Suchergebnisse

Though interviewer ratings are used in assessing the SES of R homes in survey res, they are not very reliable, & fail to differentiate between households especially in the middle group. The scale provides valid & reliable SE groupings of people interviewed in the street. The requirements of a worthwhile scale were that it (a) be reliable & valid, (b) differentiate between homes all along the dimension of SES, (c) be simple to use in the field, (d) be readily processed, & (e) not require frequent revision. 7 questions: (1) Who is the chief wage earner? (2) What is wage earner's occup, (3) educ of wage earner, (4) automobile ownership, (5) telephone `ownership', (6) home ownership, & (7) number of bedrooms & number of people living in dwelling, were used in a national personal interview survey of 7,500 Ur & Ru homes in Feb 1951. 5 of these were scaled against interviewer ratings of SES. The sample was from 273 cities, towns & villages within which interviewers were assigned to spots on the basis of SE maps of the places. Each interviewer had a quota of upper, middle, & lower group interviews. Interviews were held with only one person per household & R's were chosen to match the distribution of individuals aged 8+ yrs in the US pop as shown by the Census of 1950. The criterion for scaling the answers to the questions was interviewer ratings. A detailed analysis of the scaling procedure for one question is presented. The scale discriminates & the distributions approximate the normal curve. A cross-validational study produced a Pearsonian r=.61 between interviewer ratings & (total - sum) scaled scores which is as high as the r obtained between ratings themselves when diff interviewers were used to rate the same households. J. D. Twight.

As research efforts have ventured away from major Ur centers, new & unexpected problems arise with a rigid use of imported techniques in underdeveloped areas. The problem areas discussed are sampling, interviewer selection & training, establishing rapport, reliability, & validity. One of the major problems in sampling is the lack of 2ndary sources of data on pop's. Other problems include: (1) Equal probability in choosing city blocks for area sampling yields larger sampling errors than controlling the selection on pop, (2) stratification of samples is impossible, (3) making pop estimates or projections is complicated, (4) there are no ready checks or controls on sample performance without knowledge of pop parameters; & breakdowns on age, sex, & marital status cannot be compared with other figures. (5) Makeshift shelters & homeless individuals make orderly prelisting of households, or routes for interviewing, or definitions of `household' or `family' difficult. (6) Random selection of R's within households may clash with local custom or familial protocol. Interviewer selection & training is difficult where the few people with the necessary skills are usually fully occupied. Housewives are often barred from employment by custom. Class & status identification and the use of more than one language or dialect pose additional complications. It is sometimes more economical to train a team & to travel around a country than to recruit & train in each locale. Personal loyalty of interviewers to the field director may lead to falsification of interviews in order not to disappoint him. Feelings of national pride may lead interviewers to make up responses to mask mass ignorance or apathy. Problems of establishing rapport are not always solved by the employment of trained nationals since there often is a gulf between the well-educated Ur person & the destitute Ur or Ru worker as between the latter & a foreigner. Courtesy calls on local leaders & token interviewers with persons not designated by random sampling are sometimes necessary. Refusal rates are usually quite low because of curiosity, fear, hospitality, & flattery at being singled out for attention. Problems of reliability & validity are the most serious & probably the most difficult to cope with esp where people are unaccustomed to voicing opinions on controversial subjects. Inexperienced interviewers are not always able to `teach' R's how to be interviewed. Either both the R & interviewer end up agreeing with each other or the interviewer accepts noncommittal or incomplete answers. J. D. Twight.

Adequate knowledge of existing health and morbidity conditions is the basis for all planning of future health services. For this reason, a health and morbidity survey of the population of the Seychelles was carried out in 1956-57 under the joint auspices of the Seychelles Government and the World Health Organization. Statistical sampling methods were used and the information was obtained by the household interview method. Health, morbidity and relevant demographic data were thus disclosed for the first time for Seychelles. Basic information was obtained on: general morbidity of the population, including dental and nutritional status, malnutrition, incidence of intestinal diseases and other easily diagnosable conditions; growth and weight curves of children up to the age of 16; haemoglobin levels; erythrocyte sedimentation rates; general living conditions such as housing and overcrowding, social status and latrine arrangements; the connexion of soil pollution with the incidence of amoebiasis and helminthiasis; and lastly, the incidence of the sickle cell trait, eosinophilia and positive serological reactions to the Chediak test (for manifest or latent syphilis). The findings are presented with a minimum of remarks and interpretation.

