Zaštitna arheološka istraživanja na prostoru Vojarne u Osijeku obuhvatila su prostor gradnje Učiteljskoga fakulteta. Među nalazima iz razdoblja antike izdvajaju se brojni keramički nalazi iz 1. i prve polovice 2. st. po Kr., s naročito bogatom građom iz razdoblja vladavine Flavijevaca. Prisutnost rimske vojske u istome razdoblju predmet je rasprave, stoga se prikazuju pojedini metalni nalazi koji se mogu povezati upravo s rimskom vojnom opremom i time pružiti dodatne argumente raspravi. Riječ je o dijelovima pojasne garniture (pojasne kopče i okov te privjesak) i konjske opreme (privjesci, zvona) koji se datiraju u 1.-2. st. po Kr. ; The rescue archaeological excavations in the Barracks area in Osijek encompassed the area of the future Faculty of Education. Among the finds dated to Antiquity, there are numerous ceramic finds from the 1st and 2nd century AD, with the particularly notable presence of material datable to the Flavian era. The presence of the Roman army during this period remains debatable, so selected metal finds associated with the Roman army are presented here in order to contribute to the discussion. These are parts of military belt sets (belt fittings and buckles, a pendant) and horse gear (pendants, bells) dated to the 1st – 2nd century AD.
U članku se obrađuju dijelovi rimske vojne opreme iz Augusteuma u Naroni. Nalazi pripadaju zaštitnoj (ulomak oklopa) i konjskoj opremi (privjesci i falera), te pojasu vojnika (okov), a datirani su u razdoblje od 1. do 3. st. Najranije su datirani listoliki privjesci konjske orme koji pripadaju razdoblju druge polovice 1. st., a slična se datacija pretpostavlja i za faleru. Ulomak ljuskastog oklopa pripada tipu koji se javlja od 2. st., a za pojasni okov je datacijski okvir druga polovica 2. i početak 3. st. s mogućim trajanjem do sredine tog stoljeća. Obrada materijala prvenstveno je usmjerena na tipološko-kronološko, te namjensko određenje, a u kraćim se crtama razmatraju okolnosti nalaza obzirom na koje se može pretpostaviti da su predmeti u hram dospjeli kao zavjetni darovi. ; Narona (Vid, near Metković) was in Antiquity one of the most important centres on the eastern coast of the Adriatic. It was not only its convenient position for commercial exchanges but also its fertile soil for the development of agriculture that contributed to the growth of the city in the area. After the middle of the 1st century BC, Narona acquired the status of colony, and at the end of that century, a shrine to Emperor Augustus was built in the city. Although it had primarily an agrarian and mercantile character, which determined the natures of its inhabitants, the city with its surroundings was an important military base in the conquest of Illyricum and a major stronghold of the Romans for military campaigns against that people in the period from a bit before the middle of the 2nd century BC to the beginning of the second half of the 1st century BC. In the surroundings of Narona the presence of soldiers is confirmed by numerous epigraphs, which are supported by archaeological finds, but apart from the five finds in the Augusteum, there are just a few in the area of the town. The finds in the Augusteum comprise three items of horse equipment, one fragment of armour and a belt mount, probably belonging to a belt set. A tripartite leaf-shaped pendant for a harness (T 1.1) is dated to the time from the Claudian to the Flavian, and in the typology of M. C. Bishop is defined as type 1l. They are found in various sites in the Empire, this same variant also including specimens the central leg of which ends in the shape of a palmette, which are somewhat more numerous than those of the kind from Narona. They can be found in Dalmatia too, for example, in Salona and Tilurium. Among the pendants from Dalmatian sites that belong to this type, if not to the variant, mentioned here by analogy, we find luxury pendants, not only at military sites, such as Burnum (variant 1p) and Tilurium (variant 1s) but in city centres such as in Salona (variant 1v). A second harness pendant from the Augusteum (T. 1. 2) is perhaps of the tear-shaped type (Bishop 5), variant 5a, which is characterised by kidney shaped perforations at the top, a spherical ending and a shape close to that of a heart. Tear-shaped pendants were in use long, first appeared at the latest in the age of Claudius, lasting the whole of the 2nd century. In various versions they are often found at Roman sites, but examples of variant 5a are not very numerous. There are similar pendants from Sisak and Augusta the edges of which are straight, but the closest analogy is a specimen from Wiesbaden. Also belonging to the harness is a phalera (T. 1. 3) with a square loop on the rear, which belongs to the type with one loop through which the bridle was drawn (Bishop 1c), and since it has no central opening for a rivet was clearly meant only for a horizontal strap of the harness. The phalera from the Augusteum fits into the chronological framework of the rest of the material found, with the proviso that the dating of the phalerae to an extent similar to ours and some functional decorative items of similar form might suggest a period of the second half of the 1st century. Two bronze plates of scale armour (T. 1. 