the competition law of the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania. Taking into consideration the fact that in practice there are more forms of commercialisation agreements, it should be noted, that the study examines only the forms of commercialisation agreements which were estimated in the Commission practice most often: joint selling, reciprocal and non-reciprocal distribution and joint advertising. The study examines the concept of commercialisation agreements, determines different forms of commercialisation agreements, identifies attributes of the entering parties and defines conditions of legal assessment of the commercialisation agreements. The thesis also analyses practice of competition authorities by estimating the agreements of joint selling, reciprocal and non-reciprocal distribution and joint advertising. Furthermore, it determines particularity of the assessment of individual commercialisation agreements, i.e. confirms circumstances in which usually some forms of the agreements can be considered as restricting competition and circumstances in which usually these agreements have no competition difficulties. This work proves the hypothesis that commercialisation agreements division into several forms does not have legal importance for the assessment of their horizontal restraints because the agreements are assessed equally without reference to the commercialisation agreement form to which horizontal restraints have been applied. The study also proves the hypothesis that commercialisation agreements usually do not restrict competition if cooperation does not restrict independence of agreement parties and if they are also allowed to operate individually in the level of distribution chain beyond the purposes of the agreement. Moreover, the thesis proves the hypothesis that joint selling agreements, reciprocal distribution agreements and non-reciprocal distribution agreements are more often considered as reconcilable with competition law if they involve not only the distribution but also the production and/or the development of the product.

The Master thesis analyses the peculiarities of legal assessment of commercialisation agreements under the competition law of the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania. Taking into consideration the fact that in practice there are more forms of commercialisation agreements, it should be noted, that the study examines only the forms of commercialisation agreements which were estimated in the Commission practice most often: joint selling, reciprocal and non-reciprocal distribution and joint advertising. The study examines the concept of commercialisation agreements, determines different forms of commercialisation agreements, identifies attributes of the entering parties and defines conditions of legal assessment of the commercialisation agreements. The thesis also analyses practice of competition authorities by estimating the agreements of joint selling, reciprocal and non-reciprocal distribution and joint advertising. Furthermore, it determines particularity of the assessment of individual commercialisation agreements, i.e. confirms circumstances in which usually some forms of the agreements can be considered as restricting competition and circumstances in which usually these agreements have no competition difficulties. This work proves the hypothesis that commercialisation agreements division into several forms does not have legal importance for the assessment of their horizontal restraints because the agreements are assessed equally without reference to the commercialisation agreement form to which horizontal restraints have been applied. The study also proves the hypothesis that commercialisation agreements usually do not restrict competition if cooperation does not restrict independence of agreement parties and if they are also allowed to operate individually in the level of distribution chain beyond the purposes of the agreement. Moreover, the thesis proves the hypothesis that joint selling agreements, reciprocal distribution agreements and non-reciprocal distribution agreements are more often considered as reconcilable with competition law if they involve not only the distribution but also the production and/or the development of the product.

The major question for this article is to what extent the implementation of the Lisbon strategy contributed to public policy change in Lithuania. The analysis is based on an overall discussion of experience in preparation & implementation of the National Program for Implementation of the Lisbon Strategy 2005-2010. Also, two case studies are conducted in the fields of active labor market policy & R&D policy. The overall conclusion is that Lisbon strategy is still to a large extent a missed opportunity. The article argues that perhaps the most important among the lost opportunities is the fact that the National Lisbon program has not became a catalyst for policy reform. Furthermore, the national Lisbon program has not yet found a well-defined place among other major national strategies in Lithuania. Finally, the program has only partially contributed to the improvement of strategic planning framework in Lithuania & to a better co-ordination of horizontal policies. Adapted from the source document.

The aspect of gender (equality) often goes down among other general statements defining equality of all individuals as regards such aspects as age, achievements etc. Lithuanian scientific society still lacks discussion on equality between women and men in science and equal opportunities for women and men in decision making. Male prevail in decision making bodies, composed by state, science and academic studies institutions. Participation of women and men in decision making is not proportional. In this study more substantial changes of legal regulation that are important to reconcile scientific activity and family duties are described. The attention is also drawn to the fact, that in practice science and academic institutions lack initiatives when solving specific problems that women and men experience reconciling family duties and scientific activity. Equality between women and men is one of the fundamental values of the European Union and horizontal priority in all activity areas. Equal and effective participation of both women and men in all activity areas is not only a requirement of social justice, but also a necessary precondition for further development of state's economic growth, competitiveness and welfare of the society. [.]

The aspect of gender (equality) often goes down among other general statements defining equality of all individuals as regards such aspects as age, achievements etc. Lithuanian scientific society still lacks discussion on equality between women and men in science and equal opportunities for women and men in decision making. Male prevail in decision making bodies, composed by state, science and academic studies institutions. Participation of women and men in decision making is not proportional. In this study more substantial changes of legal regulation that are important to reconcile scientific activity and family duties are described. The attention is also drawn to the fact, that in practice science and academic institutions lack initiatives when solving specific problems that women and men experience reconciling family duties and scientific activity. Equality between women and men is one of the fundamental values of the European Union and horizontal priority in all activity areas. Equal and effective participation of both women and men in all activity areas is not only a requirement of social justice, but also a necessary precondition for further development of state's economic growth, competitiveness and welfare of the society. [.]