In 1959, a cross-section survey on pol'al awareness, att's, & COMM's was conducted in the 12 provinces of Laos. The sample consisted of about 500 R's in Vientiane, 480 in the 11 provincial capitals, & 1,000 in more than 52 provincial villages. Because of the lack of a direct pop census in Laos in modern times, it was necessary to train men with no previous interviewing experience as interviewers (I's). Most of the I's used were provided by the Laos gov, & had been trained to work on public improvement programs in Lao villages. Initial I training was done over a 3-day period, with additional training provided during the pre-test & study period in Vientiane. In addition, after a group of I's had gained some experience in village interviewing, they met with other I's to relate experiences & provide further training. In the absence of sampling materials, I training & instructions were provided for each of the 4 teams of I's, including specific instructions on how to proceed in drawing the sample for specific situations, & whom to interview within sample households. A major problem was that of proper I supervision in the field. It was the job of supervisors to contact provincial governors & village headmen before interviewing, provide transportation for their teams, supervise the sampling, & review questionnaire's. It was not until some time after field work had begun that 2 of the 4 teams had satisfactory Lao supervisors. For future res in developing countries, it is recommended that training & written instructions be provided I's, so as to reduce individual judgement & deviation on their part. With previously untrained I's, gaps in specific information generally result in omission & error. (See SA 0827-A9630). Modified AA.

Recreation (R) surveys are classified by method of data collection: from persons passing a transportation point (travel studies), from persons engaging in an activity (on-site surveys), from persons at their homes (household surveys). Variables included in these studies are identified. The NATIONAL SUR- VEY OF FISHING AND HUNTING has been used to formulate legislation & programs. The US Outdoor R Resources Review Commission, which published 27 reports on US R, used participation rates from the NATIONAL RECREATION SURVEY & econ studies to project future US R demand to 1976 & 2000. 'On-site' surveys sponsored by ORRRC & others have assessed programs & user satisfaction in parks & wilderness areas. A multivariate analysis reported by Mueller & Gurin shows outdoor R participation signif'ly associated with sex, age, income, occup, fam cycle, size of place of residence, race, region, & educ, accounting for 30% of variance in participation score. Unexplained variance suggests examination of motivational variables in relation to participation in particular activities. Outdoor activity days are estimated to increase from 28 in 1960 (per person, 12 yrs old & over), to 38 in 2000. Results of R surveys apply in land use planning, econ studies of investment, legislative policy making, & program & facility planning. The function of leisure in work, motivation, personality development, & the process of group formation & integration requires further study. A. L. Ferriss.

A detailed history of the project. Guiding principles were: (1) to develop a methodology, (2) to test 23 hypotheses on contraceptive practice and size of planned families, assuming that the factors could best be studied among families capable of implementing their desires on family size, and that planned families would increase and become more representative of the total pop. (3) Couples studied were white, urban protestant, married civilly during 1927-29, and with at least high school education. (4) Data included social and psychological characteristics, indicative of contraceptive status; gathered through p&p questionaire containing multiple choice, and interviews. (5) Sampling included a household survey (41,000) yielding 2,589 eligible couples from which a sample of 860 'relatively fecund' and 220 'relatively sterile' and through a weighting process was brought to an inflated sample of 1,444 and 533. (6) Analysis was by classifications and indexes. Outstanding findings are reported (See Abstracts 357, 358, 388, SA, 1, 3; 265, 268, SA, 2, 2.). Weaknesses are: sample size, measures of psychological characteristics not throwing much light upon psychological correlates of fertility and the atomistic approach. It is suggested that furture research be smaller in scope, but have a larger sample, be better pretested, collect more data for fewer hypotheses, have greater indisciplinary participation and a longitudinal approach. L. P. Chall.