4) each with four pairs of holes, are dated, because of the existence of perforations on the bottom of the plates (which which they were additionally fastened to the lower row of scales), to the time of the 2nd century. In Croatia, most numerous are fragments from Sisak, among which there are several that are similar to ours, while those from Dalj are more elongated and have a sharper tip. Finds from Burnum castrum, although they are elongated, do not have perforations at the bottom. As for finds in other areas of the Empire (including those from Corbridge, Avenches, Mušov, Bonn, Eining-Unterfeldt) those most similar, in terms of shape and distribution of the perforations, are items from Dura-Europos. The belt mount belongs to the type with a trumpet-shaped decoration (T. 1.5). Items decorated with this kind of motif constitute a unique chronological grouping of material dating to the second half of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd century, possibly continuing through the first half of the 3rd, their dating being confirmed by finds with coins in closed grave units. Such mountings are a frequent find in the area of the Rhenish and the Danubian limes, but they can be found in numerous sites through the Empire. A decoration with trumpet shaped motifs is not limited to belt sets, but is used in the decoration and shaping of objects for other purpose, horse equipment and fibulae, for example. The objects discussed in the article are also found in the temenos of the Augusteum in Narona, and it can be assumed that they came there as votive gifts. The practice of dedicating weapons and horse trappings is known since prehistory, and is well documented in the Late Iron Age. The making of votive offerings, as proved on altars, was common in the Roman Empire, and research into shrines from Britain, Gaul and the Germanic area shows that parts of military equipment, especially during the 1st century, were frequently consecrated and deposited as votive gifts. The small number of metal finds in the temple, as compared with other types of finds, can be explained in several ways. Researches from shrines at several sites have shown that usually whole objects or sets were consecrated, and we can assume that our finds are only parts of horse trappings or belt sets or armour that were originally dedicated. During the course of time, or during the demolition and filling of the shrine, the metal objects might have been destroyed or collected for reuse of the metal, which was a common practice in the Roman period. It has to be borne in mind that this was a city shrine that was not primarily meant for soldiers, who might have undertaken their vows in shrines that probably existed in the camps in which they were stationed, which leads to the supposition that originally military equipment was not represented to the same extent as some other categories of objects.
U tekstu se raspravlja nekoliko primjeraka oružja i ratničke opreme s Bribirske glavice. Prema mome mišljenju, značajni su za razumijevanje ukupne bribirske prošlosti, a riječ je o željeznom križolikom okovu i ukrašenom stremenu s konjske orme te o ostatcima četiriju željeznih buzdovana. Na žalost, ni za jednoga od njih nemamo pobližih podataka o okolnostima nalaza. Navedeni primjerci oružja i konjaničke opreme u mnogome dopunjavaju sliku bribirske prošlosti od 9. do 12. stoljeća, no svojim kulturološkim pokazateljima nisu izišli iz okvira kakav nam je za taj lokalitet poznat od ranije i prema drugim nalazima ranoga srednjeg vijeka. Tipološkokronološkom analizom pokušao sam pokazati različite utjecaje pod kojima su ti predmeti nastajali ili su izravno importirani iz tadašnjih većih radioničkih centara u srednjoj Europi i Bizantskome Carstvu. Njihova kvaliteta i vrsnoća izrade vrlo dokumentarno svjedoči visoku razinu života na Bribiru u stoljećima u kojima su nobiles Breberienses započeli svoj gospodarski, vojni i politički uspon. ; The text discusses several items of weaponry and combat equipment from Bribirska Glavica. In our opinion, they are significant for the understanding of the overall past of Bribir. They comprise an iron crossshaped mounting and an ornamented stirrup from horse tack as well as the remains of four iron maces. Unfortunately, we have no very detailed information about the circumstances of the finds for any of them. These items of weaponry and harness do add a great deal to the picture of the Bribir past, from the 9th to the 12th century, and yet in their fundamental cultural indicators they do not depart from the framework that we know of for this site, from earlier work, and from other finds of the early medieval period. Analysis in terms of typology and chronology was used to try to show the different influences on the making of these objects or their direct import from the then bigger workshop centres in Central Europe and the Byzantine Empire. Their quality and excellence of workmanship tellingly documents the high level of life in Bribir in the centuries in which the nobiles Brberienses started their economic, military and political rise.