A marked regional differentiation exists in Lithuania. The conditions of countryside development have especially changed since Lithuania joined the European Unijon (EU). Having become a member of EU, Lithuania acquired the right to participate in LEADER+: a program which aims to modernize countryside development on the basis of innovative methods. Local Action Groups (LAG), created under LEADER initiative, have decision-making rights. Because of their organizational structure, LAGs are considered to be a new partnership model, which novelty is in uniting stakeholders. Such partnership promotes the appearance of new ideas and innovational activities. The principle of social partnership does not put an emphasis on subordination, allowing power manipulation within LAGs when required. LAGs promote an active engagement of regional participants in the horizontal community development . The voluntary cooperation of people working together towards the common goals strengthens civil society and emphasizes the democratic principles on which the society stands. LAGs can create strategies which promote the enlargement of social capital. The participation of citizens on the basis of cooperation and mutual confidence is one of the main ways to enhance the social capital.

A marked regional differentiation exists in Lithuania. The conditions of countryside development have especially changed since Lithuania joined the European Unijon (EU). Having become a member of EU, Lithuania acquired the right to participate in LEADER+: a program which aims to modernize countryside development on the basis of innovative methods. Local Action Groups (LAG), created under LEADER initiative, have decision-making rights. Because of their organizational structure, LAGs are considered to be a new partnership model, which novelty is in uniting stakeholders. Such partnership promotes the appearance of new ideas and innovational activities. The principle of social partnership does not put an emphasis on subordination, allowing power manipulation within LAGs when required. LAGs promote an active engagement of regional participants in the horizontal community development . The voluntary cooperation of people working together towards the common goals strengthens civil society and emphasizes the democratic principles on which the society stands. LAGs can create strategies which promote the enlargement of social capital. The participation of citizens on the basis of cooperation and mutual confidence is one of the main ways to enhance the social capital.

Dissertation aims to empirically test the theoretical hypotheses raised by the first wave of scholarship in the field of transitional justice about the supposed benefits of transitional justice institutions. It focuses on the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and attempts to trace the impact it may have had on societal reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The analysis starts with defining and operationalizing the concept of reconciliation and continues with conceptualization of hypothetical causal mechanisms that could explain ICTYs impact. The mechanisms are tested with data gathered during 3 consecutive fieldworks in BiH (69 semi-structured interviews, archival analysis, participant observation, international organizations' and city administration's reports, etc.). Finally, alternative causal explanations, such as the possibility of spontaneous reconciliation occurring out of natural need to move on and rebuild a war-torn society and the possibility of reconciliation occurring due to international pressure to democratize are considered and empirically tested. It is concluded that ICTY exerted its influence via two interdependent causal mechanisms of horizontal and vertical trust building. Several scope conditions are identified that help to generalize the research conclusions to other cases. By proving the existence of such causal mechanisms and refuting the alternative causal explanations, ICTYs impact is confirmed and proven to have been necessary for reconciliation to occur in BiH.

Dissertation aims to empirically test the theoretical hypotheses raised by the first wave of scholarship in the field of transitional justice about the supposed benefits of transitional justice institutions. It focuses on the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and attempts to trace the impact it may have had on societal reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The analysis starts with defining and operationalizing the concept of reconciliation and continues with conceptualization of hypothetical causal mechanisms that could explain ICTYs impact. The mechanisms are tested with data gathered during 3 consecutive fieldworks in BiH (69 semi-structured interviews, archival analysis, participant observation, international organizations' and city administration's reports, etc.). Finally, alternative causal explanations, such as the possibility of spontaneous reconciliation occurring out of natural need to move on and rebuild a war-torn society and the possibility of reconciliation occurring due to international pressure to democratize are considered and empirically tested. It is concluded that ICTY exerted its influence via two interdependent causal mechanisms of horizontal and vertical trust building. Several scope conditions are identified that help to generalize the research conclusions to other cases. By proving the existence of such causal mechanisms and refuting the alternative causal explanations, ICTYs impact is confirmed and proven to have been necessary for reconciliation to occur in BiH.

Dissertation aims to empirically test the theoretical hypotheses raised by the first wave of scholarship in the field of transitional justice about the supposed benefits of transitional justice institutions. It focuses on the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and attempts to trace the impact it may have had on societal reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The analysis starts with defining and operationalizing the concept of reconciliation and continues with conceptualization of hypothetical causal mechanisms that could explain ICTYs impact. The mechanisms are tested with data gathered during 3 consecutive fieldworks in BiH (69 semi-structured interviews, archival analysis, participant observation, international organizations' and city administration's reports, etc.). Finally, alternative causal explanations, such as the possibility of spontaneous reconciliation occurring out of natural need to move on and rebuild a war-torn society and the possibility of reconciliation occurring due to international pressure to democratize are considered and empirically tested. It is concluded that ICTY exerted its influence via two interdependent causal mechanisms of horizontal and vertical trust building. Several scope conditions are identified that help to generalize the research conclusions to other cases. By proving the existence of such causal mechanisms and refuting the alternative causal explanations, ICTYs impact is confirmed and proven to have been necessary for reconciliation to occur in BiH.

Dissertation aims to empirically test the theoretical hypotheses raised by the first wave of scholarship in the field of transitional justice about the supposed benefits of transitional justice institutions. It focuses on the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and attempts to trace the impact it may have had on societal reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The analysis starts with defining and operationalizing the concept of reconciliation and continues with conceptualization of hypothetical causal mechanisms that could explain ICTYs impact. The mechanisms are tested with data gathered during 3 consecutive fieldworks in BiH (69 semi-structured interviews, archival analysis, participant observation, international organizations' and city administration's reports, etc.). Finally, alternative causal explanations, such as the possibility of spontaneous reconciliation occurring out of natural need to move on and rebuild a war-torn society and the possibility of reconciliation occurring due to international pressure to democratize are considered and empirically tested. It is concluded that ICTY exerted its influence via two interdependent causal mechanisms of horizontal and vertical trust building. Several scope conditions are identified that help to generalize the research conclusions to other cases. By proving the existence of such causal mechanisms and refuting the alternative causal explanations, ICTYs impact is confirmed and proven to have been necessary for reconciliation to occur in BiH.