Frontmatter -- Foreword -- Author's Preface -- Contents -- LIST OF MAPS AND TABLES -- 1. THE NORRISTOWN STUDY -- 2 . THE NORRISTOWN COMMUNITY -- 3. SOURCES OF DATA -- 4. THE NORRISTOWN HOUSEHOLD SURVEY -- 5. STUDIES OF POPULATION -- PATTERNS OF MIGRATION AND OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY / Goldstein, Sidney -- CHANGES IN THE JOURNEY TO WORK / Goldstein, Sidney -- SOME FACTORS IN INTER GENERATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY / Dorfman, William -- CHANGING PATTERNS OF FERTILITY, 1920-1950 / Goldstein, Sidney -- DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY IN NORRISTOWN, 1952 / Lee, Anne S. -- 6. STUDIES OF THE IMPACT OF CHANGE ON THE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE -- PATTERNS OF BUSINESS GROWTH AND SURVIVAL / Goldstein, Sidney / Mayer, Kurt -- THE SMALL CITY INDUSTRIALIST, 1900-1950 / Soltow, James H. -- HISTORY OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT IN NORRISTOWN, 1900-1950 / Calderhead, William L. -- 7. STUDIES OF THE IMPACT OF CHANGE ON THE INDIVIDUAL WORKER -- TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND ITS EFFECTS IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES OF NORRISTOWN / Sharlin, Harold I. -- THE HOSIERY LOOPER IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: A STUDY OF FAMILY OCCUPATIONAL PROCESSES AND ADAPTATION TO FACTORY AND COMMUNITY CHANGE, 1900-1950 / Huganir, George H. -- INDUSTRIAL RELOCATION OF DISPLACED MALE FACTORY WORKERS: SOME SOCIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS / Lalli, Michael -- ATTITUDES TOWARD WORK IN AN INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITY / Palmer, Gladys L. -- 8. STUDIES OF ACCULTURATION AND OF COMMUNICATION -- RESIDENTIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY AS INDICES OF THE ACCULTURATION OF ITALIANS IN NORRISTOWN, 1900-1950 / Ianni, Francis A. J. -- THE CATHOLICS IN NORRISTOWN / Cross, Lawrence J. -- ACCULTURATION AMONG THE JEWS OF NORRISTOWN / Messing, Simon D. -- MASS COMMUNICATION, 1900-1950 / Toole, Robert C. -- 9. OTHER STUDIES -- 10. SUMMARY AND EVALUATION -- APPENDIX A: Household Schedule, Personal Schedule, Evaluation Sheet -- APPENDIX B: Theses, Papers, and Publications, Completed or in Preparation under the Sponsorship of the Norristown Seminar -- APPENDIX C: Publicity Releases of the Norristown Study -- Index

A cross-section survey of 5,000 heads of households throughout the US who had 1 or more children under 18 yrs of age not now in Coll to determine expections re Coll educ for their children & the plans being made to achieve this. While official expectations indicate that 44% of 18-21 yr olds in the 1960's would be attending Coll, 69% of children under 18 are expected to go to Coll by their parents. Though as a measure of future Coll pop this is probably too high, representing the expression of hopes rather than realistic planning, a Coll educ 'has attained the symbolic value once possessed by a HSch diploma.' The absence of realistic thinking is glaringly evident in the financial provisions people are making to take care of their children's educ; only 40% of the parents expecting to send children to Coll had any savings or investment plan set up specifically for this purpose. Most people in upper econ levels had a realistic idea of present Coll costs, but those of below (mean - average) econ level were unable to make any estimate of yearly Coll costs. Realism of approach also depended greatly on how close the child was to Coll age. Parents of young children tend to talk in terms of savings plans, but as time of enrollment approaches, current income becomes the only alternative left open to many parents. It is concluded that 'one way or another, through private or gov'al sources, means will have to be found to satisfy the awakened educ'al ambitions of the vast majority of Americans.' I. Taviss.