U sklopu projekta Arheološka baština Baranje proveden je nastavak istraživanja nalazišta Batina–Sredno na kojem su u prethodnim istraživanjima otkriveni paljevinski grobovi daljske grupe iz kasnoga brončanog i početka starijega željeznog doba te biritualna rimska nekropola. Površina istraživanja nalazila se uz rub surduka koji položaj groblja dijeli od naselja na Gracu. Osim otkrića ravnoga paljevinskog groba daljske grupe, započelo se s istraživanjem tumula 1 u kojem je pronađen bogato opremljeni grob s keramičkim simpozijalnim servisom i dijelovima konjske opreme koji ukazuju na pokop istaknutog člana zajednice s kraja 8. i početka 7. stoljeća pr. Kr. Rimski paljevinski grobovi tipa bustum sadržavali su priloge keramičkih posuda i metalnih te koštanih predmeta koji ih datiraju u doba Severa. Rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su kako je Batina iznimno arheološko nalazište koje pruža vrijedne podatke o kraju kasnoga brončanog i početku starijega željeznog doba u hrvatskom Podunavlju te spoznaje o životu na baranjskom dijelu limesa. ; Within the project entitled «The Archaeological Heritage of Baranja» the excavations were continued at the Batina-Sredno site, which had yielded cremation graves of the Dalj group and a biritual Roman necropolis. The excavated area lay adjacent to the edge of the gully dividing the Sredno site from the settlement at Gradac. In addition to the discovery of a grave of the Dalj group (Fig. 9), the excavations were commenced of tumulus 1, which yielded a richly furnished grave measuring 4.5 x 4.5 m, 2 m deep (Fig. 4), dug through the fills of the tumulus. The timber grave chamber contained a ceramic set decorated with motifs executed with thin plates of bronze and tin (Fig. 5–6), as well as items of horse gear (Fig. 7–8), pointing to the burial of a prominent member of the community from the end of the 8th and the beginning of the 7th cent. BC. Sondages 11-13 yielded a ditch characterized by a cross-section in the shape of elongated letter V (Fig. 11), presumably a trench of a temporary military camp. Cremation graves of the bustum type, furnished with ceramic vessels and metal and bone objects that date them to the Severan period, were dug into the fill of the ditch (Fig. 13–15). The results of the excavations corroborated the importance of Batina as a site that provides valuable information about the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Early Iron Age in the Croatian Danube basin and our understanding of the life in the Baranja section of the limes.
U probnim istraživanjima nalazišta Batina–Sredno potvrđene su pretpostavke koje počivaju na rezultatima terenskog pregleda o postojanju prapovijesnog i rimskog groblja smještenih južno od naselja na Gracu. Razdoblju prapovijesti pripadaju ostaci ravnog paljevinskog groblja daljske grupe s kraja brončanog i početka željeznog doba. U grobovima su zabilježeni brojni keramički, metalni i stakleni nalazi koji potvrđuju pretpostavke o iznimnoj važnosti Batine kao istaknutog južnopanonskog centra smještenog na važnoj komunikaciji koja je slijedila tok Dunava. Posebno je važno otkriće danas izravnanih tumula s grobovima smještenim uz njihove rubove od kojih se neki izdvajaju veličinom te brojem i vrstama nalaza. Razdoblju antike pripada otkriće paljevinskih i kosturnih grobova na južnoj nekropoli utvrde Ad Militare i pripadajućeg civilnog naselja. Zabilježeni su i karakteristični jarci V-presjeka koji se povezuju s djelovanjem rimske vojske. Rezultati probnih istraživanja na Srednom potvrdili su iznimno značenje ovog nalazišta za hrvatsku, ali i europsku arheološku baštinu. ; After two years of field surveying in north-eastern Baranja with the aim of finding new archaeological sites and documenting registered ones, trial excavations in Batina conduced. The trial excavations were conduced at the Sredno site, situated in the north-eastern part of Bansko Brdo. The excavations were conduced with the aim of examining the assumed existence of a prehistoric and Roman cemetery. The assumption was based on the results of a 2008 field survey. In the excavations, four trenches were dug, three in the central part of the site, and the fourth in its northern part, closest to the settlement at Gradac (Fig. 1). The trenches were dug in mild elevations that had been significantly lowered in the course of soil cultivation (Fig. 2). A total of 61 graves were excavated: 47 prehistoric and 14 Roman. In the trenches, a relatively large number of ditches were found, varying in width and depth. In the course of the excavations, a flat incineration cemetery of the Dalj Group was found, which represented the newer stage of the Late Bronze Age and the initial phase of the Early Iron Age. Along the northern margin of the cemetery in Sredno, tumuli were identified, the remains of which were suggested by irregular elevations also situated in other parts of the site. All the graves contained cremation remains, laid in ceramic vessels (Fig. 5) or in organic envelopes (Fig. 3). Most frequently, various forms of pots were used as urns, and in most cases they were covered by a bowl. The majority of finds comprise ceramic vessels that contained food and beverages for the final journey (Fig. 3). The most common finds are various forms of pots, bowls, kantharoi, beakers and cups, and exceptionally dual vessels and stands. Among metal grave goods, attire accessories (fibulae, needles) and ornaments (armlets, torques, pendants) were recorded. These often show signs of having been incinerated in a funeral pyre with the deceased. The number of metal attire accessories and ornaments is larger in women's graves, where glass beads and ceramic spindlewhorls also appear. Relatively small iron knives with a gently curved blade and a short tang are typical in the graves of both sexes. In men's graves, the parts of attire also include bronze needles. Whetstones and iron beads were also recorded. Grave 12 stands out with its finds of weapons and attire accessories, which also included a large ceramic symposial set. It was partly cut by grave 3, in which bronze items forming part of a horse harness were unearthed. According to the characteristics of the pottery and metal finds, the graves can provisionally be classified in two burial horizons: an older horizon from the end of the Late Bronze Age (9th century BC), and a newer one from the beginning of the Early Iron Age (8th century to the first half of the 7th century BC). The graves have direct analogies with Dalj Group finds from Batina, which are preserved in numerous European museum collections. In Sredno, 14 Roman incineration and skeleton graves were found. These belong to the southern necropolis located along the road leading from the Ad Militare fort to the Ad Novas fort. Incineration burials in urns, of the bustum type, were unearthed (Fig. 6), as well as those with scattered cremation remains in a grave pits. Skeleton graves with finds of coins were also recorded (Fig. 7). In the fills of cremation graves, ceramic vessel and lamp shards were found, as well as iron nails, wedges and rivets, and bronze mounts. On the basis of their finds, the oldest burials were dated to the 1st century, while graves of the bustum type suggest a more recent dating, probably the 2nd century or the beginning of the 3rd century at the latest. Skeletal graves are more recent and originate from the 3rd century. A relatively large number of wide and deeply sunk ditches were found that possibly represent the remains of ditches which might have been constructed along roads. Two ditches with a characteristic V-shaped cross-section deserve special mention, as they are typical defensive ditches (fossa) of Roman military camps.
